Unraveling Nature's Economic Strategy

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Unraveling Nature’s Economic Strategy
Biodiversity & Ecosystem Services as Drivers of Strategies for Sustainable Development
Nuno Gaspar de Oliveira
Researcher| PhDStudent

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Atmosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Biosphere
Original land cover and
derived land uses
Human-made
Capital
(Built Capital,
Human Capital
Social Capital)
Ecosystem
Services
Human
Impacts
Anthroposphere
Solar Energy
Natural Capital
Rest of
the
World

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Souce: Herman Daly
•Existeum limiteàsmatériase energiaquetemosacesso
•Existeum limiteà capacidadedos ecossistemasemabsorvera matériadegradadapelosistemaeconómico– resíduos
•A capacidadede reciclagemdo sistemaeconómicodependeda resiliênciado ecossistemae da entropia
•Nummundocheiopelosistemaeconómicoe semacessoa maiscapital natural, o ecossistematorna-se incapazde mantero sistemaeconómicoa funcionar.

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O Capital Natural incorpora todos os ativos naturais da Terra (solo, ar, água, flora e fauna) e todos os serviços dos ecossistemas que tornam possível a existência de vida humana.
Os produtos e serviços dos ecossistemas provenientes do Capital Natural valem biliões de €/ano e constituem alimentos, fibras, água, saúde, energia, segurança climática …
Nem estes serviços, ou o stock de Capital Natural que os providencia, são adequadamente valorados em comparação ao capital social ou financeiro.
Apesar de ser fundamental para o nosso bem-estar, o seu uso diário permanece despercebido pelo nosso sistema económico. Desta forma, o uso do Capital Natural não é sustentável.

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Risco & Resiliência
Projeções apontam para que entre 2010 e 2030 haja uma procura maior de recursos:
33% energia primária
27% alimentos
80% aço
41% água
+ riscos ambientais a aumentar devido às alterações climáticas

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Figure 2:Capital freedoms and well- being. Source: IHDP, updated 5 March 2012. Figure 3: Percentage change in per capita wealth for Brazil and India. Source: IHDP, updated 5 March 2012.

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"The services that nature provides us with, like clean water, clean air, fertile soil, food, is not only crucial for the well beingof human kind, it also represents an astronomical economic value. According to economists
we lose each year 3% of GDP due to the loss of biodiversity. That means EU €450 billion worth every year. Compared to these figures, investing €5.8 billion per year in Natura2000 is a bargain! "
The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits
Milton Friedman in The New York Times Magazine
(13 September 1970)

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If we are uncritical we shall always find what we want: we shall look for, and find, confirmations, and we shall look away from, and not see, whatever might be dangerous to our pet theories. In this way it is only too easy to obtain what appears to be overwhelming evidence in favor of a theory which, if approached critically, would have been refuted.
Karl Popper inThe Poverty of Historicism(1957)
"If there were no scarcity, choice would not be necessary, there would be no opportunity cost, and economics would not exist. More of everything means opportunity cost is zero, and is essentially the denial of economics. Yet “more of everything” is the goal of so-called “growth economics.”
When the whole economy grows, the growth economists say that we get more of everything."

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In ‘EcologicalEconomics: AlteringAssumptions’ (http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/review3.php)
In ‘EcologicalEconomics: AlteringAssumptions’ (http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/envecon/review3.php)

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Valor Ambiental ‘A’
Cenário de Gestão ‘A+’
Cenário de Gestão ‘B+’
Bem-Estar ‘A’
Bem-Estar ‘B’
Bem-Estar ‘C’
Cenário de Gestão ‘C+’
Δt1
Cenário de Não Gestão
Δt2
Δt3
pressões
ameaças
benefícios
Σ0-A
Modelo de Governance ‘A’
Modelo de Governance ‘B’
Modelo de Governance ‘C’
Modelo de Governance ‘D’
pressões
ameaças
benefícios
ΣA-B
pressões
ameaças
benefícios
ΣB-C
Valor Ambiental ‘B’
Valor Ambiental ‘C’
A dinâmica do Sistema Ecológico-Económico
Parâmetros ´fisico-químicos marinhos
Ecologia das Populações de organismos marinhos
Peixe e Marisco
Uso Humano
Serviço / Mercado
Externali- dades

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In Integrating Ecology and Economics for Managed Forest Landscapes: A Systems Approach(http://csis.msu.edu/research/projects/integrating-ecology-and-economics-managed-forest-landscapes-systems-approach)
In ‘The ecological and socio-economic consequences of land transformation in alpine regions: an interdisciplinary assessment and VALuationof current changes in the UrsernValley, key region in the Swiss central Alps’ (http://wwz.unibas.ch/umwelt-und-energieoekonomie/forschung/projekte/snf-projekt/abteilung/umwelt/)

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A importância do Capital Natural no Sistema Ecológico-Económico

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Sustainability, Risk Management and Strategic Planning:
The Case for Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity
IMPACT: if the risk were to occur
LIKELIWOOD: to occur in the next 10 years

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Figure 1.Three hypothetical landscapes illustrating the types and magnitude of services associated with different types of ecosystems.Natural ecosystems can support many ecosystem services at high levels, but not food production.An intensive cropland produces food in abundance, but comparatively little of the other services.A managed cropland can support a broad portfolio of ecosystem services (Foley et al. 2005, with permission).

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Serviços Económicos / Função de Produção
‘Humano’
Utilidade / Segurança
Benefício / Oportunidade
Provisão
Regulação
Cultural
Biodiversi- dade
Bem-Estar [Passado/ Actual / Futuro]
Serviços dos Ecossistemas
Objecto
Objectivo
Objectividade

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•Estima-se que o mundo tenha perdido serviços dos ecossistemas com um valor de 1% do PIB Global em 2010 devido à perda de biodiversidade ocorrida entre 2000 e 2010
•Até2050, estima-se quepossamosperdermaisde 7% do PIB Global com a degradaçãodos serviçosdos ecosisstemase desaparecimentoda biodiversidade

Unraveling Nature's Economic Strategy

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