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Semelhante a Iniciativas de Eficiência Energética na Ásia e Pacífico
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Iniciativas de Eficiência Energética na Ásia e Pacífico
- 1. Japanese Business Alliance for Smart Energy Worldwide http://www.jase-w.org/english Japan’s Challenge On Energy Conservation
- 2. Energy Efficiency in Japan 1. Energy Conservation in Japan
- 3. Incentive and Regulation Source ） Total Energy Statistics by ANRE/METI （ Oil converted Mt /1 trillion yen ） Approx. 40% improvement Primary energy use per real GDP of Japan 1973-2012 GDP: 2.4x Final Energy Consumption: 1.3x Industry 0.8x Commercial/ Residential 2.4x Transport 1.8x
- 4. Japan’s Energy Conservation Efforts (millions kL of crude oil equivalent) 4 Transportation sector Commercial sector Industry sector Residential sector (JPY trillion) Sources: “Comprehensive Energy Statistics” and “Annual Report on National Accounts.” ※Value of 2013 are preliminary.
- 5. Basic Structure of Energy Conservation Policy Incentives • Subsidies for introducing equipment • Tax incentive • Subsidize interest payment • Subsidize R&D Regulation • Energy Conservation Law • Mandatory Labelling
- 6. Subsidize 1/3 of the total cost on purchasing energy-efficient equipment and repairing. Not only big companies factories but also small companies and offices such as hospitals utilize the subsidies. E.g. ： High efficiency heat-pomp High efficiency boiler Co-generation Factory Building Lighting equipmentLighting equipment Industrial FurnacesIndustrial Furnaces E.g. ： High efficiency lighting （ including: LED) transformertransformer Hot water supply system （ high-efficiency generator ） Hot water supply system （ high-efficiency generator ） Air conditionerAir conditioner E.g. ： High-efficiency Air conditioner OthersOthers E.g. ： Refrigerator ・ refrigerate equipment E.g.: High-efficiency transformer E.g. ： High-efficiency industrial furnaces Image : Subsidy scope equipment 6
- 7. Energy Conservation Law 7 1. Top Runner Program. 2. Set energy efficiency standards for new buildings and houses. (will be mandatory for large-scale buildings to comply from 2017.) 3. Requires companies to measure their energy consumption and report it to Government. Industry sector Commercial sector Residential sector Transportation sector 3) Annual reports to the Government by business operators with 1,500 or more kl/yr energy consumption 15,000 manufacturing plants & offices Reduction efforts of 1% per year 2) Energy efficiency standards for buildings and houses 1) Top runner standards for household appliances , equipment, automobiles etc. 3) Periodic reports by freight carriers and consigners Reduction efforts of 1% per year
- 8. Top Runner Program (1) 8 Fuel econom y (km/L) standards set Target fiscal year 19km/L 18km/L 17km/L 15km/L15km/L 14km/L 13km/L 12km/L 16 Judgment made with weighted average for each product category. The program requiring manufacturers and importers to fulfill the efficiency targets within 3 to 10 years. Targets are set, based on currently commercialized products with best energy consumption efficiencies, namely top runner products. Encourages competition and innovation without price hike. Image of Top Runner Program
- 9. Top Runner Program (2) 31 equipment and materials are subject to the program, which cover approximately 70% of the energy consumption in household. 9 1. Passenger cars 2. Trucks 3. Air conditioners 4. Television receivers 5. Video tape recorders 6. Lighting apparatuses 7. Copying machines 8. Computers 9. Magnetic disk devices 10. Electrical refrigerators 11. Electrical freezers 22. Routing equipment 23. Switching equipment 24. Multifunction Devices 25. Printers 26. Heat Pump Water Heater 27. AC motors 28. LED lumps 29. Heat insulating materials 30. Sashes 31. Multi-Paned Glazing 12. Heaters 13. Gas cooking appliances 14. Gas water heating appliances 15. Oil water heaters 16. Electric toilet seats 17. Vending machines 18. Power tansformer 19. Jar rice cookers 20. Microwave ovens 21. DVD recorders It also covers materials for building.
- 10. Top Runner Program (3) 10
- 11. Specific business operators (companies) are obliged to appoint Energy Manager under Energy Conservation Law in Japan Qualification/certification (examination/seminar) of Energy Managers are performed by ECCJ Implementation of Energy Efficiency 11 <Daily Energy Management> •Monitoring and recording of energy consumption •Maintenance of Facilities •Improvement of operation, etc. Energy Manager (having qualified energy manager license) Energy Manager (having qualified energy manager license) Government (METI) Submission (Periodic Report) (Medium- and Long-Term Plan) Simplified Image of Energy Management System under EC Law
- 12. Energy Saving after the Great East Japan Earthquake 12 Electricity Demand for Cooling Electricity Demand forHeating After the Earthquake Highest Temperature in Tokyo ( )℃ More than15% electricity demand decrease in average MaximumElectricityDemandofTEPCO (10,000kW) 2010 2011(Before Earthquake) 2011(After Earthquake) Source : CRIEPI Achieved more than 15 % of Electricity Demand decrease in 2011 after the great east Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011.
- 13. 2. Challenge in Japan 13
- 14. （ Total Electricity generation ） 1,065TWh Energy Conservation ＋ Renewable Energy = about 40% Energy conservation 196TWh （▲ 17% ） Electricity Demand 981 TWh Electricity generation mix ２０３０ ２０３０２０１３ （ actual GDP growth 1.7%/year Electricity Demand 967 TWh （ loss form Electricity transmission etc, ） Hydro 8.8 ～ 9.2% Solar PV 7.9% Wind 1.7% Bioenergy 3.7 ～ 4.6% Geothermal 1.0 ～ 1.1% Total base load power ratio ： 56% Renewable Energy 22 ～ 24% Nuclear 22 ～ 20% LNG 27% Coal 26% Oil 3% Direction (1) To improve the self-sufficiency ratio to around 25% surpassing the level before the Earthquake. (2) To reduce the electricity costs lower than today. (3) To set a high-level GHG reduction goal compared with other developed countries to lead the world. Japan’s Energy Mix
- 15. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Energy efficiency rate ＝ Final energy consumption ／ real ＧＤＰ 35% Improvement year Energy Conservation Target in 2030 Japan will further pursuit 35 % improvement of energy efficiency in 2030. This improvement is on the same level as the high improvement ratio after oil crisis. Improvement of Energy Efficiency 16
- 16. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Handle electricity supply-demand problem with HEMS / BEMS, high efficient air conditioners, lighting and hot-water supply. Energy efficiency of entire systems by managing entire home and buildings. More efficient energy management can be realized by cross-management of home and buildings, or regional management. GEGE ZEHZEH - Net zero energy home ZEBZEB - Net zero energy building SmartSmart communitycommunity HEMSHEMS BEMSBEMS GEGE Cooperate by buying equipment such as efficient air conditioners and lighting, and controlling them with HEMS or BEMS. Installation of energy management equipment Optimize homes and buildings “Net zero energy” means that net annual primary energy consumption is approximately zero. Regional or cross-regional optimization Evolution of Energy Management 17
- 17. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Large-scale Demand Response demonstration in Keihanna Dynamic Pricing Demonstration in Kitakyushu
- 18. Demand Reduction by CPP ［ Kitakyusyu ］ About 20% peak reduction was achieved by Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) 19 Basis price:17.55 yen/kWh CPP price FY2012 Summer FY2012 Winter FY2013 Summer 50 yen/kWh -18.1% -19.3% -20.2% 75 yen/kWh -18.7% -19.8% -19.2% 100 yen/kWh -21.7% -18.1% -18.8% 150yen/kwh -22.2% -21.1% -19.2% CPP price FY2012 Summer FY2012 Winter FY2013 Summer +40yen/kWh * -15.0% -20.1% -21.1% +60yen/kWh * -17.2% -18.3% -20.7% +90yen/kWh * -18.4% -20.2% -21.2% Demand Reduction by CPP ［ Keihanna ］ *Additional price to the original rate
- 19. Estabelecimento de JASE-W Japanese Business Alliance for Smart Energy - Worldwide Mr. S.Sakakibara , Presidente de JASE-W e Presidente de Japan Business Federation Proposito Contribuição para o efeito estufa, atraves da promocao de technologia japonesa conservação de energia todo mundo numa base comercial Membros 49 Empresas, 20 Associação Membros, 16 Observadores Fondação Outubro de 2008
- 21. Technologies Mayekawa MFG. Co., Ltd.
- 22. MAYEKAWA Company Profile Japan 60offices 3Plants Japan 60offices 3Plants World Wide 39Countries 98Offices 6Plants World Wide 39Countries 98Offices 6Plants
- 23. Industrial Refrigeration Technology Cold Storage Food Fisheries Dairy & Beverages Oil & Gas Marine Ice Skate Rink Air Conditioning Meat Processing Application
- 24. Sustainable Refrigeration SystemsSustainable Refrigeration Systems Zero ODP Low GWP Low Carbon Energy saving NaturalNatural RefrigerantsRefrigerants
- 25. AirH2OHCCO2NH3120℃ 60℃ 10℃ － 15℃ － 40℃ － 50℃ － 100℃ NATURALNATURAL FIVEFIVE Industrial Refrigeration with Natural RefrigerantsIndustrial Refrigeration with Natural Refrigerants
- 26. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 R22 equipment Natural refrigerant system Cold storageCold storage FreezerFreezer Industrial Refrigeration system with NH3/CO2 Energy saving Powerconsumption[kWH/ton] 20 ％
- 27. Heat pump SystemStandard System 15deg 20deg 10deg 90deg COP=3 COP=0.9 15deg 20deg 10deg 90deg COP=3 COP=4 Total COP=7 HHeat pump technologyeat pump technology Chiller Boiler Total COP=3.9
- 28. Technologies Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.
- 29. AGC Asahi Glass Products for Energy http://www.agc.com/english/portal/energy.html
- 30. Application for Energy Creation
- 31. Application for Energy Creation
- 32. Application for Energy Saving
- 34. The world energy situation is changing rapidly. We propose plans such as enhancement of energy efficiency of existing equipment and control through an energy management system. Furthermore, we aggressively develop next-generation energy including hydrogen energy Combined Cycle Power Plant Gas Engine General- Purpose Boiler Gas Turbine Co-Generation System Industrial Steam Turbine Natural Chiller Natural Chiller Combined Control System Waste Heat Boiler Zero Emission Eco Town (ZEET) System Air Conditioning Load Reduction System Hydrogen Energy- related System Kawasaki Ring Power (Ring Hydroturbine) Bioethanol Production System Photovoltaic Power Generation System Woody Biomass Gasification Power Generation System Hybrid Distribution Power Generation System GIGACELLⓇ (High-Capacity Nickel- Metal Hydride Battery) Storage Battery Thermal Energy Management System Public Facilities Factories Electrical Energy Commercial Facilities Homes Toward a Sustainable Energy Society
- 36. Kawasaki Hydrogen Road Hydrogen energy-related equipment (produce, transport/storage, use) ProduceProduce Produce clean and low-cost hydrogen using various methods. Produce Hydrogen from renewable energy such as brown coal, which is an unused resource, wind and photovoltaic power. Transport/storageTransport/storage Transport/storage technology, which is essential for diffusing hydrogen energy. Liquid hydrogen transport container, Japan’s largest liquid hydrogen storage tank, liquid hydrogen carrying vessel. UseUse Sustainable future realized with hydrogen energy. Hydrogen gas turbine that does not emit CO2 during combustion, hydrogen gas engine, fuel cell powered vehicle, etc.
- 38. Company Profile & Core Technologies Founded in 1924 : More Than 90 Years of History. Business Development in More Than 145 Countries. AC solutions are realized for all types of needs such as those for energy-savings, the environment, comfort, peace-of-mind, safety, and health.
- 39. Employing new refrigerant R32, “Ururu Sarara” provides efficient airflow in a stylish shape that also humidifies and dehumidifies without need of a water tank. The Flagship Model “URUSARA 7” “URUSARA 7” has 7Features, Made Possible with DAIKIN’s Original Technology. *1.Ozone Depletion Potential *2. Global Warming Potential R32 R32 Characteristics Wall mounted type
- 40. Outline Originally, the Air Conditioning Network Service System was for monitoring(24h 7days) the operating conditions of air conditioners remotely. The system has been strengthened by an energy-saving function. “Airnet” System Remote Monitoring Energy-saving control Peak power control Energy-saving report InternetInternet Customer Emergency dispatch arrangements Service station Reaching the site emergency in case of air conditioner malfunction Making reports and various maintenance proposals i- Monitoring device Control Center “Airnet” service system i-Touch Manager
- 41. 43 Saving-energy report VRV ACC in China ACC in Europe 3. Result of Energy-Saving Control The result of energy-saving control aiming at a reduction of the metered charge is shown below. Power consumption Predicated power consumption without control Predicted reduction of power consumption kWh kWh kWh Metered charge reduction yen Reduction of CO2 emissions kg Reduction of metered charge = (Predicted power consumption without control - Power consumption) x Metered unit charge Metered unit charge 11.43 yen/kWh (July 1 to September 30) 10.39 yen/kWh (Other periods) Reduction of CO2 emissions = Predicted reduction of power consumption x CO2 emission coefficient CO2 emission coefficient 0.378 * The power consumption is the total power consumption of the air conditioner subject to control and not the power consumption of the whole building. The power consumption is calculated from the current value of theair conditioner. * The predicted power consumption without control is Daikin's calculat ed value. The situation of control is shown below. Transition of power consumption and reduction 4 Power consumption of this year Reduction Outdoor air temperature of this year Outdoor air temperature of last year 0 2000 1000 Powerconsumption(kWh) Temperature(°C) 50 40 0 30 20 10 -10 Power consumption of last year -3- Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. XX XX XX XX XX 3. Result of Energy-Saving Control The result of energy-saving control aiming at a reduction of the metered charge is shown below. Power consumption Predicated power consumption without control Predicted reduction of power consumption kWh kWh kWh Metered charge reduction yen Reduction of CO2 emissions kg Reduction of metered charge = (Predicted power consumption without control - Power consumption) x Metered unit charge Metered unit charge 11.43 yen/kWh (July 1 to September 30) 10.39 yen/kWh (Other periods) Reduction of CO2 emissions = Predicted reduction of power consumption x CO2 emission coefficient CO2 emission coefficient 0.378 * The power consumption is the total power consumption of the air conditioner subject to control and not the power consumption of the whole building. The power consumption is calculated from the current value of theair conditioner. * The predicted power consumption without control is Daikin's calculat ed value. The situation of control is shown below. Transition of power consumption and reduction 4 Power consumption of this year Reduction Outdoor air temperature of this year Outdoor air temperature of last year 0 2000 1000 Powerconsumption(kWh) Temperature(°C) 50 40 0 30 20 10 -10 Power consumption of last year -3- Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. XX XX XX XX XX ３．省エネ制御による温熱環境の報告 ● 年間の電力削減量は、下図の様になります。 消費電力量 0 1 0000 20000 30000 40000 50000 ４月 ５月 ６月 ７月 ８月 ９月 １０月 １１月 １２月 １月 ２月 ３月 月間消費電力量［ｋWh／月］ 消費電力量 削減電力量 ● 年間の温熱環境は、下図の通りとなります。 Sample 室内温度分布 １８ ２２ ２４ ２６ ２８ ３０ ４月 ５月 ６月 ７月 ８月 ９月 １０月 １１月 １２月 １月 ２月 ３月 室内温度［℃］ ２０ 最小ー最大 25％ー75％ 中央値 参考： 政府推奨の室内温度は、冷房時２８℃、暖房時に２０℃です。 ３．省エネ制御による温熱環境の報告 ● 年間の電力削減量は、下図の様になります。 消費電力量 0 1 0000 20000 30000 40000 50000 ４月 ５月 ６月 ７月 ８月 ９月 １０月 １１月 １２月 １月 ２月 ３月 月間消費電力量［ｋWh／月］ 消費電力量 削減電力量 消費電力量 0 1 0000 20000 30000 40000 50000 ４月 ５月 ６月 ７月 ８月 ９月 １０月 １１月 １２月 １月 ２月 ３月 月間消費電力量［ｋWh／月］ 消費電力量 削減電力量 0 1 0000 20000 30000 40000 50000 ４月 ５月 ６月 ７月 ８月 ９月 １０月 １１月 １２月 １月 ２月 ３月 月間消費電力量［ｋWh／月］ 消費電力量 削減電力量 ● 年間の温熱環境は、下図の通りとなります。 Sample 室内温度分布 １８ ２２ ２４ ２６ ２８ ３０ ４月 ５月 ６月 ７月 ８月 ９月 １０月 １１月 １２月 １月 ２月 ３月 室内温度［℃］ ２０ 室内温度分布 １８ ２２ ２４ ２６ ２８ ３０ ４月 ５月 ６月 ７月 ８月 ９月 １０月 １１月 １２月 １月 ２月 ３月 室内温度［℃］ ２０ 最小ー最大 25％ー75％ 中央値 最小ー最大 25％ー75％ 中央値 参考： 政府推奨の室内温度は、冷房時２８℃、暖房時に２０℃です。 ２. 温熱環境の報告 （解説） 当社では、強制サーモオフ（快適性低下を招く制御）を できる限り実施しないように制御設計を行っています。 ２．補足データ ２．１ デマンド制御の実施状況 以下に、遠隔監視データから確認できたことを報告します。 デマンド制御の総実施時間と、その内訳は以下の通りであったことを 確認しています。 遮断レベル 制御手段 快適性 － 制御目的 1 圧縮機の能力制御 室内機の台数制御 ○ － 能力抑制 （設定温度維持） ↓ ↓ 設定温度シフト ↓ △ － 室内環境の緩和 8 強制ｻ ｰﾓ ｵﾌ（送風運転） × － 目標電力の厳守 遮断レベルと制御内容との関係 遮断レベル 制御手段 快適性 － 制御目的 1 圧縮機の能力制御 室内機の台数制御 ○ － 能力抑制 （設定温度維持） ↓ ↓ 設定温度シフト ↓ △ － 室内環境の緩和 8 強制ｻ ｰﾓ ｵﾌ（送風運転） × － 目標電力の厳守 遮断レベルと制御内容との関係 Sample 目標電力： ３００ｋＷ （総実施時間：１時間３分４０秒） 6% 1% 93% 遮断レベル１～４（快適性：○ ） 遮断レベル５～７（快適性：△ ） ×遮断レベル８ （快適性： ） Through monitoring operating conditions of customer’s air-conditioners and the weather forecast, the system provides energy-saving control that is suitable for customer’s residential conditions. Suitable Energy- saving indication Check daily operating conditions Customer Weather Information Control Centre (ACC) “Airnet” service system Weather Information Weather Information New Feature: Energy-saving Management ACC in Japan i-Touch Manager Monitoring device
- 42. Technologies Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
- 43. Consulting Services by Nippon Koei on Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) - Japanese government committed that JCM is a tool to - Credit from JCM will not be traded - Japanese government will allocate subsidy to introduce “leading low carbon technologies” into JCM partner countries - 16 countries signed bilateral agreement on JCM including Mexico, Costa Rica and Chile
- 44. Consulting Services by Nippon Koei on Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) Centrifugal chiller COP: over 6.0 Once-through boiler Efficiency: 95% Gas engine co-gen system Elec Gen: 40% Heat: 74.4% Energy Saving Heat Recovery Renewable Energy Visualization and consultation Reduction of standby power consumption Energy Management Solar panel EMS with battery Hydro power Biomass power Waste to Energy
- 45. Japanese Smart Energy Products & Technologies http://www.jase-w.eccj.or.jp/technologies/index.html
- 46. Japanese Business Alliance for Smart Energy - Worldwide http://www.jase-w.org/english The Energy Conservation Center, Japan www.asiaeec-col.eccj.or.jp
Notas do Editor
- Good morning /good afternoon every one. Today we would like to explain about energy conservation situation, issues and challenges in Japan and also introduce several technologies from JASE-W companies. .
- Ｆｒｏm now, I would like to explain the situation of Energy conservation in Japan.
- As one example of incentives, let me explain the subsidy mechanism of energy saving. We subsidize the one third of total cost for introducing energy efficient equipment and also subside cost for repairing the equipment for improving efficiency. This scheme is used by many big factories to introduce good furnaces transformer and air conditioners etc. But it is not limited to factories. It also covers buildings including hospitals and banks. Actually, half of the beneficiaries of this scheme is small size enterprises.
- In the regulation side, first let me explain the structure of Energy conservation law. This consists of three elements. The first one is top runner program. This is the regulation on equipment and electric appliances which are used mainly in households. The second one is to set energy efficiency standard for newly-built buildings and houses. The newly built buildings after 2017 are required to abide by the standard. We have decided to set the mandatory minimum standard on building and houses because residential sector is the next important target in order to achieve much higher energy efficiency. The last one is the requirement imposed on industry sector and commercial sectors to ask them to create a system in the organization to measure how the energy is used and report it to government. We set the reduction efforts goal to achieve 1% reduction per year although there is no penalty.
- Next, I would like to move on to top runner. The program is aimed at improving the energy efficiency of equipment and electric appliance used in household. This program requires manufacturers and importers of designated items to fulfill the efficiency target within certain period, which depend on items. The unique characteristic of this program is the way to set the efficiency target. It is decided based on the most energy efficient products among currently in the market. That is why we call it “top-runner”. This way of deciding the target can enable us to set realistic target but promote innovation activities of companies. We think it is very well balanced way of setting the target.
- 31 equipment and materials are subject to the top runner program. It covers approximately 70% of energy consumption in household. 28 among 31 items consume by themselves the electricity and energy. But, the last three items are materials for building although they do not consume energy by themselves. This is the new step for us.
- We have achieved great result by the programs.
- As I mentioned, certain companies are obliged to establish energy management system in the company under the energy conservation law. Especially, the key is that they need to appoint energy manager. ECCJ qualify and certify the energy manager as a professional. Energy Manager plays an central role for promoting energy management.
- This graph shows how much Japanese people reduced the electricity consumption after the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11 2011. The horizontal axis shows the temperature the vertical axis shows the maximum electricity demand of Tokyo electricity company. Light blue dot is for a day in 2010. dark blue is for a day before the earthquake in 2011. The brown dot is for a day after the earthquake in 2011. After the earthquake and subsequent halt of nuclear power plants, companies and households tried to reduce electricity consumption and as a result 15% reduction has achieved.
- 2011年までは石油依存から減少傾向にあったが、それでも45%は石油に依存していた。
- This graph shows Japan’s Energy Mix target for the year 2030, which METI released last year There were three directions by PM Abe before compiling this energy mix. First , we need to improve self-sufficiency ratio to around 25%, which surpasses the level before March 11 Earthquake. Second, we need to reduce electricity costs lower than today. Last one is to set a high-level Green House Gas reduction which should be the level comparable to those of other developed countries. As a result we will try to reduce energy consumption by 17% and introduce renewables to 22-24%, which we believe are very ambitious targets. 現在の再エネ ８−９％程度
- It means the 35% improvement of energy efficiency per real GDP. from 2012. This is very aspirational target..
- 目標達成は非常にチャレンジングなものですが、 その目標の１つである電力消費削減策の１つとして検討しているのが、ＩＴを活かした地域単位でのエネルギーマネージメントです。 Handle electricity supply-demand problem with HEMS / BEMS, high efficient air conditioners, lighting and hot-water supply. Energy efficiency of entire systems by managing entire home and buildings. More efficient energy management can be realized by cross-management of home and buildings, or regional management.
- The second new technologies is demand response. In 3 municipalities in Keihanna Science City, large-scale demand response demonstration was initiated, targeting approximately 700 households. This picture is the meter to tell consumers the price of electricity next day. Then consumers decide how much electricity they use in the next day. Dynamic pricing demonstration was done . In dynamic pricing, prices are changed in accordance with the state of supply and demand. In rare cases, price goes up to 10 times. Demand and supply information is aggregated in CEMS,and CEMS notify each customer pricing beforehand. The bottom picture is the CEMS (Community Energy Management System) in Kitakyushu city, where energy for an entire designated supply area is managed in an integrated manner..
- This is part of the result of demand response. We have found about 20% reduction of peak demand can be achieved by demand response. At the same time, we also found once 20% reduction was achieved, the demand is not so elastic to price change. This is very informative for aggregators or electric power companies to think about future business model.
- Firstly I would like to introduce ourselves, JASE=W. We are very sure that Japan can contribute to global warming issue by promoting the most advanced Japanese energy conservation and new energy facilities and technologies to the world. Therefore, the Japanese business community and the government jointly established “Japanese Business Alliance for Smart Energy Worldwide” in October 2008. Chairman of JASE－World is Mr. Sadaharu Sakakibara, who is also the chairman of the Japan Business Federation.
- JASE-W consists of these 49 companies together with the government organization like METI, JICA, JETRO and so on.
- 昨今、オゾン層保護、CO2削減、温暖化防止、省エネルギー化などが求められています。 更に次世代の冷凍装置には、モントリオール議定書や京都議定書への対応も行わなくてはなりません。 これらの課題に対し、マエカワは自然冷媒の技術を駆使して、地球規模の問題解決に挑戦しています。
- その挑戦として、ナチュラルファイブを提唱しました。 ナチュラルファイブとは、５つの自然冷媒を使った技術の取り組みです。 この技術は、自然冷媒のアンモニア、二酸化炭素、炭化水素、水、空気の5つの冷媒を駆使することで、加熱・冷却・冷蔵・冷凍の領域において、＋120～-100℃までの温度帯を作り出すことに成功しました。
- AGCグループの歴史は、今から100年以上前に人々の暮らしやの向上や産業の発展に向けて、板ガラスの製造に挑戦したことから始まります。それ以来、ガラス、電子、化学品、セラミックスなどの事業分野で技術とノウハウを蓄積し、建材や自動車、エレクトロニクスなど幅広い産業界へソリューションを提供してきました。省エネルギーに関するものとしては、ここにお示ししたように色々な分野に関連する製品があります。
- これから、3例ほど具体的に説明致します。最初は、エネルギーの創出です。太陽熱発電や集光型太陽光発電に用いられる鏡です。反射率や耐久性においてすぐれた鏡を提供することにより、効率的な太陽エネルギーの利用が可能となのます。
- 次は、窓に取り付けるタイプの太陽光発電です。ご覧のように従来のタイプですと、右のように視界が遮られてしまいます。しかしながらシースルータイプにすることにより、視界を確保しつつ発電することが可能です。特に高層ビルでは、太陽光発電が可能な屋上の面積は一定ですが、窓のある側面部分は高くなればなるほど太陽光発電に利用できる窓の面積は増えていきます。
- 最後は、工業炉の省エネです。AGCグループは、板ガラスの製造では世界トップの生産、技術力があります。その製造技術を活用して、工業炉の省エネを提案します。高性能の断熱レンガ、排熱の回収、コンピュータを活用した最適運転により省エネシステムとしての省エネルギーを達成します。
- 川崎重工業では、持続可能なエネルギー社会を目指して、需給に合った最適なプランの提案が可能です。 この図の左側にある「エネルギー機器の高効率化」では、1.5MWから30MWクラスの中小型ガスタービンによるコジェネレーション、発電効率49%という世界最高水準のガスエンジンのほか、製鉄所やセメント工場等で発生する排熱を有効利用して発電を行う排熱回収システム（Waste Heat Recovery Power Plant）や、同じく排熱を利用して温水や蒸気のほか冷水も作り出し、空調等に利用可能な吸収式冷凍機などの提案も可能です。また、当社が開発したZEET（ジート：Zero-Emission Eco Town）はゴミ焼却場や下水処理場とセメントプラントを組み合わせたシステムであり、ゴミや汚泥を衛生処理するとともにセメント製造時のエネルギーや原料として使用します。これにより消費燃料を削減し、焼却灰はセメント原料として利用するため、最終処分が不要となるだけでなく埋め立て処理に比べ多くのCO2を削減でき、さらに、ゴミ処理時に発生するダイオキシンや悪臭もセメント製造時の高温処理により無害化されます。 図の右下にある「再生可能エネルギー」の中で特に強調したいのは、使用時にCO2や有害ガスを一切排出しない究極のクリーンエネルギーとして将来の本格的な利用が期待されている水素技術であり、「造る」、「運ぶ・貯める」、「使う」をキーワードとして将来に向けた研究開発を進めております。 右上部分にある「需給制御」では、高速充放電が可能な大容量ニッケル水素電池「ギガセル」を核として、太陽光・風力などの再生可能エネルギーと組み合わせ、出力の平滑化や消費電力のピークカット、停電時の電力確保などを可能としています。 このような技術のうち、以下では特にガスタービンを使ったコジェネシステムと水素関連技術についてご紹介します。
- コジェネレーションとは、ガスタービンなどの機器を使用し、電気と同時に温水や蒸気などの形で熱も生産するシステムのことです。 川崎重工業の代表的な7MWクラスのガスタービンを使用した場合、投入燃料100に対し、電気は33、熱は52という量の出力を得ることが可能です。したがってこれらを合計した85%（=33+52）という高い総合効率を得ることができます。ガスタービンは一般的に電気と比較して熱の出力比率が大きいため、寒冷地における地域暖房のほか繊維工場・食品工場のような大きな熱需要がある産業で使用頂いております。 このシステムと同様の出力を、従来の方法である火力による発電と重油焚きボイラーによる発熱で実現しようとした場合には、それぞれ83、61という燃料の投入が必要となります。つまり従来システムでは144（=83+61）の燃料が必要であったのに対し、ガスタービンの導入により必要な燃料の量は100となり、30%の燃料削減が可能となります。 さらに、CO2の排出についても従来システムと比較して48%の削減が可能となり、燃費面からも環境面からも有用なシステムであるということができます。 機種やサイズにもよりますが一般的なガスタービンの効率は電気30～40％、熱40～50％であり、80％以上の総合効率があります。通常は大型機種ほど電気の割合が高く、また総合効率も高くなる傾向にあります。一方、ガスエンジンを使用したコジェネレーションということも可能であり、こちらは電気が約50％、熱が30～40％と電気の割合が多くなります。
- 先にもお話ししましたが水素は燃焼させたときに水以外は発生しない究極なクリーンエネルギーです。リオの次のオリンピック開催地は日本の東京ですが、東京オリンピックの際には水素で発電した電気を使用し、また水素を燃料としたバスを走らせるなど東京は「水素オリンピック」を目指しており、川崎重工もそれに貢献したいと考えています。 現在、風力や太陽光のような再生可能エネルギーの開発が世界中で進められており、技術的にも経済的にも大きく進展しています。しかし再生可能エネルギーによる発電に適した場所は限られており、残念ながら世界のどこでも可能という訳ではありません。原油や天然ガスであればパイプラインや船を使用して容易に輸送が可能ですが、風や太陽光を輸送することはできませんし、それらを使って発電した電気を高圧線を使って輸送する場合でも送電ロスなどの問題もあり、長距離の輸送には適しません。 再生可能エネルギーなどを使って発電した電気を使用し、電気分解によって水素を生産すると、このような問題は解決することが可能です。また、水素は-253℃まで冷却すると液体状態に変化し、その体積は気体の時の800分の1と非常にコンパクトになり、輸送に適した状態となります。 川崎重工では「Hydrogen Road」という標語を掲げ、水素を「造る」、「運ぶ・貯める」、「使う」という一貫した技術開発を進めています。 このうち「造る」という側面では、再生可能エネルギーからの水素製造の他、北米や中国、ロシア等世界各地に存在しながら、低品質で且つ自然発火の危険性があり輸送が困難なため、これまでほとんど利用されていない石炭の一種である「褐炭（Brown Coal）」からの水素製造にも取り組んでおり、現在、オーストリア政府などと協力しながら、豪州における褐炭からの水素製造のFS（Feasibility Study）実現を目指しています。 「運ぶ・貯める」という側面では-253℃という超低温を実現するための水素液化機の設備試作のほか、すでにロケット燃料貯蔵用としてJAXA（宇宙航空研究開発機構：Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency）種子島宇宙センター（Tanegashima Space Center）に納入済みの液化水素タンクの大型化やLNG運搬船技術を応用した液化水素運搬船の建造に向けての研究を進めています。 「使う」という側面では、水素を燃料としたガスタービンの開発が終盤に差し掛かっており、燃焼器（Combustor）の改良等により、水素80%、天然ガス20%での安定的な燃焼を実現しました。また、トヨタ自動車では水素を燃料とした燃料電池自動車「MIRAI」をすでに2014年に販売開始しています。
- これまでに紹介したエネルギー関連技術や、おそらくここに集まられている皆さんがご存知の二輪車の他、川崎重工業では船舶、鉄道車両、産業用ロボットの製造なども行っています。特にブラジルではアマゾナス州マナウスに二輪車の工場がある他、航空機分野ではエンブラエル社との協力のもと、機体の一部の設計・製造を担当しています。 右上のロゴが示すように、1896年に会社が設立されてから本年はちょうど120周年になります。 これからも川崎重工は「Achieving new heights in technology」を目指して、磨きあげてきた先端技術をもって新たな価値を創造し、社会の発展に貢献するという理念のもと、陸・海・空はもとより、遥かな宇宙から深海にまで、多彩な製品を送り出していきます。
- ダイキン工業は創業90年を超え、ブラジルをはじめ世界145か国で事業を展開しています。 空調事業では、住宅からオフィスやホテル、病院、空港やスタジアム等大規模空間にいたるまで様々な空間で 省エネ、環境、快適、安心、安全、衛生などあらゆるニーズに対応する空調ソリューションを実現しています。 これを支える最先進コア技術は、ヒートポンプ、インバータ、冷媒制御技術（REFRIGERANT CONTROL）です。
- 最先進コア技術の結晶である家庭用壁掛けエアコンのフラッグシップモデル「うるさら７」を紹介します。 「うるさら７」は従来の冷媒（REFRIGERANT ）よりも地球温暖化係数(GWP)が格段に低い新冷媒R32を採用し、地球環境への負荷を軽減します。 また、暖房時に室外の空気中の水分を室内に取り込み、給水タンク(water tank)などを使うことなく室内を加湿することができます。 部屋全体に気流を循環することで、冷房時には温度ムラ(Temperature difference)の発生を抑え、暖房時には風が直接当たりにくく、足元から温めます。
- もうひとつ当社独自のソリューション技術である「エアネット」システムを紹介します。 「エアネット」は、空調の運転状況を遠隔で監視し、省エネ運転、制御、故障予知等を行います。 専任の管理者がいなくてもお客様の快適性を損なうことなく、節電・省エネ・省マネーができます。 また万が一、故障の際にもいち早くお客様のもとに駆け付けるサービスです。
- さらに、「エアネット」システムは、各地域の毎日の気象予測データに基づいた最適省エネ自動制御(Optimizing self auto energy saving control)を行うとともに、お客様の運転状況や利用状況のデータを解析し、より省エネになる提案を記載した「省エネ診断報告書」(Energy saving report)をお客様に提出するというサービスを提供します。
- Nippon Koei is Japan’s No.1 International Engineering Consultants. During nearly 70 years, Nippon Koei has worked on over 4,000 projects in 140 countries all over the world. Nippon Koei has an administrative network of 36 branch offices, liaison offices and subsidiary offices including one in Sao Paulo.
- JCM or Joint Crediting Mechanism is the mechanism which Government of Japan has been promoting in these several years. The point is “Leading Low Carbon Technologies” will be provided, transferred to and cooperated with the partner country to reduce GHG emissions in the partner country. It is similar to CDM, however, some improvements are made so that realization of the project can be easier. In Latin America, Mexico, Costa Rica and Chile already signed a agreement to be the partner countries.
- This is an example of international consortium, which is necessary to be formed to implement JCM model project. This is the subsidiary scheme by Ministry of Environment Japan and maximum 50% of the project cost is reimbursed to the project participants. We Nippon Koei support to realize the project and necessary steps for JCM scheme which looks like CDM.For example, we support developing methodologies and PDD for the JCMproject Methodology is a tool to calculate GHG emission reduction amount and also a tool to identify the feasible JCM project. PDD is Project Design Document, which summarize theJCM project and that needs to be validated by third party entity or TPE.
- These are the typical technologies introduced in JCM projects. Energy saving, heat recovery, energy management and renewable energy are common technologies for collaboration between Japan and partner countries.
- JASE-W has published a book “Japanese Smart Energy Products and Technologies” which lists the advanced technologies developed by members. They are classified into nine categories: Factory, Industries, Office building, Residence, Construction transportation/logistics, Power generation & distribution, Renewable Energy & Storage Battery, Energy solution service, and Smart community. You can also access JASE-World’s website. which is available in English, Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and Vietnamese. Search for JASE-W eng
- If you would like to know more about JASE-World activities or Japanese energy-saving technologies, please feel free to ask staff nearby you. Also, we would be more than happy to support if you are looking for energy solution or business partners. Thank you for your attention.