2. Fenômeno de Raynaud
Resposta fisiológica exagerada em resposta a exposição ao frio e ao
estresse
Isquemia Cianose Cianose
Reperfusão
Herrick, A. L. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2012
3.
4. Fenômeno de Raynaud
ion in Raynaud phenomenon
elaxessmooth musclecells. In
othelial NO synthase(NOS) is
asin advanced disease, induc-
erolesof thedifferent isoforms
ilatation arecurrentlyunclear10
on vianeuronal NOScould also
16
demonstratingtheinterplay
eural’ abnormalities. Further
NO, in patients with SSc, the
enousinhibitor of endothelial
hylarginine—areincreased.17
whether thereisunderproduc-
f NO in thedigitsof patients
disease-stage-dependent), NO
mple, viatopical application of
n vasodilatation.Thisresponse
ntswith SSc asin patientswith
menon and healthy controls.18
on
onstrictorsby endothelial cells
n-1 and angiotensin II) most
elated Raynaud phenomenon.
helin-1 isincreased in sclero-
alancein therenin–angiotensin
otensin II, isthought to occur
studies implicated a role for
Nerve bres
(sympathetic
and sensory)
Smooth muscle cell
Endothelial cell
Endothelin-1
from endothelial cells
Oxidative stress
Endothelial damage
Reduced blood ow/
procoagulant tendency
NO
from endothelial cells
Platelet activation/
aggregation
Reactivity of smooth muscle
α2-adrenoceptors (via
Rho/ Rho kinase activation)
Thrombin
Viscosity
Fibrinolysis
Red blood cell
deformability
Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation
Vasodilatatory neuropeptides
(e.g. CGRP) from sensor y
afferents
Figure 1 | Schematic representation of some of the key elements and
mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of Raynaud phenomenon. Some of
REVIEWS
5. Fenômeno de Raynaud
• Primário ou idiopático:
Mulher jovem
Ataques simétricos/ curta duração
Prevalência: 19-11%
Ausência de cicatriz, ulcera ou gangrena digital
Capilaroscopia normal
FAN negativo
PAIs normais
Exame físico normal
Ausência de sintomas sugestivos de DTC
Herrick, A. L. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2012
12. Esclerodermia Localizada
• Morféia
– mais comum
– placas de pele espessada com graus variados de pigmentação
– “gutata” e “subcutânea”
• Morféia generalizada
– Área extensa
• Esclerodermia linear
– Podem apresentar envolvimento profundo da pele até atingir os músculos.
– mais comuns nas pernas e nos braços e, quando acometem as articulações, podem acarretar
limitações da função articular.
• Esclerodermia “em golpe de sabre”
– face ou o couro cabeludo
– ocasionalmente pode causar atrofia da face (inclusive língua e a boca)
19. Síndrome de Parry- Romberg
• A síndrome de Parry-Romberg, também
denominada atrofia hemifacial progressiva,
consiste em uma rara condição na qual há
degeneração progressiva e encolhimento dos
tecidos situados abaixo da pele da face,
incluindo, em muitos casos, os ossos.
29. Capilaroscopia padrão SD
a
c d
b
Figure 3 | Markers of scleroderma patterns. Images obtained by routine nailfold videocapillaroscopy analysis of patients
with systemic sclerosis (magnification × 200) reveal the morphological markers of microvascular disorganization that
characterize overt systemic sclerosis and related nailfold videocapillaroscopy patterns (‘early’,‘active’ and ‘late’ systemic
sclerosis) in the presence of secondary Raynaud phenomenon. a | Giant capillaries (arrows), the earliest and most striking
morphological feature of secondary Raynaud phenomenon, are homogeneously enlarged microvascular loops that serve as
potential markers of microangiopathy. b | Microhemorrhages (arrows) result from the microvascular extravasation of red
blood cells from damaged capillaries. c | Loss of capillaries (arrows) can lead to the presence of avascular areas in the
REVIEWS
Ectasia
Micro
hemorragia
Perda de capilar
Capilar em arbusto