Roots pumps consist of two rotors shaped like figure eights that rotate in parallel axes in opposite directions, pumping gas by trapping it between the rotors as they pass each other without touching. They can rotate at high speeds of 500-3000 rpm depending on size, producing vacuum levels from 15 mbar to 10-5 mbar with flow rates of 50-25,000 L/s. However, they heat up significantly due to friction, requiring cooling systems or pressure cutoff switches to prevent overheating.