This document summarizes research on the physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation, with a focus on the central role of the brain. Key points include:
1) The brain determines what is threatening or stressful and controls physiological and behavioral responses. Beyond fight-or-flight, chronic stress can lead to "wear and tear" (allostatic load) on the body and brain.
2) Early life experiences and genetic factors influence lifelong patterns of stress responsiveness and the rate of brain and body aging.
3) Areas of the brain like the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex undergo structural remodeling in response to stress, altering behavior and physiology.
4) Social and behavioral interventions
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between locus of control (LOC), cortisol reactivity, and speech performance in response to acute stress. The study found that LOC significantly predicted cortisol reactivity to a stressor, with a more internal LOC associated with lower cortisol levels. LOC also uniquely predicted speech performance, with a more internal LOC associated with better performance. However, cortisol levels did not predict speech performance and LOC did not moderate the relationship between cortisol and performance. This adds to research showing physiological and functional influences of LOC orientation during acute stress.
This document summarizes stress responses in fishes. It discusses:
- Stress triggers a diversity of physiological responses aimed at maintaining homeostasis. Severe or prolonged stress can become maladaptive.
- Primary stress responses include increased catecholamines and corticosteroids. Secondary responses affect metabolism, osmoregulation, respiration, immunity. Tertiary responses impact performance.
- Cortisol levels are commonly used to measure stress response. Species vary in cortisol response to stress by over two orders of magnitude, from 30 ng/ml to over 300 ng/ml. Genetic factors account for much of this variation.
Stress is a common problem that affects mental and physical well-being. It arises from demands exceeding one's ability to cope. Stress was first studied scientifically by Hans Selye in the 1930s. It has physiological and cognitive components. Physiologically, stress activates the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system. Cognitively, one's appraisal of a situation as threatening leads to stress. Chronic stress weakens the immune system and increases inflammation, risking disease. Managing stress requires identifying stressors and employing problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies.
ALCohoL ReSeARCh C u r r e n t R e v i e w s506 Alcohol .docxADDY50
ALCohoL ReSeARCh: C u r r e n t R e v i e w s
506 Alcohol Research: C u r r e n t R e v i e w s
Resilience to Meet the
Challenge of Addiction
Psychobiology and Clinical Considerations
Tanja N. Alim, M.D.; William B. Lawson, M.D.; Adriana Feder, M.D.; Brian M.
Iacoviello, Ph.D.; Shireen Saxena, M.S.; Christopher R. Bailey; Allison M.
Greene, M.S.; and Alexander Neumeister, M.D.
Tanja N. Alim, M.D., is an assis-
tant professor and William B.
Lawson, M.D., is a professor
and chair of the Department
of Psychiatry, both at the
Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, Howard
University, Washington, DC.
Adriana Feder, M.D., is an assistant
professor; Brian M. Iacoviello,
Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow;
and Shireen Saxena, M.S.,
Christopher R. Bailey, and
Allison M. Greene, M.S., are
research associates; all at the
Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Program, Department of Psychiatry,
Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
New York, New York.
Alexander Neumeister, M.D., is
a professor in the Department of
Psychiatry and Radiology, New
York University Langone Medical
Center, New York, New York.
Acute and chronic stress–related mechanisms play an important role in the
development of addiction and its chronic, relapsing nature. Multisystem adaptations in
brain, body, behavioral, and social function may contribute to a dysregulated
physiological state that is maintained beyond the homeostatic range. In addition,
chronic abuse of substances leads to an altered set point across multiple systems.
Resilience can be defined as the absence of psychopathology despite exposure to
high stress and reflects a person’s ability to cope successfully in the face of adversity,
demonstrating adaptive psychological and physiological stress responses. The study of
resilience can be approached by examining interindividual stress responsibility at
multiple phenotypic levels, ranging from psychological differences in the way people
cope with stress to differences in neurochemical or neural circuitry function. The
ultimate goal of such research is the development of strategies and interventions to
enhance resilience and coping in the face of stress and prevent the onset of addiction
problems or relapse. Key WoRDS: Addiction; substance abuse; stress; acute stress
reaction; chronic stress reaction; biological adaptation to stress; psychological
response to stress; physiological response to stress; resilience; relapse; coping
skills; psychobiology
evidence from different disciplinessuggests that acute and chronicstress–related mechanisms play
an important role in both the develop-
ment and the chronic, relapsing nature
of addiction (Baumeister 2003; Baumeister
et al. 1994; Brady and Sinha 2005).
Stress is defined as the physiological
and psychological process resulting from
a challenge to homeostasis by any real
or perceived demand on the body
(Lazarus and Fokman 1984; McEwen
2000; Selye 1976). Stress often induces
multisystem adaptations that occur in
the brain and .
ALCohoL ReSeARCh C u r r e n t R e v i e w s506 Alcohol .docxSHIVA101531
ALCohoL ReSeARCh: C u r r e n t R e v i e w s
506 Alcohol Research: C u r r e n t R e v i e w s
Resilience to Meet the
Challenge of Addiction
Psychobiology and Clinical Considerations
Tanja N. Alim, M.D.; William B. Lawson, M.D.; Adriana Feder, M.D.; Brian M.
Iacoviello, Ph.D.; Shireen Saxena, M.S.; Christopher R. Bailey; Allison M.
Greene, M.S.; and Alexander Neumeister, M.D.
Tanja N. Alim, M.D., is an assis-
tant professor and William B.
Lawson, M.D., is a professor
and chair of the Department
of Psychiatry, both at the
Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, Howard
University, Washington, DC.
Adriana Feder, M.D., is an assistant
professor; Brian M. Iacoviello,
Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow;
and Shireen Saxena, M.S.,
Christopher R. Bailey, and
Allison M. Greene, M.S., are
research associates; all at the
Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Program, Department of Psychiatry,
Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
New York, New York.
Alexander Neumeister, M.D., is
a professor in the Department of
Psychiatry and Radiology, New
York University Langone Medical
Center, New York, New York.
Acute and chronic stress–related mechanisms play an important role in the
development of addiction and its chronic, relapsing nature. Multisystem adaptations in
brain, body, behavioral, and social function may contribute to a dysregulated
physiological state that is maintained beyond the homeostatic range. In addition,
chronic abuse of substances leads to an altered set point across multiple systems.
Resilience can be defined as the absence of psychopathology despite exposure to
high stress and reflects a person’s ability to cope successfully in the face of adversity,
demonstrating adaptive psychological and physiological stress responses. The study of
resilience can be approached by examining interindividual stress responsibility at
multiple phenotypic levels, ranging from psychological differences in the way people
cope with stress to differences in neurochemical or neural circuitry function. The
ultimate goal of such research is the development of strategies and interventions to
enhance resilience and coping in the face of stress and prevent the onset of addiction
problems or relapse. Key WoRDS: Addiction; substance abuse; stress; acute stress
reaction; chronic stress reaction; biological adaptation to stress; psychological
response to stress; physiological response to stress; resilience; relapse; coping
skills; psychobiology
evidence from different disciplinessuggests that acute and chronicstress–related mechanisms play
an important role in both the develop-
ment and the chronic, relapsing nature
of addiction (Baumeister 2003; Baumeister
et al. 1994; Brady and Sinha 2005).
Stress is defined as the physiological
and psychological process resulting from
a challenge to homeostasis by any real
or perceived demand on the body
(Lazarus and Fokman 1984; McEwen
2000; Selye 1976). Stress often induces
multisystem adaptations that occur in
the brain and .
This document summarizes research on the physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation, with a focus on the central role of the brain. Key points include:
1) The brain determines what is threatening or stressful and controls physiological and behavioral responses. Beyond fight-or-flight, chronic stress can lead to "wear and tear" (allostatic load) on the body and brain.
2) Early life experiences and genetic factors influence lifelong patterns of stress responsiveness and the rate of brain and body aging.
3) Areas of the brain like the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex undergo structural remodeling in response to stress, altering behavior and physiology.
4) Social and behavioral interventions
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between locus of control (LOC), cortisol reactivity, and speech performance in response to acute stress. The study found that LOC significantly predicted cortisol reactivity to a stressor, with a more internal LOC associated with lower cortisol levels. LOC also uniquely predicted speech performance, with a more internal LOC associated with better performance. However, cortisol levels did not predict speech performance and LOC did not moderate the relationship between cortisol and performance. This adds to research showing physiological and functional influences of LOC orientation during acute stress.
This document summarizes stress responses in fishes. It discusses:
- Stress triggers a diversity of physiological responses aimed at maintaining homeostasis. Severe or prolonged stress can become maladaptive.
- Primary stress responses include increased catecholamines and corticosteroids. Secondary responses affect metabolism, osmoregulation, respiration, immunity. Tertiary responses impact performance.
- Cortisol levels are commonly used to measure stress response. Species vary in cortisol response to stress by over two orders of magnitude, from 30 ng/ml to over 300 ng/ml. Genetic factors account for much of this variation.
Stress is a common problem that affects mental and physical well-being. It arises from demands exceeding one's ability to cope. Stress was first studied scientifically by Hans Selye in the 1930s. It has physiological and cognitive components. Physiologically, stress activates the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system. Cognitively, one's appraisal of a situation as threatening leads to stress. Chronic stress weakens the immune system and increases inflammation, risking disease. Managing stress requires identifying stressors and employing problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies.
ALCohoL ReSeARCh C u r r e n t R e v i e w s506 Alcohol .docxADDY50
ALCohoL ReSeARCh: C u r r e n t R e v i e w s
506 Alcohol Research: C u r r e n t R e v i e w s
Resilience to Meet the
Challenge of Addiction
Psychobiology and Clinical Considerations
Tanja N. Alim, M.D.; William B. Lawson, M.D.; Adriana Feder, M.D.; Brian M.
Iacoviello, Ph.D.; Shireen Saxena, M.S.; Christopher R. Bailey; Allison M.
Greene, M.S.; and Alexander Neumeister, M.D.
Tanja N. Alim, M.D., is an assis-
tant professor and William B.
Lawson, M.D., is a professor
and chair of the Department
of Psychiatry, both at the
Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, Howard
University, Washington, DC.
Adriana Feder, M.D., is an assistant
professor; Brian M. Iacoviello,
Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow;
and Shireen Saxena, M.S.,
Christopher R. Bailey, and
Allison M. Greene, M.S., are
research associates; all at the
Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Program, Department of Psychiatry,
Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
New York, New York.
Alexander Neumeister, M.D., is
a professor in the Department of
Psychiatry and Radiology, New
York University Langone Medical
Center, New York, New York.
Acute and chronic stress–related mechanisms play an important role in the
development of addiction and its chronic, relapsing nature. Multisystem adaptations in
brain, body, behavioral, and social function may contribute to a dysregulated
physiological state that is maintained beyond the homeostatic range. In addition,
chronic abuse of substances leads to an altered set point across multiple systems.
Resilience can be defined as the absence of psychopathology despite exposure to
high stress and reflects a person’s ability to cope successfully in the face of adversity,
demonstrating adaptive psychological and physiological stress responses. The study of
resilience can be approached by examining interindividual stress responsibility at
multiple phenotypic levels, ranging from psychological differences in the way people
cope with stress to differences in neurochemical or neural circuitry function. The
ultimate goal of such research is the development of strategies and interventions to
enhance resilience and coping in the face of stress and prevent the onset of addiction
problems or relapse. Key WoRDS: Addiction; substance abuse; stress; acute stress
reaction; chronic stress reaction; biological adaptation to stress; psychological
response to stress; physiological response to stress; resilience; relapse; coping
skills; psychobiology
evidence from different disciplinessuggests that acute and chronicstress–related mechanisms play
an important role in both the develop-
ment and the chronic, relapsing nature
of addiction (Baumeister 2003; Baumeister
et al. 1994; Brady and Sinha 2005).
Stress is defined as the physiological
and psychological process resulting from
a challenge to homeostasis by any real
or perceived demand on the body
(Lazarus and Fokman 1984; McEwen
2000; Selye 1976). Stress often induces
multisystem adaptations that occur in
the brain and .
ALCohoL ReSeARCh C u r r e n t R e v i e w s506 Alcohol .docxSHIVA101531
ALCohoL ReSeARCh: C u r r e n t R e v i e w s
506 Alcohol Research: C u r r e n t R e v i e w s
Resilience to Meet the
Challenge of Addiction
Psychobiology and Clinical Considerations
Tanja N. Alim, M.D.; William B. Lawson, M.D.; Adriana Feder, M.D.; Brian M.
Iacoviello, Ph.D.; Shireen Saxena, M.S.; Christopher R. Bailey; Allison M.
Greene, M.S.; and Alexander Neumeister, M.D.
Tanja N. Alim, M.D., is an assis-
tant professor and William B.
Lawson, M.D., is a professor
and chair of the Department
of Psychiatry, both at the
Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences, Howard
University, Washington, DC.
Adriana Feder, M.D., is an assistant
professor; Brian M. Iacoviello,
Ph.D., is a postdoctoral fellow;
and Shireen Saxena, M.S.,
Christopher R. Bailey, and
Allison M. Greene, M.S., are
research associates; all at the
Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Program, Department of Psychiatry,
Mount Sinai School of Medicine,
New York, New York.
Alexander Neumeister, M.D., is
a professor in the Department of
Psychiatry and Radiology, New
York University Langone Medical
Center, New York, New York.
Acute and chronic stress–related mechanisms play an important role in the
development of addiction and its chronic, relapsing nature. Multisystem adaptations in
brain, body, behavioral, and social function may contribute to a dysregulated
physiological state that is maintained beyond the homeostatic range. In addition,
chronic abuse of substances leads to an altered set point across multiple systems.
Resilience can be defined as the absence of psychopathology despite exposure to
high stress and reflects a person’s ability to cope successfully in the face of adversity,
demonstrating adaptive psychological and physiological stress responses. The study of
resilience can be approached by examining interindividual stress responsibility at
multiple phenotypic levels, ranging from psychological differences in the way people
cope with stress to differences in neurochemical or neural circuitry function. The
ultimate goal of such research is the development of strategies and interventions to
enhance resilience and coping in the face of stress and prevent the onset of addiction
problems or relapse. Key WoRDS: Addiction; substance abuse; stress; acute stress
reaction; chronic stress reaction; biological adaptation to stress; psychological
response to stress; physiological response to stress; resilience; relapse; coping
skills; psychobiology
evidence from different disciplinessuggests that acute and chronicstress–related mechanisms play
an important role in both the develop-
ment and the chronic, relapsing nature
of addiction (Baumeister 2003; Baumeister
et al. 1994; Brady and Sinha 2005).
Stress is defined as the physiological
and psychological process resulting from
a challenge to homeostasis by any real
or perceived demand on the body
(Lazarus and Fokman 1984; McEwen
2000; Selye 1976). Stress often induces
multisystem adaptations that occur in
the brain and .
The document discusses stress and its effects on the body. It defines stress as a state of tension that can disrupt homeostasis. It describes the body's stress responses, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, which increases catecholamines and glucocorticoids respectively. These hormones produce various effects on organ systems and metabolism to help the body adapt to stressors. The document also discusses cellular responses like increased heat shock proteins and acute phase proteins that help protect cells under stress.
The document discusses stress and its pathophysiological effects on the body. It defines stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand, whether pleasant or unpleasant. This response involves two main systems - the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis. Prolonged or chronic stress can lead to damage of physiological systems and eventually death. It also discusses how social factors like poverty and lack of social support can increase stress levels and impact health.
This document presents information on stress and its relationship to periodontal disease. It begins with definitions of key terms like stress, stressor, eustress, distress. It then discusses the classification, etiology, and components of stress. The physiology of the stress response is explained, including the general adaptation syndrome and its stages. Central control stations and the regulation of the stress response are outlined. The document explores the pathophysiology of stress responses and their possible mechanisms of action on periodontal tissues. It also addresses oral psychosomatic disorders, stress and systemic inflammatory disease, and the effect of stress on wound healing. Measurement scales and the management of psychomatic oral diseases through stress reduction are discussed.
Chronic stress can lead to depression through several pathways in the body and brain. The stress response involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, which elevate cortisol and catecholamine levels. Over time, prolonged activation of these systems due to stress can result in allostatic load, damaging the body and brain through effects on inflammatory and immune responses. This dysregulation of stress mediators is associated with increased risk of depression as well as medical conditions like heart disease and metabolic syndrome. Meditation may help reduce stress's harmful impacts through effects on the brain's opioid and stress response systems.
Metabolic depression in hibernation and major depression: an explanatory theo...Loki Stormbringer
1) The document proposes that metabolic depression, an adaptive process of energy preservation seen in hibernation, is responsible for major depression in humans.
2) It suggests bears are a good animal model for studying depression because they hibernate with only mild hypothermia, unlike other hibernating animals.
3) Many similarities are seen between hibernation in bears and major depression in humans, including neurobiological changes, symptoms, and the underlying metabolic processes. This supports the theory that metabolic depression underlies both.
This document summarizes a research article that investigated whether disrupting the circadian rhythms of rats by exposing them to a 22-hour light-dark cycle leads to depressive-like behaviors. The study found that rats exposed to the disrupted light cycle showed signs of depression, including decreased pleasure-seeking behaviors, sexual dysfunction, and increased immobility in tests for depressive symptoms. Analysis also revealed changes in brain chemistry related to mood. The results support the hypothesis that misalignment of circadian rhythms due to problems with the brain's central clock may contribute to the development of depression.
The document discusses various aspects of stress, including:
1. The physiology of stress including the general adaptation syndrome, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, and sympathomedullary pathway.
2. The role of stress in illness and how it can lead to immunosuppression and cardiovascular disorders.
3. Sources of stress such as life changes, daily hassles, and workplace stress. Research on measuring stress through self-report scales and physiological measures is also examined.
Stress is defined as a state of physiological or psychological strain caused by an adverse stimuli , physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external that tend to disturb the functioning of an organism and which the organism naturally desires to avoid.
The document discusses PTSD from a psychophysiological perspective. It describes how exposure to extreme stress can lead to the development of PTSD symptoms. These symptoms involve re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and increased arousal. The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the development and maintenance of PTSD through its influence on emotional and physiological responses to stress. Biofeedback and neurofeedback training methods aim to restore balance and flexibility in the autonomic and central nervous systems to reduce PTSD symptoms. Preliminary data from graded exposure therapy combined with biofeedback shows reductions in arousal and improvements in mood and symptoms.
This document summarizes stress physiology and the physiological response to stressors in animals. It defines stress, strain, and stressors. It describes the general adaptation syndrome and its three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. It discusses different types of environmental stressors like temperature, oxygen availability, and salinity. It explains the nature of interaction with stressors through tolerance, resistance, acclimation, and acclimatization. It also summarizes the physiological responses to stress like increased heart rate and blood pressure, immune suppression, and catabolic actions.
This document provides an overview of stress, including its definition, types, causes, biological mechanisms, effects, and management. It defines stress as the body's reaction to excessive demands or pressures, and notes there are three main types: acute, episodic, and chronic stress. The biological mechanisms of stress involve the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activating a stress response through the release of cortisol and other hormones. Prolonged stress can negatively impact physical and mental health. Effective stress management includes identifying stressors, adapting coping strategies, and accepting what cannot be changed.
The document discusses the psychophysiological response to crisis and stress. It describes how the human brain evolved to maintain homeostasis and how the introduction of a stressor can cause disequilibrium, activating the sympathetic nervous system's fight or flight response. Various factors like perceived control and predictability impact the level of stress experienced. The document outlines four potential response modes (offense, defense, escape, panic) that a criminal offender may demonstrate under stress.
The document provides information about interpreting a StressScan assessment tool. It defines stress and outlines the body's stress response systems. It describes three stress response patterns (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) and identifies hot reactors, sustainers, and hardy individuals. The document also discusses the relationship between stress, health habits, repressive coping style, emotional intelligence, and social support.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in Week 2 of GERO 508 Spring 2021, which focuses on the mind and body connection as it relates to stress. It includes the contact information for the course instructors and TAs. The document then covers various biological, psychological, and environmental aspects of stress, including defining stress, measuring biological stress responses, models of stress, and factors that can influence stress levels such as noise, neighborhood quality, and life events. Specific stress responses like the fight or flight response and general adaptation syndrome are explained. Finally, the role of the brain, hormones, memory, and emotions in the body's stress response are discussed.
Stress is the body's response to any demand placed on it and can be caused by both external and internal factors. The body responds to stress through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, which trigger the release of hormones like cortisol and neurotransmitters like epinephrine that prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response. While stress responses evolved to be helpful in the short term, prolonged stress over time can negatively impact health and increase risks of diseases and unhealthy behaviors. Managing stress through exercise, meditation, relaxation techniques, and maintaining social support networks can help mitigate stress's harmful effects.
Stress can negatively impact periodontal health through both direct and indirect means. Prolonged stress can cause immunosuppression by increasing cortisol and altering the immune response. It can also lead to unhealthy behaviors like poor oral hygiene, smoking, and bruxism. Stress has been linked to periodontal diseases like ANUG and aggressive periodontitis. It can impair wound healing after periodontal treatments and influence treatment outcomes. Managing stress may benefit periodontal disease treatment and prevention.
This document provides an overview of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder from a neurobiological perspective. It defines the two conditions and discusses how stress affects brain regions like the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Chronic stress can cause the hippocampus to decrease in size. Current treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy, SSRIs, and exploring new options like virtual reality exposure therapy, MDMA-assisted therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Papel de receptores 5-HT2CL en la socialidad del pez cebraCaio Maximino
Este documento describe una investigación sobre el papel de los receptores 5-HT2C de serotonina en la socialidad del pez cebra. Los experimentos encontraron que la activación aguda del receptor aumentó la motivación social pero disminuyó la novedad social y la cooperación, mientras que la serotonina tónica inhibió el procesamiento de la novedad social y la exhibición agresiva. Por lo tanto, los niveles generales de serotonina que actúan sobre este receptor parecen modular negativamente la capacidad de evaluar socialmente a otros peces cebra.
Efectos de fluoxetina sobre la agresión del pez cebra dependiente del fenotipoCaio Maximino
Este documento resume estudios sobre los efectos de la fluoxetina en la agresión del pez cebra dependiendo del fenotipo. Los estudios sugieren que la activación de receptores serotonérgicos inhibe la agresión en mamíferos y peces. Investigaciones en pez cebra han demostrado que niveles más altos de serotonina en el teléncefalo están asociados con disminución de la agresión después de encuentros, y que dosis altas de fluoxetina reducen los ataques y persecuciones en peces dominantes. Sin embargo
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The document discusses stress and its effects on the body. It defines stress as a state of tension that can disrupt homeostasis. It describes the body's stress responses, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, which increases catecholamines and glucocorticoids respectively. These hormones produce various effects on organ systems and metabolism to help the body adapt to stressors. The document also discusses cellular responses like increased heat shock proteins and acute phase proteins that help protect cells under stress.
The document discusses stress and its pathophysiological effects on the body. It defines stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand, whether pleasant or unpleasant. This response involves two main systems - the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis. Prolonged or chronic stress can lead to damage of physiological systems and eventually death. It also discusses how social factors like poverty and lack of social support can increase stress levels and impact health.
This document presents information on stress and its relationship to periodontal disease. It begins with definitions of key terms like stress, stressor, eustress, distress. It then discusses the classification, etiology, and components of stress. The physiology of the stress response is explained, including the general adaptation syndrome and its stages. Central control stations and the regulation of the stress response are outlined. The document explores the pathophysiology of stress responses and their possible mechanisms of action on periodontal tissues. It also addresses oral psychosomatic disorders, stress and systemic inflammatory disease, and the effect of stress on wound healing. Measurement scales and the management of psychomatic oral diseases through stress reduction are discussed.
Chronic stress can lead to depression through several pathways in the body and brain. The stress response involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, which elevate cortisol and catecholamine levels. Over time, prolonged activation of these systems due to stress can result in allostatic load, damaging the body and brain through effects on inflammatory and immune responses. This dysregulation of stress mediators is associated with increased risk of depression as well as medical conditions like heart disease and metabolic syndrome. Meditation may help reduce stress's harmful impacts through effects on the brain's opioid and stress response systems.
Metabolic depression in hibernation and major depression: an explanatory theo...Loki Stormbringer
1) The document proposes that metabolic depression, an adaptive process of energy preservation seen in hibernation, is responsible for major depression in humans.
2) It suggests bears are a good animal model for studying depression because they hibernate with only mild hypothermia, unlike other hibernating animals.
3) Many similarities are seen between hibernation in bears and major depression in humans, including neurobiological changes, symptoms, and the underlying metabolic processes. This supports the theory that metabolic depression underlies both.
This document summarizes a research article that investigated whether disrupting the circadian rhythms of rats by exposing them to a 22-hour light-dark cycle leads to depressive-like behaviors. The study found that rats exposed to the disrupted light cycle showed signs of depression, including decreased pleasure-seeking behaviors, sexual dysfunction, and increased immobility in tests for depressive symptoms. Analysis also revealed changes in brain chemistry related to mood. The results support the hypothesis that misalignment of circadian rhythms due to problems with the brain's central clock may contribute to the development of depression.
The document discusses various aspects of stress, including:
1. The physiology of stress including the general adaptation syndrome, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, and sympathomedullary pathway.
2. The role of stress in illness and how it can lead to immunosuppression and cardiovascular disorders.
3. Sources of stress such as life changes, daily hassles, and workplace stress. Research on measuring stress through self-report scales and physiological measures is also examined.
Stress is defined as a state of physiological or psychological strain caused by an adverse stimuli , physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external that tend to disturb the functioning of an organism and which the organism naturally desires to avoid.
The document discusses PTSD from a psychophysiological perspective. It describes how exposure to extreme stress can lead to the development of PTSD symptoms. These symptoms involve re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and increased arousal. The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the development and maintenance of PTSD through its influence on emotional and physiological responses to stress. Biofeedback and neurofeedback training methods aim to restore balance and flexibility in the autonomic and central nervous systems to reduce PTSD symptoms. Preliminary data from graded exposure therapy combined with biofeedback shows reductions in arousal and improvements in mood and symptoms.
This document summarizes stress physiology and the physiological response to stressors in animals. It defines stress, strain, and stressors. It describes the general adaptation syndrome and its three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. It discusses different types of environmental stressors like temperature, oxygen availability, and salinity. It explains the nature of interaction with stressors through tolerance, resistance, acclimation, and acclimatization. It also summarizes the physiological responses to stress like increased heart rate and blood pressure, immune suppression, and catabolic actions.
This document provides an overview of stress, including its definition, types, causes, biological mechanisms, effects, and management. It defines stress as the body's reaction to excessive demands or pressures, and notes there are three main types: acute, episodic, and chronic stress. The biological mechanisms of stress involve the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis activating a stress response through the release of cortisol and other hormones. Prolonged stress can negatively impact physical and mental health. Effective stress management includes identifying stressors, adapting coping strategies, and accepting what cannot be changed.
The document discusses the psychophysiological response to crisis and stress. It describes how the human brain evolved to maintain homeostasis and how the introduction of a stressor can cause disequilibrium, activating the sympathetic nervous system's fight or flight response. Various factors like perceived control and predictability impact the level of stress experienced. The document outlines four potential response modes (offense, defense, escape, panic) that a criminal offender may demonstrate under stress.
The document provides information about interpreting a StressScan assessment tool. It defines stress and outlines the body's stress response systems. It describes three stress response patterns (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) and identifies hot reactors, sustainers, and hardy individuals. The document also discusses the relationship between stress, health habits, repressive coping style, emotional intelligence, and social support.
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in Week 2 of GERO 508 Spring 2021, which focuses on the mind and body connection as it relates to stress. It includes the contact information for the course instructors and TAs. The document then covers various biological, psychological, and environmental aspects of stress, including defining stress, measuring biological stress responses, models of stress, and factors that can influence stress levels such as noise, neighborhood quality, and life events. Specific stress responses like the fight or flight response and general adaptation syndrome are explained. Finally, the role of the brain, hormones, memory, and emotions in the body's stress response are discussed.
Stress is the body's response to any demand placed on it and can be caused by both external and internal factors. The body responds to stress through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, which trigger the release of hormones like cortisol and neurotransmitters like epinephrine that prepare the body for the fight-or-flight response. While stress responses evolved to be helpful in the short term, prolonged stress over time can negatively impact health and increase risks of diseases and unhealthy behaviors. Managing stress through exercise, meditation, relaxation techniques, and maintaining social support networks can help mitigate stress's harmful effects.
Stress can negatively impact periodontal health through both direct and indirect means. Prolonged stress can cause immunosuppression by increasing cortisol and altering the immune response. It can also lead to unhealthy behaviors like poor oral hygiene, smoking, and bruxism. Stress has been linked to periodontal diseases like ANUG and aggressive periodontitis. It can impair wound healing after periodontal treatments and influence treatment outcomes. Managing stress may benefit periodontal disease treatment and prevention.
This document provides an overview of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder from a neurobiological perspective. It defines the two conditions and discusses how stress affects brain regions like the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. Chronic stress can cause the hippocampus to decrease in size. Current treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy, SSRIs, and exploring new options like virtual reality exposure therapy, MDMA-assisted therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Semelhante a Vertebrate stress mechanisms under change (20)
Papel de receptores 5-HT2CL en la socialidad del pez cebraCaio Maximino
Este documento describe una investigación sobre el papel de los receptores 5-HT2C de serotonina en la socialidad del pez cebra. Los experimentos encontraron que la activación aguda del receptor aumentó la motivación social pero disminuyó la novedad social y la cooperación, mientras que la serotonina tónica inhibió el procesamiento de la novedad social y la exhibición agresiva. Por lo tanto, los niveles generales de serotonina que actúan sobre este receptor parecen modular negativamente la capacidad de evaluar socialmente a otros peces cebra.
Efectos de fluoxetina sobre la agresión del pez cebra dependiente del fenotipoCaio Maximino
Este documento resume estudios sobre los efectos de la fluoxetina en la agresión del pez cebra dependiendo del fenotipo. Los estudios sugieren que la activación de receptores serotonérgicos inhibe la agresión en mamíferos y peces. Investigaciones en pez cebra han demostrado que niveles más altos de serotonina en el teléncefalo están asociados con disminución de la agresión después de encuentros, y que dosis altas de fluoxetina reducen los ataques y persecuciones en peces dominantes. Sin embargo
Impacto del pez cebra en biología y neurocienciasCaio Maximino
El pez cebra se ha convertido en un organismo modelo importante en neurobiología y neurociencias debido a sus ventajas como desarrollo rápido, bajo costo, transparencia en las etapas larvarias que permite observación neuronal no invasiva, y recursos genéticos y de manipulación genética. Aunque existen algunas limitaciones como su distancia evolutiva respecto a los humanos, el pez cebra ha permitido avanzar en el entendimiento de procesos conductuales como el aprendizaje aversivo y la sensibilización dependiente
El pez cebra en el estudio de psicofarmacosCaio Maximino
El documento describe el uso del pez cebra en la investigación de psicofármacos. Explica que el pez cebra ofrece ventajas como su fácil mantenimiento en el laboratorio y su fisiología de complejidad intermedia. Sin embargo, también tiene inconvenientes como su distancia evolutiva de los humanos. A continuación, detalla algunos ejemplos del uso del pez cebra para estudiar compuestos anticonvulsivos y ansiolíticos, como flavonoides.
Minicurso "Primeiros socorros: Em caso de ataque de pânico"Caio Maximino
Este minicurso discute estratégias para ajudar alguém tendo um ataque de pânico, incluindo identificar sintomas de ataque de pânico, oferecer apoio emocional à pessoa, e sugerir técnicas de enfrentamento como respiração e exercícios de "grounding".
A cerebralização do sofrimento psíquicoCaio Maximino
Este documento discute a cerebralização, que prioriza explicações cérebro-centradas sobre processos psicológicos, sociais e culturais. Apresenta uma genealogia da cerebralização desde o século XIX e discute como o paradigma neuromolecular levou a reducionismos. Defende um entendimento do sistema nervoso como biocultural, reconhecendo processos emergentes e a mente como encarnada, embarcada e estendida no ambiente.
The nervous system: an evolutionary approachCaio Maximino
The document summarizes a lecture on the evolutionary approach to understanding the nervous system. It discusses common misconceptions about brain evolution, focusing on the oversimplified view that brain evolution was a linear progression from simple to complex. It also outlines the key topics covered in the lecture, including the bauplan of the vertebrate brain, conservation of molecular and developmental mechanisms across species, changes in brain size and region sizes over evolution, and how these changes impacted connectivity and functions. Finally, it notes that climate change can impact brain development and evolution by influencing neurogenesis and the adaptiveness of neural systems to the sensory environment.
O monstruoso do capital: Ansiedades culturais e subjetividadeCaio Maximino
O documento discute como o capitalismo gerou ansiedades culturais representadas por monstros como Frankenstein e zumbis. O capital é comparado a um vampiro que suga a vida dos trabalhadores. Criaturas monstruosas simbolizam os riscos à integridade corporal em uma sociedade onde a sobrevivência depende da venda da força de trabalho. Zumbis representam preocupações com a degradação ambiental e a mercantilização do corpo humano.
Por um cérebro histórico-cultural: Uma introdução à neurociência críticaCaio Maximino
O documento discute os princípios da neurociência crítica, incluindo a necessidade de ir além do reducionismo para entender como fatores sociais, culturais e históricos influenciam o cérebro e o comportamento humano. Também aborda como os conceitos de dependência química e genes ligados à saúde mental devem ser entendidos em um contexto mais amplo que integre esses diferentes níveis de análise.
Genética dos transtornos mentais: Cultura, genética e epigenética em uma pers...Caio Maximino
O documento discute a genética e epigenética dos transtornos mentais em uma perspectiva biocultural. Aborda a interação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais, incluindo o papel da epigenética no gene SLC6A4 que codifica o transportador de serotonina. Também analisa como fatores sócio-econômicos podem influenciar a metilação desse gene e o risco de transtornos mentais. Defende uma abordagem mais probabilística e menos determinista para entender a etiologia desses transtornos
Métodos quantitativos na pesquisa em educação e ensinoCaio Maximino
Este documento discute métodos quantitativos de pesquisa em educação, incluindo tipos de variáveis, delineamentos de pesquisa, ameaças à validade interna e uso de instrumentos. É enfatizado que a pesquisa quantitativa requer rigor para estabelecer relações causais válidas e evitar vieses.
Aula 2: Um pouco de filosofia da ciênciaCaio Maximino
O documento apresenta teorias da filosofia da ciência relevantes para a inferência estatística, discutindo os trabalhos de Popper, Lakatos, Kuhn, Mayo e Longino. Popper definiu ciência como falsificável, mas há complicações para a falsificação devido a erros, hipóteses auxiliares e estatísticas. Lakatos propôs um "falsificacionismo metodológico sofisticado". Kuhn distinguiu ciência normal de revoluções científicas. Mayo relacionou falsificação à estatística frequent
Inferência estatística nas ciências experimentaisCaio Maximino
Este documento apresenta um curso sobre inferência estatística. Ele discute os objetivos do curso de introduzir o material e definir os usos da inferência estatística. Também apresenta a equipe responsável pelo curso e lista os conteúdos planejados, incluindo unidades sobre frequentismo, Bayesianismo, controle de erro estatístico, testes estatísticos, tamanhos de efeito e mais.
Aprendizagem baseada em problemas: Adaptações ao ensino remotoCaio Maximino
Este documento resume um seminário sobre adaptações da aprendizagem baseada em problemas (ABP) ao ensino remoto. Apresenta os princípios da ABP, como funciona através da resolução de problemas, e como pode ser adaptada às ferramentas online, com a abertura e fechamento de problemas de forma síncrona ou assíncrona.
A importância das práticas corporais para a saúde mentalCaio Maximino
O documento discute a relação entre exercício físico e transtornos mentais comuns. Apresenta evidências de que o exercício pode ter efeitos moderados na depressão e na ansiedade de crianças e adolescentes. No entanto, os estudos atuais têm limitações como número reduzido de participantes. Também discute mecanismos potenciais como efeitos neuroquímicos e de neuroplasticidade. Por fim, reflete sobre como a pandemia pode afetar a prática de exercícios e a saúde mental.
Evidências científicas de eficácia em farmacoterapiaCaio Maximino
Este documento discute a importância de se basear evidências científicas ao prescrever medicamentos psicofarmacológicos. Apresenta os princípios básicos de uma prática baseada em evidências, como construir perguntas clínicas bem estruturadas e encontrar evidências relevantes na literatura. Também aborda como avaliar criticamente estudos e aplicar as evidências ao caso de cada paciente, levando em conta suas características e preferências.
Journal club: "Contextual fear learning and memory differ between stress copi...Caio Maximino
Este documento descreve um estudo que investigou a aprendizagem de condicionamento ao contexto em duas linhagens de zebrafish selecionadas por comportamento estacionário alto ou baixo. Os resultados mostraram que os peixes com comportamento estacionário alto apresentaram maior condicionamento ao contexto e memória mais persistente, sugerindo que diferenças individuais no enfrentamento podem influenciar a aprendizagem.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
3. “Stress” is a polysemic concept
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Selye (1950); non-specific response of the body to any noxious stimulus
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Stressor X stress response
– Chrousos (2009): A stressor is any stimulus that threatens homeostasis → circular definition
– Armario (2006): many studies interpret the presence of a stress response as an indicator of stress exposure,
without an independent definition of either the stressor or the stress response
●
Levine and Ursin (1991): stress should be considered as a process that includes the stimulus, the
perceptual processing of this input, and the behavioral and physiological outputs
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Adaptive X maldaptive
– Selye (1976): eustress X distress
4. Koolhaas JM, de Boer SF, Ruiter AJH, Meerlo P,
Sgoifo A (1997). Social stress in rats and mice. Acta
Physiologica Scandinavica 161: 9-72
5. Characteristics of stressors
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Controllability and predictability
– Weiss (1972): it is not the physical nature of an aversive stimulus that induces
stress, but rather the degree in which the stimulus can be predicted and controlled
– Salvador (2005): perceived, not actual, control
●
Frequency (e.g., acute vs. repeated vs. chronic) – can be related to
predictability
●
Intensity
6. Characteristics of stressors
Koolhaas et al. (2011). Stress revisited: A critical evaluation of the stress
concept. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 35: 1291-1301
7. Allostasis and regulatory range
●
McEwen and Wingfield (2009): allostasis is defined as the process of achieving
stability through change in anticipation of physiological requirements
– involves mechanisms that change the controlled physiological variable by predicting what
level will be needed to meet anticipated demand
– Homeostasis refers to the controlled values, and allostasis refers to the mediators
●
When environmental changes and/or life-history changes demand more from
behavior and physiology, we have an allostatic load
– Allostatic overload Type I: occurs when the animal's energy demand for maintaining
homeostasis exceeds the energy the animal can obtain from its environment
– Allostatic overload Type II: occurs when allostatic load is too high for too long
8. The reactive scope model
Romero LM, Dickens MJ & Cyr NE (2009). The reactive scope model — A
new model integrating homeostasis, allostasis, and stress. Horm. Behav. 55:
375–389
9.
10. HP(A/I) axis
Steenbergen PJ, Richardson MK, Champagne DL (2011). The use of the
zebrafish model in stress research. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol.
Psychiatry 35: 1432-1451
11. Comparative issues
Bouyoucos IA, Schoen AN, Wahl RC, Anderson G (2021). Ancient fishes
and the functional evolution of the corticosteroid stress response in
vertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol A 260: 111024
12. Despite differences, function is conserved
Bouyoucos IA, Schoen AN, Wahl RC, Anderson G (2021). Ancient fishes and the functional
evolution of the corticosteroid stress response in vertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol A 260:
111024
14. GCs act by genomic and nongenomic mechanisms
Le PP, Friedman JR, Schug J, Brestelli JE, Parker JB, et al. (2005)
Glucocorticoid receptor-dependent gene regulatory networks. PLoS
Genet 1(2): e16.
15. Borski RJ (2000). Nongenomic Membrane Actions of
Glucocorticoids in Vertebrates. Trends Endocrinol Metabol 11:
P427-436
16. Koepsell, H. (2021). General Overview of Organic Cation
Transporters in Brain. In: Daws, L.C. (eds) Organic Cation
Transporters in the Central Nervous System. Handbook of
Experimental Pharmacology, vol 266. Springer
Maximino, C. (2021). Decynium-22 affects behavior in the
zebrafish light/dark test. Neuroanatomy and Behaviour, 3, e21
Gould GG, Barba-Escobedo PA, Horton RE and Daws LC (2022) High Affinity Decynium
22 Binding to Brain Membrane Homogenates and Reduced Dorsal Camouflaging after
Acute Exposure to it in Zebrafish. Front. Pharmacol. 13:841423
17.
18. Actions of GCs
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Permissive: exerted by GCs present before the stressor; prime the defense
mechanisms by which an organism responds to stress
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Suppressive: inhibitory effects attributable to the stress-induced rise in GC
concentrations; prevent overshoot
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Stimulating: excitatory effects attributable to stress-induced rise in GC concentrations
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Preparative: do not affect the immediate response to a stressor, but modulate the
organism’s response to a subsequent stressor.
19.
20. Impacts of the capitalocene on stress axes
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Musa et al. (2017): Tilapias acclimated to high water temperatures for 14 d showed higher cortisol levels at 1, 7,
and 14 d; and much higher 11-ß-hydroxylase activity at 14 d
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Leishman et al. (2022): Higher fecal cortisol metabolite concentration in adult polar bears in the wild or in zoos
with temperatures above 20 ºC
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Petochi et al. (2011): CO2 exposure (“ocean acidification”) can increase plasma cortisol levels on acute
exposures, but not chronic exposure
●
Bisson & Hontela (2002): Agrichemicals inhibit cortisol secretion in steroidogenic cells of rainbow trout (in vitro)
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Cericato et al. (2008): Jundiás exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of agrichemicals show blunted GC
secretion after acute stress