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Parte 03 distribuição vapor
O documento discute projetos de sistemas de vapor, incluindo dimensionamento de tubulações, critérios de velocidade e perda de carga, tratamento da dilatação térmica, isolamento térmico e prevenção de golpes de aríete. Fornece fórmulas, exemplos e tabelas para auxiliar no cálculo e dimensionamento de redes de distribuição de vapor.
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Parte 03 distribuição vapor
- 1. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor
- 2. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Distribuição de Vapor
- 3. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Distribuição de Vapor
- 4. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor VVaappoorr ddee aallttaa pprreessssããoo Estação rreedduuttoorraa ddee pprreessssããoo VVaappoorr ddee bbaaiixxaa pprreessssããoo Distribuição de Vapor CCoolleettoorr ddee vvaappoorr SSiisstteemmaa ddee ddrreennaaggeemm CCoonnddeennssaaddoo CCoonnddeennssaaddoo VVaappoorr ddaa CCaallddeeiirraa
- 5. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Coletores de Vapor (Barrilhete)
- 6. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Coletores de Vapor (Barrilhete) Velocidade Ideal = 5 a 8 m/s
- 7. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Coletores de Vapor (Barrilhete)
- 8. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Dimensionamento COLETORES DE VAPOR TTUUBBUULLAAÇÇÕÕEESS RAMAIS
- 9. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Critérios Para Dimensionamento Velocidade • Para Vapor Saturado Linhas Principais: 20 a 30 m/s Linhas Secundárias: 15 m/s Coletores: 8 m/s • Para Vapor Superaquecido: 35 a 50 m/s Perda de Carga • Perdas de Carga Inferiores a 0,08 kgf/cm2.100m
- 10. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Critérios Para Dimensionamento Ideal: Dimensionar pelo método da velocidade e conferir pelo método da perda de carga!
- 11. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Fórmula Pela fórmula: Q = 0,283 V . D2 d Onde: Q = Vazão (kg/h) d = Volume específico (m3/kg) V = Velocidade (m/s) D = Diâmetro (cm) Se dividirmos por 100 o valor da vazão, encontraremos um diâmetro 10 vezes menor, em cm.
- 12. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exercícios Exercício 1: Qual o Diâmetro de uma linha principal de vapor saturado seco, à pressão absoluta de 10 kg/cm2 , e uma vazão de 10.000 kg/h? Exercício 2: Achar o volume específico do vapor superaquecido para uma pressão absoluta de 10 kg/cm2 e uma temperatura de 250 oC.
- 13. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exercícios Exercício 3: Qual o diâmetro de um tubo e a velocidade do vapor superaquecido por ele transportado, sabendo-se que: Vazão = 600 kg/h / Pressão = 10 kgf/cm2 / Temp. = 250 oC? Exercício 4: Pede-se o comprimento equivalente de uma rede com 200 m de extensão, em tubo schedule 40 e diâmetro 2” cm. Contendo 3 curvas de 90o, raio longo e 1 válvula globo. Exercício 5: Pede-se a temperatura, o volume específico, o calor sensível e o calor latente do vapor saturado à pressão absoluta de 10 kg/cm2.
- 14. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Régua de Cálculo para Vapor
- 15. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Critério de Velocidade
- 16. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Critério da Perda de Carga
- 17. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Régua de Cálculo Para Vapor
- 18. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Vapor Superaquecido
- 19. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Dilatação Térmica Principais meios para controlar os efeitos da dilatação térmica em tubulações: 1. Trajeto do tubo afastando-se em linha reta, por meio de ângulos no plano ou no espaço, de maneira que o tubo fique com a flexibilidade própria, capaz de absorver as dilatações. 2. Uso de elementos deformáveis intercalados na tubulação, de maneira a absorverem as dilatações ocorridas. 3. Pretensionamento (COLD SPRING), introduzindo tensões iniciais opostos às tensões geradas pela dilatação térmica.
- 20. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor VViissttaa ssuuppeerriioorr LLiirraa oouu FFeerrrraadduurraa VViissttaa ssuuppeerriioorr CCoonnttoorrnnoo JJuunnttaass ddee TTeelleessccóóppiioo Juntas de Expansão Dilatação Térmica
- 21. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Dilatação Térmica
- 22. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor CCuurrvvaa eemm ““UU”” Dilatação Térmica Fluxo
- 23. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Dilatação Térmica
- 24. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Dilatação Térmica PPoossiiççããoo nnoorrmmaall CCoommpprreessssããoo DDiisstteennççããoo MMoovviimmeennttoo aaxxiiaall MMoovviimmeennttoo aanngguullaarr MMoovviimmeennttoo llaatteerraall DDiillaattaaççããoo DDiillaattaaççããoo DDiillaattaaççããoo MMoovviimmeennttooss ffuunnddaammeennttaaiiss JJ..EE.. ((dduuppllaa)) Exemplo de DDiillaattaaççããoo EExx.. ddee mmoovv.. aanngguullaarr movimentos laterais
- 25. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Isolamento Térmico APLICAÇÕES - PROTEÇÃO PESSOAL - ECONOMIA DE ENERGIA - MANTER A FLUIDEZ DE LÍQUIDOS - MANTER CONDIÇÕES DE PROCESSO - GARANTIR A TEMPERATURA
- 26. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Isolamento Térmico TIPOS MASSA OU FIBROSOS REFLETIVOS
- 27. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Isolantes Tipo Massa ISOLANTES FABRICADOS A PARTIR DE ARGILAS, SILICA, LARVAS VULCANICAS, DERIVADOS DE PETRÓLEO, ETC., SÃO RÍGIDOS, SEMI-RÍGIDOS OU FIBROSOS, POSSUEM BAIXOS FATORES DE CONDUTIBILIDADE TÉRMICA E SÃO APLICADOS DIRETAMENTE NA SUPERFÍCIE EXTERNA DA TUBULAÇÃO, PROTEGIDOS POR FOLHAS METÁLICAS OU TERMOPLÁSTICAS, DE MODO A ENVOLVER E/OU OCUPAR O ESPAÇO EM VOLTA DA TUBULAÇÃO ATÉ UMA DETERMINADA ESPESSURA. ASSIM, O FLUXO DE ENERGIA, QUE ANTES OCORRIA ATRAVÉS DE RADIAÇÃO E CONVECÇÃO TÉRMICA, PASSA A TER UMA BARREIRA DE BOA RESISTÊNCIA TÉRMICA, ANTES DE ATINGIR O AMBIENTE, MINIMIZANDO AS PERDAS DE CALOR
- 28. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Isolante Tipo Massa
- 29. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Isolantes Refletivos ISOLANTES QUE BUSCAM A REDUÇÃO DAS PERDAS TÉRMICAS PELA APLICAÇÃO DE SUPERFÍCIES DE BAIXOS FATORES DE EMISSIVIDADE DE RADIAÇÃO TÉRMICA
- 30. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Convecção Térmica Estratificada Ra > 1708 Ra < 1708 Nu > 1 Nu = 1
- 31. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Ancoragem e Suportes de Tubulações
- 32. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Formação de Condensado na Linha PPrriinncciippaall DDeeffoorrmmaaççããoo Porção de condensado arrastado pelo fluxo de vapor VViibbrraaççããoo ee rruuííddoo ccaauussaaddooss ppeelloo ggoollppee ddee aarrííeettee Condensado Filtro Válvula
- 33. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Golpes de Aríete
- 34. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Qual a intensidade da Força deste golpe? · Cálculo da Taxa de Condensação (Qc): Dados da instalação: Pressão de Operação: 10 Kgf/cm2 Temperatura do vapor: 183,2ºC Calor Latente (10,5 bar): 478,3 Kcal/Kg Diâmetro da Tubulação: 3” Comprimento: 30 m Temperatura Ambiente: 35ºC Título do vapor: 0,8 Onde: Os cálculos a seguir mostram a quantidade de condensado formado em um trecho de 30 metros de tubulação DN 3”, bem como a magnitude da força de impacto causada por essa massa de água: U – Coeficiente Global de troca (Kcal/hm2 ºC) At – Área de Troca (m2) DT – Diferencial de Temperatura Cl – Calor Latente do vapor (Kcal/Kg) X – Título do vapor = D Qc UxAtx T ClxX * Considerando U = 7, 0 Kcal/hm2 ºC para tubulação em aço, sem isolamento térmico. ** Com isolamento térmico (com eficiência de 80%), teríamos U = 3,81 Kcal/hm2 ºC para tubulação em aço.
- 35. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Qual a intensidade da Força deste golpe? · Cálculo da àrea de Troca Média – Tubo DN 3”: Onde: re = 0,0445 e ri = 0,0395 Ae = 2pr . l = 2p.(0,0445) . 30 = 8,38 m2 = - Am Ae Ai r ln 2 r 1 Am = 8,38 – 7,44 = 7,72 m2 ln 0,0445 0,0395 Onde: re = 0,0445 e ri = 0,0395 Ae = 2pr . l = 2p.(0,0445) . 30 = 8,38 m2 Ai = 2pr . l = 2p.(0,0395) . 30 = 7,44 m2 ·Cálculo da quantidade de condensado formado em 30 m: Qc = 7 . 7,72 . (183,2 – 25) = 22,34 Kg/h 478,3 . 0,8 Qc = 22,34 Kg/h ou 0,0252 m3/h
- 36. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Qual a intensidade da Força deste golpe? e) Cálculo da Força de Impacto do Condensado (Golpe de Aríete): F = m . (v2 – v1) e m = r . A .v Então: F = r . A .v (v2 -v1) Como v2 = 0, teremos: F = r . A .v 2 Onde: m – vazão de massa (Kg/s) v1 – Velocidade inicial (m/s) v2 – Velocidade final (m/s) r - Densidade (Kg/m3) A – Área interna do tubo DN 3” (m) v – Velocidade de escoamento (m/s) Para o condensado, temos: ( r água a 183,2ºC = 886,9 Kg/m 3) F = 886,9 . 0,0049 . (20)2 F = 1.738,32 N ou 177,20 Kgf/cm2 /Kg de Condensado (!!!) A título de ilustração, para o vapor temos: F = 5,16 . 0,0049 . (20) 2 F = 10,11 N ou 1,03 Kgf/cm2 / Kg de vapor Isto significa que, no momento em que o êmbolo hidráulico formado pelo condensado se choca com algum componente na tubulação, teremos uma força de impacto instantânea 171,9 vezez maior que a força do vapor saturado , à temperatura de 183,2ºC.
- 37. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Casos Reais
- 38. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Condensado formado a cada 30m durante o aquecimento inicial (kg/h) Diâmetro Pressão kg/cm2 2” 2 1/2” 3” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24” 0.0 2.8 4.3 5.7 8.1 14.2 21.4 30.4 40 48 63 79 92 129 0.7 3.3 5.3 6.9 9.8 17.3 25.9 37.1 49 58 75 95 112 156 1.4 3.7 6.0 7.8 11.1 19.6 29.5 41.5 55 65 85 108 127 177 2.8 4.4 7.1 9.2 13.1 23.0 34.8 49.1 65 77 100 127 149 208 4.2 4.9 7.8 10.2 14.6 25.6 38.4 54.5 72 86 112 141 166 231 7.0 5.7 9.1 11.9 16.9 29.7 44.6 63.4 84 99 130 163 192 268 8.5 6.1 9.7 12.7 18.0 31.7 47.8 67.9 90 106 138 175 206 287 10.5 6.5 10.3 13.4 19.1 33.6 50.4 71.4 95 112 146 185 217 303 12.0 6.8 10.8 14.2 20.1 35.4 53.1 75.4 100 118 155 195 229 320 14.0 7.1 11.3 14.8 21.0 37.0 55.8 79.0 105 124 162 204 240 334 17.5 7.1 12.2 16.0 22.7 39.9 59.8 85.3 113 134 174 220 259 360 21.0 11.2 17.1 22.9 33.4 63.7 96.9 143.7 198 237 305 381 467 528 TTeemmppeerraattuurraa aammbbiieennttee 222200CC..
- 39. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Condensado formado a cada 30m durante o processo (kg/h) Diâmetro Pressão kg/cm2 2” 2 1/2” 3” 4” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24” 0.7 2.7 3.1 4.0 4.9 7.2 9 11 13 14 16 17 20 24 2.1 3.6 4.0 4.9 6.3 8.9 12 14 17 19 21 22 25 30 4.2 4.5 5.4 6.3 8.0 12.0 15 18 22 24 28 30 33 40 7.0 5.4 6.7 8.0 9.8 14.7 18 23 27 30 34 37 42 50 8.5 5.8 7.2 8.9 10.7 16.1 20 25 30 33 38 40 45 54 12.0 7.1 8.5 10.3 11.6 17.0 24 30 35 38 44 48 53 63 17.5 8.1 9.8 12.1 15.2 22.3 28 34 41 45 52 56 53 75 21.0 8.9 11.2 13.4 16.5 24.1 30 38 45 50 56 62 69 82 TTeemmppeerraattuurraa aammbbiieennttee 222200CC.. TTuubbuullaaççããoo iissoollaaddaa ccoomm 8800 %% ddee eeffiicciiêênncciiaa..
- 40. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor VVaappoorr VVaappoorr Construção Correta da Bota Coletora CCoonnddeennssaaddoo BBoottaa ccoolleettoorraa PPuurrggaaddoorreess CCoorrrreettoo IInnccoorrrreettoo 2255//3300mmmm SSeeççããoo ttrraannssvveerrssaall SSeeççããoo ttrraannssvveerrssaall
- 41. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Construção Correta da Bota Coletora Qual o Correto?
- 42. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Dimensionamento de Botas Coletoras Escoamento livre Linha coletora de condensado DIÂMETROS CORRESPONDENTES D1 2” 2.1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24” D2 2” 2.1/2” 3” 3” 3” 4” 6” 6” 8” 8” 8” 10” 10” 10” DN2 3/4” 1” 1 /2” 2” DN1 1/2” L mm. para todas as medidas, utilizar como mínimo 250
- 43. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Drenagem intermediária (a cada 30 metros para vapor saturado) Pontos de Drenagem Pontos de subida ou descida
- 44. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor VVaappoorr RReettoorrnnoo aaoo NNíívveell SSuuppeerriioorr PPoonnttoo ddee DDrreennaaggeemm 3300 -- 5500mm IInncclliinnaaççããoo 11//225500 Layout da Tubulação
- 45. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Drenagem de Linhas de Distribuição
- 46. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Finais de Linha
- 47. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor
- 48. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Finais de Linha
- 49. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Ramificações VVaappoorr VVaappoorr IIIInnnnccccoooorrrrrrrreeeettttoooo CCCCoooorrrrrrrreeeettttoooo CCoonnddeennssaaddoo
- 50. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Ramificações
- 51. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Reduções Concêntricas e Excêntricas
- 52. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Reduções Concêntricas e Excêntricas
- 53. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor O princípio básico de funcionamento é determinado pela brusca redução da velocidade no seu interior, alterando também de forma brusca o valor da energia cinética; Para concretizar a eficiência do processo, existe no interior dos separadores placas defletoras formando chicanas, e assim, pela diferença de densidade aliada à redução da energia cinética, às partículas de água são retidas e purgadas. Separador de Umidade
- 54. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Ec = m.v2 2 Q = v . A F = m . v Ec = Energia Cinética m = massa V = velocidade F = Força Q = Vazão A = Área D = Diâmetro d1 D2 A = π . D2 4 (Cte.) Separador de Umidade
- 55. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Funcionamento VVAAZZÃÃOO Separador
- 56. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Funcionamento VVAAZZÃÃOO Separador
- 57. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Funcionamento VVAAZZÃÃOO Separador
- 58. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Separador VVAAZZÃÃOO Funcionamento
- 59. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Funcionamento VVAAZZÃÃOO Separador
- 60. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Instalações Típicas
- 61. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Filtros Y Entrada de vapor
- 62. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Instalações Típicas
- 63. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Projeto de um Sistema de Distribuição de Vapor
- 64. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Traceamento O Que é Traceamento à Vapor? “Uma combinação de traceamento à vapor e isolamento são usados para criar um ambiente artificial ” • Tubulações de processos; • Containers; • Instrumentos.
- 65. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Onde é Usado o Traceamento? • Refinarias e Petroquímicas; • Indústrias Alimentícias; • Indústrias Gerais. (óleo combustível) Traceamento
- 66. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Traceamento Por que Traceamento à Vapor? • Previne que o produto se estrague; • Minimiza os custos de bombeamento; • Previne os riscos de solidificação.
- 67. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor As tubulações de traceamento devem ser anexadas do centro à base da tubulação do produto, e nunca devem ser anexadas no topo da tubulação do produto. Produto Linha Tracer Isolamento Produto condutor de calor IInnccoorrrreettoo CCoorrrreettoo Expansão Traceamento
- 68. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Tipos de Traceamento • Crítico; • Não-crítico ou simples; • Encamisado; • Instrumentação. Traceamento
- 69. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Traceamento Traceamento Crítico: • Previne contra a solidificação; • Previne que o produto se estrague. Traceamento Não-Crítico: • Mantém a viscosidade ótima do produto.
- 70. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Traceamento Crítico Manifold Controle de Temperatura Purgador Spiratec Silenciador Purgador Linha do Produto Traceamento Válvula de Bloqueio Vapor Condensado
- 71. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Linha do Processo Traceamento Válvula de Bloqueio Purgador Vapor Condensado Traceamento Não-Crítico
- 72. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Traceamento Linhas de Produto Encamisadas: •• Produtos aallttaammeennttee ccrrííttiiccooss;; •• AAqquueecciimmeennttoo oouu aaddiiççããoo ddee ccaalloorr.. Traceamento de Instrumentação: •• MMeeddiiddoorreess ddee vvaazzããoo •• VVáállvvuullaass ddee ccoonnttrroollee •• BBoommbbaass •• EEssttaaççõõeess ddee aammoossttrraa
- 73. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor EElliimmiinnaaddoorr ddee aarr Traceamento Linhas Encamisadas
- 74. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Traceamento de Instrumentação Traceamento de instrumentação Corpo de válvula Corpo de Bomba Traceamento de Flange
- 75. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Traceamento Cálculo do Calor Total Necessário em um Sistema de Traceamento: Q W L t = ´ 1000 Qt = Calor total necessário (kiloWatts) W = Perda de calor na tubulação do processo (Watts/metro) L = Comprimento total da tubulação do produto com traceamento (metros) (dividindo por 1000, converte Watts para kiloWatts)
- 76. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Cálculo do Calor Total Necessário em um Sistema de Traceamento: EXEMPLO: Perda de calor = 97 Watts/metro W = 97 Watts/metro ——————————————— Comprimento total da tubulação traceada = 200 metros L = 200 metros Q W L t = ´ 1000 Qt = 97 ´ 200 1000 .Q t = 19 4 , kiloWatts Traceamento
- 77. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Traceamento Cálculo da Demanda Total de Vapor de um Sistema de Traceamento: M Q h t t fg = ´ 3600 Mt = Demanda total de vapor (kilogramas/hora) Qt = Calor total necessário (kiloWatts) hfg = Entalpia específica de evaporação (kiloJoules/kilograma) (multiplicando por 3600 resulta em kilogramas/hora)
- 78. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Cálculo da Demanda Total de Vapor de um Sistema de Traceamento: EXEMPLO: Qt = 19,4 kiloWatts —————————————— Pressão do vapor = 5 bar g hfg = 2086 kiloJoules/kilograma M t = 33,5 kilo gramas / hora Traceamento
- 79. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Cálculo do Custo do Vapor
- 80. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Como Calcular? Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento do Vapor ------------------ da caldeira PCI Quanto??
- 81. Projeto EExxeemmpplloo 0011–– ÓÓ lldeee Sooist e BmBasPP deFF Vapor Exemplo 01 – Óleo BPF DADOS: - Pressão Caldeira 8 bar - Eficiência da Caldeira 85% - Temp. Água de Alimentação 80ºC - Custo do Óleo BPF R$ 1,08 / Kg - Vazão da Caldeira 3000 Kg/h
- 82. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 01 – Óleo BPF Ct = Calor Total (Tabela Vapor Saturado) Ct vapor = 662 Kcal/kg Pressão relativa Temp. Calor sensível Calor latente Calor total Volume Específico Pressão absoluta kgf/cm2 ºC kcal/kg kcal/kg kcal/kg m3/kg kgf/cm2 0 1 99.1 99.1 539.4 638.5 1.725 1 2 119.6 119.9 525.9 645.8 0.902 2 3 132.9 133.4 516.9 650.3 0.616 3 4 142.9 143.6 509.8 653.4 0.470 4 5 151.1 152.1 503.7 655.8 0.381 5 6 158.1 159.3 498.5 657.8 0.321 6 7 164.2 165.6 493.8 659.4 0.277 7 8 169.6 171.3 489.5 660.8 0.244 8 9 174.5 176.4 485.6 662.0 0.218 9 10 179.0 181.2 481.8 663.0 0.198 10 11 183.2 185.6 478.3 663.9 0.180 11 12 187.1 189.7 475.0 664.7 0.166 12 13 190.7 193.5 471.9 665.4 0.154 13 14 194.1 197.1 468.9 666.0 0.143 14 15 197.4 200.6 466.0 666.6 0.134
- 83. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 01 – Óleo BPF Cs = Calor Sensível (Tabela Vapor Saturado) Cs água = 80 Kcal/kg t=80ºC Pressão relativa Temp. Calor sensível Calor latente Calor total Volume Específico Pressão absoluta kgf/cm2 ºC kcal/kg kcal/kg kcal/kg m3/kg kgf/cm2 0 1 99.1 99.1 539.4 638.5 1.725 1 2 119.6 119.9 525.9 645.8 0.902 2 3 132.9 133.4 516.9 650.3 0.616 3 4 142.9 143.6 509.8 653.4 0.470 4 5 151.1 152.1 503.7 655.8 0.381 5 6 158.1 159.3 498.5 657.8 0.321 6 7 164.2 165.6 493.8 659.4 0.277 7 8 169.6 171.3 489.5 660.8 0.244 8 9 174.5 176.4 485.6 662.0 0.218 9 10 179.0 181.2 481.8 663.0 0.198 10 11 183.2 185.6 478.3 663.9 0.180 11 12 187.1 189.7 475.0 664.7 0.166 12 13 190.7 193.5 471.9 665.4 0.154 13 14 194.1 197.1 468.9 666.0 0.143 14 15 197.4 200.6 466.0 666.6 0.134
- 84. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Então: Ct = 662,0 Kcal/kg Custo do Óleo = R$ 1,08/kg PCI = 9.800 Kcal/kg (Óleo BPF) EEffiicciiêênncciiaa FFaattoorr 8855 %% 11,,1188 8800 %% 11,,2255 7755 %% 11,,3333 7700 %% 11,,4433 6655 %% 11,,5544 6600 %% 11,,6677 FATOR DE CORREÇÃO DO RENDIMENTO DA CALDEIRA Exemplo 01 – Óleo BPF
- 85. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 01 – Óleo BPF CALCULANDO: Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento do Vapor ------------------ da caldeira PCI Custo Ton. Vapor = 662,0 – 80 x 1000 x 1,08 x 1,18 = R$ 75,68 --------------- 9.800
- 86. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 02 – Gás GLP DADOS: - Pressão Caldeira 8 bar - Eficiência da Caldeira 85% - Temp. Água de Alimentação 80 ºC - Custo do Gás GLP R$ 1,60 / Kg - Vazão da Caldeira 3000 Kg/h
- 87. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 02 – Gás GLP Então: Ct = 662,0 Kcal/kg Custo do gás GLP = R$ 1,60/kg PCI = 11.300 Kcal/kg (Gás GLP) Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento do Vapor ------------------ da caldeira PCI Custo Ton. Vapor = 662,0 – 80 x 1000 x 1,60 x 1,18 = R$ 97,24 --------------- 11.300
- 88. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 03 – Gás Natural DADOS: - Pressão Caldeira 8 bar - Eficiência da Caldeira 85% - Temp. Água de Alimentação 80 ºC - Custo do Gás Natural R$ 0,70 / m³ - Vazão da Caldeira 3000 Kg/h
- 89. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 03 – Gás Natural Então: Ct = 662,0 Kcal/kg Custo do gás natural = R$ 0,70/m³ PCI = 10.800 Kcal/kg (Gás Natural) Densidade do Gás Natural = 0,62 Kg/m³ Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento do Vapor ------------------ ------------------------------- da caldeira PCI densidade gás (0,62 kg/m³) Custo Ton. Vapor = 662,0 – 80 x 1000 x 0,70 x 1,18 = R$ 71,80 --------------- ---------- 10.800 0,62
- 90. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 04 – Bagaço Indústria que utiliza Bagaço como combustível de sua Caldeira Aquatubular, onde: • Pressão e Operação : 21 barg • Geração de 50 toneladas / hora de vapor • PCI do Bagaço: 1.800 Kcal / kg (50% umidade) • Temperatura da água de alimentação: 20oC
- 91. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 04 – Bagaço 1o Passo – Cálculo da quantidade de energia para a Geração de 1 tonelada de vapor: • Pressão de Operação : 21 barg • Calor Sensível : 221,2 Kcal / kg • Calor Latente : 447,7 Kcal / kg • Assim para 1 kg de vapor: • (Cs – 20) + ( Cl * X) = CALOR TOTAL • (221,2-20) + (447,7*0,7) = 514,59 Kcal
- 92. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 04 – Bagaço 2o Passo – Cálculo da Relação Kg de Bagaço x Kg de Vapor: • Já vimos anteriormente que para geração de um 1 kg de vapor necessitamos 514,59 Kcal. • Sendo o PCI do Bagaço igual a 1.800 Kcal / kg teremos : 1.800 / 514,59 = 3,49 kg de vapor por kg de bagaço. Porém, teremos que levar em conta o rendimento da caldeira (para caldeiras a bagaço pode ser considerado 60%), então : 3,49 kg * 0,6 = 2,09 ou 2,1 kg de vapor / kg de Bagaço
- 93. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 04 – Bagaço 3o Passo – Cálculo da quantidade bagaço para geração de 1000 kg de vapor, e Custo do Vapor: • Se 1 kg de bagaço geram 2,1 kg de vapor: 476,19 kg de bagaço irão gerar 1 ton de vapor • O custo da Tonelada do Bagaço é de R$ 15,00. Assim, a tonelada de vapor custará: R$ 15,00 x 476,19/1000 = R$ 7,15 por tonelada
- 94. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 05 – Lenha DADOS: - Pressão Caldeira 8 bar - Eficiência da Caldeira 80% - Temp. Água de Alimentação 80 ºC - Custo do Lenha R$ 35,0 / m³ - Vazão da Caldeira 3000 Kg/h - Densidade Lenha = 550 Kg/m³
- 95. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Exemplo 05 – Lenha Então: Ct = 662,0 Kcal/kg Custo da lenha = R$ 35,0 /m³ PCI = 3.140 Kcal/kg (lenha) Densidade Lenha = 550 Kg/m³ Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento do Vapor ------------------ ----------------------- da caldeira PCI densidade lenha Custo Ton. Vapor = 662,0 – 80 x 1000 x 35,0 x 1,25 = R$ 14,74 --------------- ------- 3.140 550
- 96. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor 1/16 (1,6) 1/8 (3,2) 3/16 (4,8) 1/4 (6,4) 5/16 (7,9) 3/8 (9,5) 1000 (453,5) 100 (45,41) 10 (4,5) 1 (0,5) PPeerrddaa ddee vvaappoorr -- llbb//hh ((kkgg//hh)) (30 kg/h) Diâmetro do furo - polegadas (mm) Perdas de vapor por vazamentos tornam-se um grande prejuízo com o decorrer do tempo. Um furo de 1/8” a uma pressão de 100 psi gera uma perda de 30 kg/h Para um custo de vapor de R$ 70,00/ton teremos um prejuízo de: R$ 1.512,00 / mês Perdas Por Vazamentos
- 97. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Perdas Por Vazamentos
- 98. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Perdas Por Vazamentos
- 99. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Perdas Por Vazamentos
- 100. Projeto de Sistemasde Vapor Devido à característica erosiva do vapor (fluido bifásico), com o passar do tempo o furo aumenta exponencialmente, e junto com ele o PREJUÍZO! Perdas Por Vazamentos Não basta somente eliminar perdas, é preciso corrigi-las o mais rápido possível.
Notas do Editor
- #4 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #20 At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
- #21 At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
- #22 At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
- #23 At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
- #24 At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
- #25 At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
- #35 2.2.1 Waterhammer At any low points where water is allowed to collect (bottom of risers, badly fitted steam traps or pipe fittings), including where the mains has been allowed to sag perhaps due to inadequate pipe support or broken pipe hangers, these slugs of condensate may be picked up by the steam and hurled at downstream valves or pipe fittings, as shown above. Such slugs of water, moving at velocities of up to 30 m/s or even more, possess considerable amounts of kinetic energy which is released on impact causing noise and vibration called waterhammer. This causes considerable damage to the pipework and ancillaries.
- #36 2.2.1 Waterhammer At any low points where water is allowed to collect (bottom of risers, badly fitted steam traps or pipe fittings), including where the mains has been allowed to sag perhaps due to inadequate pipe support or broken pipe hangers, these slugs of condensate may be picked up by the steam and hurled at downstream valves or pipe fittings, as shown above. Such slugs of water, moving at velocities of up to 30 m/s or even more, possess considerable amounts of kinetic energy which is released on impact causing noise and vibration called waterhammer. This causes considerable damage to the pipework and ancillaries.
- #37 2.2.1 Waterhammer At any low points where water is allowed to collect (bottom of risers, badly fitted steam traps or pipe fittings), including where the mains has been allowed to sag perhaps due to inadequate pipe support or broken pipe hangers, these slugs of condensate may be picked up by the steam and hurled at downstream valves or pipe fittings, as shown above. Such slugs of water, moving at velocities of up to 30 m/s or even more, possess considerable amounts of kinetic energy which is released on impact causing noise and vibration called waterhammer. This causes considerable damage to the pipework and ancillaries.
- #38 2.2.1 Waterhammer At any low points where water is allowed to collect (bottom of risers, badly fitted steam traps or pipe fittings), including where the mains has been allowed to sag perhaps due to inadequate pipe support or broken pipe hangers, these slugs of condensate may be picked up by the steam and hurled at downstream valves or pipe fittings, as shown above. Such slugs of water, moving at velocities of up to 30 m/s or even more, possess considerable amounts of kinetic energy which is released on impact causing noise and vibration called waterhammer. This causes considerable damage to the pipework and ancillaries.
- #44 At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
- #45 At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
- #50 2.2.5 Branch Connections Branch connections taken from the top of the main carry the driest steam. If taken from the side, or even worse from the bottom, they can carry the condensate from the main and in effect become a drain pocket. The result is very wet steam reaching the equipment.
- #51 2.2.5 Branch Connections Branch connections taken from the top of the main carry the driest steam. If taken from the side, or even worse from the bottom, they can carry the condensate from the main and in effect become a drain pocket. The result is very wet steam reaching the equipment.
- #54 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #55 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #56 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #57 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #58 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #59 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #60 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #61 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #63 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #81 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #82 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #83 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #84 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #85 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #86 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #87 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #88 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #89 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #90 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #95 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
- #96 2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry. The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial. As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow. The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.