8. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Dimensionamento
COLETORES DE VAPOR
TTUUBBUULLAAÇÇÕÕEESS
RAMAIS
9. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Critérios Para Dimensionamento
Velocidade
• Para Vapor Saturado
Linhas Principais: 20 a 30 m/s
Linhas Secundárias: 15 m/s
Coletores: 8 m/s
• Para Vapor Superaquecido: 35 a 50 m/s
Perda de Carga
• Perdas de Carga Inferiores a 0,08 kgf/cm2.100m
10. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Critérios Para Dimensionamento
Ideal: Dimensionar pelo método da
velocidade e conferir pelo
método da perda de carga!
11. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Fórmula
Pela fórmula:
Q = 0,283 V . D2
d
Onde: Q = Vazão (kg/h) d = Volume específico (m3/kg)
V = Velocidade (m/s) D = Diâmetro (cm)
Se dividirmos por 100 o valor da vazão,
encontraremos um diâmetro 10 vezes menor, em cm.
12. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exercícios
Exercício 1:
Qual o Diâmetro de uma linha principal de vapor
saturado seco, à pressão absoluta de 10 kg/cm2 , e
uma vazão de 10.000 kg/h?
Exercício 2:
Achar o volume específico do vapor superaquecido
para uma pressão absoluta de 10 kg/cm2 e uma
temperatura de 250 oC.
13. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exercícios
Exercício 3:
Qual o diâmetro de um tubo e a velocidade do vapor
superaquecido por ele transportado, sabendo-se que:
Vazão = 600 kg/h / Pressão = 10 kgf/cm2 / Temp. = 250 oC?
Exercício 4:
Pede-se o comprimento equivalente de uma rede com 200 m de
extensão, em tubo schedule 40 e diâmetro 2” cm. Contendo 3 curvas de
90o, raio longo e 1 válvula globo.
Exercício 5:
Pede-se a temperatura, o volume específico, o calor sensível e o calor
latente do vapor saturado à pressão absoluta de 10 kg/cm2.
19. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Dilatação Térmica
Principais meios para controlar os
efeitos da dilatação térmica em tubulações:
1. Trajeto do tubo afastando-se em linha reta, por meio de ângulos no
plano ou no espaço, de maneira que o tubo fique com a flexibilidade
própria, capaz de absorver as dilatações.
2. Uso de elementos deformáveis intercalados na tubulação, de maneira a
absorverem as dilatações ocorridas.
3. Pretensionamento (COLD SPRING), introduzindo tensões iniciais opostos
às tensões geradas pela dilatação térmica.
20. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
VViissttaa
ssuuppeerriioorr
LLiirraa oouu FFeerrrraadduurraa
VViissttaa
ssuuppeerriioorr
CCoonnttoorrnnoo
JJuunnttaass ddee TTeelleessccóóppiioo
Juntas de Expansão
Dilatação Térmica
24. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Dilatação Térmica
PPoossiiççããoo nnoorrmmaall
CCoommpprreessssããoo
DDiisstteennççããoo
MMoovviimmeennttoo
aaxxiiaall
MMoovviimmeennttoo
aanngguullaarr
MMoovviimmeennttoo
llaatteerraall
DDiillaattaaççããoo
DDiillaattaaççããoo
DDiillaattaaççããoo
MMoovviimmeennttooss ffuunnddaammeennttaaiiss
JJ..EE..
((dduuppllaa))
Exemplo de
DDiillaattaaççããoo
EExx.. ddee mmoovv.. aanngguullaarr
movimentos laterais
25. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Isolamento Térmico
APLICAÇÕES
- PROTEÇÃO PESSOAL
- ECONOMIA DE ENERGIA
- MANTER A FLUIDEZ DE LÍQUIDOS
- MANTER CONDIÇÕES DE PROCESSO
- GARANTIR A TEMPERATURA
26. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Isolamento Térmico
TIPOS
MASSA OU FIBROSOS
REFLETIVOS
27. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Isolantes Tipo Massa
ISOLANTES FABRICADOS A PARTIR DE ARGILAS, SILICA, LARVAS
VULCANICAS, DERIVADOS DE PETRÓLEO, ETC., SÃO RÍGIDOS, SEMI-RÍGIDOS
OU FIBROSOS, POSSUEM BAIXOS FATORES DE CONDUTIBILIDADE
TÉRMICA E SÃO APLICADOS DIRETAMENTE NA SUPERFÍCIE EXTERNA DA
TUBULAÇÃO, PROTEGIDOS POR FOLHAS METÁLICAS OU TERMOPLÁSTICAS,
DE MODO A ENVOLVER E/OU OCUPAR O ESPAÇO EM VOLTA DA TUBULAÇÃO
ATÉ UMA DETERMINADA ESPESSURA.
ASSIM, O FLUXO DE ENERGIA, QUE ANTES OCORRIA ATRAVÉS DE
RADIAÇÃO E CONVECÇÃO TÉRMICA, PASSA A TER UMA BARREIRA DE BOA
RESISTÊNCIA TÉRMICA, ANTES DE ATINGIR O AMBIENTE, MINIMIZANDO AS
PERDAS DE CALOR
29. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Isolantes Refletivos
ISOLANTES QUE BUSCAM A REDUÇÃO DAS
PERDAS TÉRMICAS PELA APLICAÇÃO DE
SUPERFÍCIES DE BAIXOS FATORES DE
EMISSIVIDADE DE RADIAÇÃO TÉRMICA
30. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Convecção Térmica Estratificada
Ra > 1708 Ra < 1708
Nu > 1 Nu = 1
32. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Formação de Condensado na Linha
PPrriinncciippaall DDeeffoorrmmaaççããoo
Porção de
condensado
arrastado pelo
fluxo de vapor
VViibbrraaççããoo ee rruuííddoo
ccaauussaaddooss ppeelloo
ggoollppee ddee aarrííeettee
Condensado
Filtro
Válvula
34. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Qual a intensidade da Força deste golpe?
· Cálculo da Taxa de Condensação (Qc):
Dados da instalação:
Pressão de Operação: 10 Kgf/cm2
Temperatura do vapor: 183,2ºC
Calor Latente (10,5 bar): 478,3 Kcal/Kg
Diâmetro da Tubulação: 3”
Comprimento: 30 m
Temperatura Ambiente: 35ºC
Título do vapor: 0,8 Onde:
Os cálculos a seguir mostram a quantidade de condensado
formado em um trecho de 30 metros de tubulação DN 3”, bem
como a magnitude da força de impacto causada por essa
massa de água:
U – Coeficiente Global de troca
(Kcal/hm2 ºC)
At – Área de Troca (m2)
DT – Diferencial de Temperatura
Cl – Calor Latente do vapor (Kcal/Kg)
X – Título do vapor
= D
Qc UxAtx T
ClxX
* Considerando U = 7, 0 Kcal/hm2 ºC para tubulação em aço, sem isolamento
térmico.
** Com isolamento térmico (com eficiência de 80%), teríamos U = 3,81
Kcal/hm2 ºC para tubulação em aço.
35. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Qual a intensidade da Força deste golpe?
· Cálculo da àrea de Troca Média – Tubo DN 3”:
Onde:
re = 0,0445 e ri = 0,0395
Ae = 2pr . l = 2p.(0,0445) . 30 = 8,38
m2
= -
Am Ae Ai
r
ln 2
r
1
Am = 8,38 – 7,44 = 7,72 m2
ln 0,0445
0,0395
Onde:
re = 0,0445 e ri = 0,0395
Ae = 2pr . l = 2p.(0,0445) . 30 = 8,38 m2
Ai = 2pr . l = 2p.(0,0395) . 30 = 7,44 m2
·Cálculo da quantidade de condensado formado em 30 m:
Qc = 7 . 7,72 . (183,2 – 25) = 22,34 Kg/h
478,3 . 0,8
Qc = 22,34 Kg/h ou 0,0252 m3/h
36. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Qual a intensidade da Força deste golpe?
e) Cálculo da Força de Impacto do Condensado (Golpe de Aríete):
F = m . (v2 – v1) e m = r . A .v
Então:
F = r . A .v (v2 -v1)
Como v2 = 0, teremos:
F = r . A .v 2
Onde:
m – vazão de massa (Kg/s)
v1 – Velocidade inicial (m/s)
v2 – Velocidade final (m/s)
r - Densidade (Kg/m3)
A – Área interna do tubo DN 3” (m)
v – Velocidade de escoamento (m/s)
Para o condensado, temos: ( r água a 183,2ºC = 886,9 Kg/m 3)
F = 886,9 . 0,0049 . (20)2
F = 1.738,32 N ou 177,20 Kgf/cm2 /Kg de Condensado (!!!)
A título de ilustração, para o vapor temos:
F = 5,16 . 0,0049 . (20) 2
F = 10,11 N ou 1,03 Kgf/cm2 / Kg de vapor
Isto significa que, no momento em que o êmbolo hidráulico formado pelo condensado se
choca com algum componente na tubulação, teremos uma força de impacto
instantânea 171,9 vezez maior que a força do vapor saturado , à temperatura de 183,2ºC.
40. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
VVaappoorr
VVaappoorr
Construção Correta da Bota Coletora
CCoonnddeennssaaddoo
BBoottaa
ccoolleettoorraa
PPuurrggaaddoorreess
CCoorrrreettoo
IInnccoorrrreettoo
2255//3300mmmm
SSeeççããoo ttrraannssvveerrssaall
SSeeççããoo ttrraannssvveerrssaall
41. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Construção Correta da Bota Coletora
Qual o Correto?
42. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Dimensionamento de Botas Coletoras
Escoamento
livre Linha coletora
de condensado
DIÂMETROS CORRESPONDENTES
D1 2” 2.1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 24”
D2 2” 2.1/2” 3” 3” 3” 4” 6” 6” 8” 8” 8” 10” 10” 10”
DN2 3/4” 1” 1 /2” 2”
DN1 1/2”
L mm. para todas as medidas, utilizar como mínimo 250
43. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Drenagem
intermediária
(a cada 30
metros para vapor
saturado)
Pontos de Drenagem
Pontos de subida ou descida
44. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
VVaappoorr RReettoorrnnoo
aaoo NNíívveell
SSuuppeerriioorr
PPoonnttoo ddee DDrreennaaggeemm
3300 -- 5500mm
IInncclliinnaaççããoo 11//225500
Layout da Tubulação
49. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Ramificações
VVaappoorr VVaappoorr
IIIInnnnccccoooorrrrrrrreeeettttoooo CCCCoooorrrrrrrreeeettttoooo
CCoonnddeennssaaddoo
53. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
O princípio básico de
funcionamento é determinado pela
brusca redução da velocidade no
seu interior, alterando também de
forma brusca o valor da energia
cinética;
Para concretizar a eficiência do
processo, existe no interior dos
separadores placas defletoras
formando chicanas, e assim, pela
diferença de densidade aliada à
redução da energia cinética, às
partículas de água são retidas e
purgadas.
Separador de Umidade
54. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Ec = m.v2
2
Q = v . A
F = m . v
Ec = Energia Cinética
m = massa
V = velocidade
F = Força
Q = Vazão
A = Área
D = Diâmetro
d1
D2 A = π . D2
4
(Cte.)
Separador de Umidade
64. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Traceamento
O Que é Traceamento à Vapor?
“Uma combinação de traceamento à vapor e isolamento
são usados para criar um ambiente artificial ”
• Tubulações de processos;
• Containers;
• Instrumentos.
65. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Onde é Usado o Traceamento?
• Refinarias e
Petroquímicas;
• Indústrias Alimentícias;
• Indústrias Gerais.
(óleo combustível)
Traceamento
66. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Traceamento
Por que Traceamento à Vapor?
• Previne que o produto se estrague;
• Minimiza os custos de bombeamento;
• Previne os riscos de solidificação.
67. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
As tubulações de traceamento devem ser anexadas do centro à
base da tubulação do produto, e nunca devem ser anexadas no
topo da tubulação do produto.
Produto
Linha
Tracer
Isolamento
Produto
condutor de
calor
IInnccoorrrreettoo CCoorrrreettoo
Expansão
Traceamento
68. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Tipos de Traceamento
• Crítico;
• Não-crítico ou simples;
• Encamisado;
• Instrumentação.
Traceamento
69. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Traceamento
Traceamento Crítico:
• Previne contra a solidificação;
• Previne que o produto se estrague.
Traceamento Não-Crítico:
• Mantém a viscosidade ótima do produto.
70. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Traceamento Crítico
Manifold
Controle de
Temperatura
Purgador
Spiratec
Silenciador
Purgador
Linha do Produto
Traceamento
Válvula de Bloqueio
Vapor
Condensado
71. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Linha do Processo
Traceamento
Válvula de Bloqueio
Purgador
Vapor
Condensado
Traceamento Não-Crítico
72. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Traceamento
Linhas de Produto Encamisadas:
•• Produtos aallttaammeennttee ccrrííttiiccooss;;
•• AAqquueecciimmeennttoo oouu aaddiiççããoo ddee ccaalloorr..
Traceamento de Instrumentação:
•• MMeeddiiddoorreess ddee vvaazzããoo
•• VVáállvvuullaass ddee ccoonnttrroollee
•• BBoommbbaass
•• EEssttaaççõõeess ddee aammoossttrraa
73. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
EElliimmiinnaaddoorr ddee aarr
Traceamento
Linhas Encamisadas
74. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Traceamento de Instrumentação
Traceamento de
instrumentação
Corpo de válvula
Corpo de
Bomba
Traceamento de
Flange
75. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Traceamento
Cálculo do Calor Total Necessário em um Sistema de
Traceamento:
Q W L t
= ´
1000
Qt = Calor total necessário (kiloWatts)
W = Perda de calor na tubulação do processo (Watts/metro)
L = Comprimento total da tubulação do produto com
traceamento (metros)
(dividindo por 1000, converte Watts para kiloWatts)
76. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Cálculo do Calor Total Necessário em um Sistema de Traceamento:
EXEMPLO:
Perda de calor = 97 Watts/metro
W = 97 Watts/metro
———————————————
Comprimento total da
tubulação traceada = 200 metros
L = 200 metros
Q W L
t = ´
1000
Qt = 97 ´ 200
1000
.Q
t = 19 4 , kiloWatts
Traceamento
77. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Traceamento
Cálculo da Demanda Total de Vapor de um Sistema de Traceamento:
M Q
h
t
t
fg
= ´ 3600
Mt = Demanda total de vapor (kilogramas/hora)
Qt = Calor total necessário (kiloWatts)
hfg = Entalpia específica de evaporação
(kiloJoules/kilograma)
(multiplicando por 3600 resulta em kilogramas/hora)
78. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Cálculo da Demanda Total de Vapor de um Sistema de Traceamento:
EXEMPLO:
Qt = 19,4 kiloWatts
——————————————
Pressão do vapor = 5 bar g
hfg = 2086 kiloJoules/kilograma
M t = 33,5 kilo gramas / hora
Traceamento
80. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Como Calcular?
Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento
do Vapor ------------------ da caldeira
PCI
Quanto??
81. Projeto EExxeemmpplloo 0011 –– ÓÓ lldeee Sooist e BmBasPP deFF Vapor
Exemplo 01 – Óleo BPF
DADOS:
- Pressão Caldeira 8 bar
- Eficiência da Caldeira 85%
- Temp. Água de Alimentação 80ºC
- Custo do Óleo BPF R$ 1,08 / Kg
- Vazão da Caldeira 3000 Kg/h
84. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Então:
Ct = 662,0 Kcal/kg
Custo do Óleo = R$ 1,08/kg
PCI = 9.800 Kcal/kg (Óleo BPF)
EEffiicciiêênncciiaa FFaattoorr
8855 %% 11,,1188
8800 %% 11,,2255
7755 %% 11,,3333
7700 %% 11,,4433
6655 %% 11,,5544
6600 %% 11,,6677
FATOR DE
CORREÇÃO DO
RENDIMENTO DA
CALDEIRA
Exemplo 01 – Óleo BPF
85. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 01 – Óleo BPF
CALCULANDO:
Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento
do Vapor ------------------ da caldeira
PCI
Custo Ton. Vapor = 662,0 – 80 x 1000 x 1,08 x 1,18 = R$ 75,68
---------------
9.800
86. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 02 – Gás GLP
DADOS:
- Pressão Caldeira 8 bar
- Eficiência da Caldeira 85%
- Temp. Água de Alimentação 80 ºC
- Custo do Gás GLP R$ 1,60 / Kg
- Vazão da Caldeira 3000 Kg/h
87. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 02 – Gás GLP
Então:
Ct = 662,0 Kcal/kg
Custo do gás GLP = R$ 1,60/kg
PCI = 11.300 Kcal/kg (Gás GLP)
Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento
do Vapor ------------------ da caldeira
PCI
Custo Ton. Vapor = 662,0 – 80 x 1000 x 1,60 x 1,18 = R$ 97,24
---------------
11.300
88. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 03 – Gás Natural
DADOS:
- Pressão Caldeira 8 bar
- Eficiência da Caldeira 85%
- Temp. Água de Alimentação 80 ºC
- Custo do Gás Natural R$ 0,70 / m³
- Vazão da Caldeira 3000 Kg/h
89. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 03 – Gás Natural
Então:
Ct = 662,0 Kcal/kg
Custo do gás natural = R$ 0,70/m³
PCI = 10.800 Kcal/kg (Gás Natural)
Densidade do Gás Natural = 0,62 Kg/m³
Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento
do Vapor ------------------ ------------------------------- da caldeira
PCI densidade gás (0,62 kg/m³)
Custo Ton. Vapor = 662,0 – 80 x 1000 x 0,70 x 1,18 = R$ 71,80
--------------- ----------
10.800 0,62
90. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 04 – Bagaço
Indústria que utiliza Bagaço como combustível de sua Caldeira
Aquatubular, onde:
• Pressão e Operação : 21 barg
• Geração de 50 toneladas / hora de vapor
• PCI do Bagaço: 1.800 Kcal / kg (50% umidade)
• Temperatura da água de alimentação: 20oC
91. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 04 – Bagaço
1o Passo – Cálculo da quantidade de energia para a Geração de 1 tonelada de
vapor:
• Pressão de Operação : 21 barg
• Calor Sensível : 221,2 Kcal / kg
• Calor Latente : 447,7 Kcal / kg
• Assim para 1 kg de vapor:
• (Cs – 20) + ( Cl * X) = CALOR TOTAL
• (221,2-20) + (447,7*0,7) = 514,59 Kcal
92. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 04 – Bagaço
2o Passo – Cálculo da Relação Kg de Bagaço x Kg de Vapor:
• Já vimos anteriormente que para geração de um 1 kg de vapor necessitamos
514,59 Kcal.
• Sendo o PCI do Bagaço igual a 1.800 Kcal / kg teremos :
1.800 / 514,59 = 3,49 kg de vapor por kg de bagaço. Porém, teremos que
levar em conta o rendimento da caldeira (para caldeiras a bagaço pode
ser considerado 60%), então :
3,49 kg * 0,6 = 2,09 ou 2,1 kg de vapor / kg de Bagaço
93. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 04 – Bagaço
3o Passo – Cálculo da quantidade bagaço para geração de 1000 kg de vapor, e
Custo do Vapor:
• Se 1 kg de bagaço geram 2,1 kg de vapor:
476,19 kg de bagaço irão gerar 1 ton de vapor
• O custo da Tonelada do Bagaço é de R$ 15,00.
Assim, a tonelada de vapor custará:
R$ 15,00 x 476,19/1000 = R$ 7,15 por tonelada
94. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 05 – Lenha
DADOS:
- Pressão Caldeira 8 bar
- Eficiência da Caldeira 80%
- Temp. Água de Alimentação 80 ºC
- Custo do Lenha R$ 35,0 / m³
- Vazão da Caldeira 3000 Kg/h
- Densidade Lenha = 550 Kg/m³
95. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Exemplo 05 – Lenha
Então:
Ct = 662,0 Kcal/kg
Custo da lenha = R$ 35,0 /m³
PCI = 3.140 Kcal/kg (lenha)
Densidade Lenha = 550 Kg/m³
Custo Tonelada = Ct – Cs água x 1000 x Custo do Combustível x Fator de Rendimento
do Vapor ------------------ ----------------------- da caldeira
PCI densidade lenha
Custo Ton. Vapor = 662,0 – 80 x 1000 x 35,0 x 1,25 = R$ 14,74
--------------- -------
3.140 550
96. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
1/16
(1,6)
1/8
(3,2)
3/16
(4,8)
1/4
(6,4)
5/16
(7,9)
3/8
(9,5)
1000
(453,5)
100
(45,41)
10
(4,5)
1
(0,5)
PPeerrddaa ddee vvaappoorr -- llbb//hh ((kkgg//hh))
(30 kg/h)
Diâmetro do furo - polegadas (mm)
Perdas de vapor por
vazamentos tornam-se um
grande prejuízo com o decorrer
do tempo.
Um furo de 1/8” a uma pressão
de 100 psi gera uma perda de
30 kg/h
Para um custo de vapor de R$
70,00/ton teremos um prejuízo
de:
R$ 1.512,00 / mês
Perdas Por Vazamentos
100. Projeto de Sistemas de Vapor
Devido à característica
erosiva do vapor (fluido
bifásico), com o passar do
tempo o furo aumenta
exponencialmente, e junto
com ele o
PREJUÍZO!
Perdas Por Vazamentos
Não basta somente eliminar perdas, é preciso corrigi-las
o mais rápido possível.
Notas do Editor
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
2.2.1 Waterhammer
At any low points where water is allowed to collect (bottom of risers, badly fitted steam traps or pipe fittings), including where the mains has been allowed to sag perhaps due to inadequate pipe support or broken pipe hangers, these slugs of condensate may be picked up by the steam and hurled at downstream valves or pipe fittings, as shown above. Such slugs of water, moving at velocities of up to 30 m/s or even more, possess considerable amounts of kinetic energy which is released on impact causing noise and vibration called waterhammer. This causes considerable damage to the pipework and ancillaries.
2.2.1 Waterhammer
At any low points where water is allowed to collect (bottom of risers, badly fitted steam traps or pipe fittings), including where the mains has been allowed to sag perhaps due to inadequate pipe support or broken pipe hangers, these slugs of condensate may be picked up by the steam and hurled at downstream valves or pipe fittings, as shown above. Such slugs of water, moving at velocities of up to 30 m/s or even more, possess considerable amounts of kinetic energy which is released on impact causing noise and vibration called waterhammer. This causes considerable damage to the pipework and ancillaries.
2.2.1 Waterhammer
At any low points where water is allowed to collect (bottom of risers, badly fitted steam traps or pipe fittings), including where the mains has been allowed to sag perhaps due to inadequate pipe support or broken pipe hangers, these slugs of condensate may be picked up by the steam and hurled at downstream valves or pipe fittings, as shown above. Such slugs of water, moving at velocities of up to 30 m/s or even more, possess considerable amounts of kinetic energy which is released on impact causing noise and vibration called waterhammer. This causes considerable damage to the pipework and ancillaries.
2.2.1 Waterhammer
At any low points where water is allowed to collect (bottom of risers, badly fitted steam traps or pipe fittings), including where the mains has been allowed to sag perhaps due to inadequate pipe support or broken pipe hangers, these slugs of condensate may be picked up by the steam and hurled at downstream valves or pipe fittings, as shown above. Such slugs of water, moving at velocities of up to 30 m/s or even more, possess considerable amounts of kinetic energy which is released on impact causing noise and vibration called waterhammer. This causes considerable damage to the pipework and ancillaries.
At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
At low points, or in long runs of &quot;horizontal&quot; pipe at intervals of about 30 - 50 m, drain points and steam traps sets are fitted. In cases where the gradient of the line means that it reaches an unacceptably low level, a relay point to a higher level can be arranged as in the slide. The value of the slope can vary a great deal from 1/70 to 1/350. There are many reasons to suggest any of these values but the above (1/250) is given as guidance only. This slope is to aid drainage of the main so that gravity will help the water towards the drain points. This is the theory but the main motive force of the condensate is the velocity of the steam.
2.2.5 Branch Connections
Branch connections taken from the top of the main carry the driest steam. If taken from the side, or even worse from the bottom, they can carry the condensate from the main and in effect become a drain pocket. The result is very wet steam reaching the equipment.
2.2.5 Branch Connections
Branch connections taken from the top of the main carry the driest steam. If taken from the side, or even worse from the bottom, they can carry the condensate from the main and in effect become a drain pocket. The result is very wet steam reaching the equipment.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.
2.2 Pipe Alignment and Drainage Points
It is necessary to give some consideration to the alignment of all service lines, and to the drainage or air venting of them as appropriate. Steam lines are no exception. Steam leaving a boiler, or other sources, is often much wetter than is appreciated and if this water is not removed, there will be poor heat transfer at the point of use this is why the steam needs to be dry.
The use of a separator to remove this moisture is shown in the slide. Sizing one is not difficult as they are always sized to match the steam line (line size). This is one location where a correctly sized mechanical drain trap, such as a float trap, can be beneficial.
As soon as steam has left the boiler, some of it must condense, to replace the heat being lost through the pipe wall. Insulation will naturally reduce the heat loss, but the heat flow and the condensation rate remain as small but finite amounts and if appropriate action is not taken these amounts will accumulate. The condensate will form droplets on the inside of the pipe wall, and these can merge into a film as they are swept along by the steam flow.
The film will also gravitate towards the bottom of the pipe, and so the thickness of the water film will be greatest there. Steam flowing over this film can raise ripples which can build up into waves. If this build up continues, the tips of the waves will break off, throwing droplets of condensate into the steam flow. The result is that the heat exchange equipment receives very wet steam.