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Mi dentaria2| Medicine| Medicina
- 3. Muscles in the anterior compartment of leg dorsiflex the ankle, extend the toes, and invert the foot. Muscles in the posterior compartment plantarflex the ankle, flex the toes, and invert the foot. Muscles in the lateral compartment evert the foot.
- 8. • 26 bones • 19 large muscles • Many small (intrinsic) muscles • More than 100 ligaments • Support & propulsion
- 13. (Deltóide)
- 17. posição mais anterior da tíbia e posição mais distal do perónio eixo é postero-lateral e ligeiramente distal
Notas do Editor
- The popliteal fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint formed between muscles in the posterior compartments of thigh and leg (Fig. 6.78A): the margins of the upper part of the diamond are formed medially by the distal ends of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles and laterally by the distal end of the biceps femoris muscle; the margins of the smaller lower part of the space are formed medially by the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle and laterally by the plantaris muscle and the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle; the floor of the fossa is formed by the capsule of the knee joint and adjacent surfaces of the femur and tibia, and, more inferiorly, by the popliteus muscle; the roof is formed by deep fascia, which is continuous above with the fascia lata of the thigh and below with deep fascia of the leg.The major contents of the popliteal fossa are the popliteal artery, the popliteal vein, and the tibial and common fibular nerves .The tibial and common fibular nerves originate proximal to the popliteal fossa as the two major branches of the sciatic nerve. They are the most superficial of the neurovascular structures in the popliteal fossa and enter the region directly from above under the margin of the biceps femoris muscle: the tibial nerve descends vertically through the popliteal fossa and exits deep to the margin of plantaris muscle to enter the posterior compartment of leg; the common fibular nerve exits by following the biceps femoris tendon over the lower lateral margin of the popliteal fossa, and continues to the lateral side of the leg where it swings around the neck of the fibula and enters the lateral compartment of leg.The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery in the anterior compartment of thigh, and begins as the femoral artery passes posteriorly through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle. The popliteal artery appears in the popliteal fossa on the upper medial side under the margin of the semimembranosus muscle. It descends obliquely through the fossa with the tibial nerve and enters the posterior compartment of leg where it ends just lateral to the midline of the leg by dividing into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries. The popliteal artery is the deepest of the neurovascular structures in the popliteal fossa and is therefore difficult to palpate; however, a pulse can usually be detected by deep palpation medial to the midline. In the popliteal fossa, the popliteal artery gives rise to branches, which supply adjacent muscles, and to a series of geniculate arteries, which contribute to vascular anastomoses around the knee. The popliteal vein is superficial to and travels with the popliteal artery. It exits the popliteal fossa superiorly to become the femoral vein by passing through the adductor hiatus. Roof of popliteal fossa The roof of the popliteal fossa is covered by superficial fascia and skin (Fig. 6.78C). The most important structure in the superficial fascia is the small saphenous vein. This vessel ascends vertically in the superficial fascia on the back of the leg from the lateral side of the dorsal venous arch in the foot. It ascends to the back of the knee where it penetrates deep fascia, which forms the roof of the popliteal fossa and joins with the popliteal vein. One other structure that passes through the roof of the fossa is the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, which descends through the thigh superficial to the hamstring muscles, passes through the roof of the popliteal fossa, and then continues inferiorly with the small saphenous vein to innervate skin on the upper half of the back of the leg.
- The leg is that part of the lower limb between the knee joint and ankle joint: proximally, most major structures pass between the thigh and leg through or in relation to the popliteal fossa behind the knee; distally, structures pass between the leg and foot mainly through the tarsal tunnel on the posteromedial side of the ankle, the exceptions being the anterior tibial artery and the ends of the deep and superficial fibular nerves, which enter the foot anterior to the ankle. The leg is divided into anterior (extensor), posterior (flexor), and lateral (fibular) compartments by: an interosseous membrane, which links adjacent borders of the tibia and fibula along most of their length; two intermuscular septa, which pass between the fibula and deep fascia surrounding the limb; and by direct attachment of the deep fascia to the periosteum of the anterior and medial borders of the tibia. Muscles in the anterior compartment of leg dorsiflex the ankle, extend the toes, and invert the foot. Muscles in the posterior compartment plantarflex the ankle, flex the toes, and invert the foot. Muscles in the lateral compartment evert the foot. Major nerves and vessels supply or pass through each compartment.
- Muscles in the posterior (flexor) compartment of leg are organized into two groups, superficial and deep, separated by a layer of deep fascia. Generally, the muscles mainly plantarflex and invert the foot and flex the toes. All are innervated by the tibial nerve. The superficial group of muscles in the posterior compartment of leg comprises three muscles-the gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus -all of which insert onto the heel (calcaneus) of the foot and plantarflex the foot at the ankle joint As a unit, these muscles are large and powerful because they propel the body forward off the planted foot during walking and can elevate the body upward onto the toes when standing. Two of the muscles (gastrocnemius and plantaris) originate on the distal end of the femur and can also flex the knee. Deep group There are four muscles in the deep posterior compartment of leg -the popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior. The popliteus muscle acts on the knee, whereas the other three muscles act mainly on the foot.
- Lateral compartment of leg Muscles There are two muscles in the lateral compartment of leg-the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis (Fig. 6.86 and Table 6.8). Both evert the foot (turn the sole outward) and are innervated by the superficial fibular nerve, which is a branch of the common fibular nerve. Fibularis longus The fibularis longus muscle arises in the lateral compartment of leg, but its tendon crosses under the foot to attach to bones on the medial side (Fig. 6.86). It originates from both the upper lateral surface of the fibula and from the anterior aspect of the fibular head and occasionally up onto the adjacent region of the lateral tibial condyle. The common fibular nerve passes anteriorly around the fibular neck between the attachments of the fibularis longus to the fibular head and shaft. The fibularis longus everts and plantarflexes the foot. In addition, the fibularis longus, tibialis anterior, and tibialis posterior muscles, which all insert on the undersurfaces of bones on the medial side of the foot, together act as a stirrup to support the arches of the foot. The fibularis longus supports mainly the lateral and transverse arches. The fibularis longus is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve. The fibularis brevis muscle is deep to the fibularis longus muscle in the leg and originates from the lower two-thirds of the lateral surface of the shaft of the fibula (Fig. 6.86). The tendon of fibularis brevis passes behind the lateral malleolus with the tendon of the fibularis longus muscle and then curves forward across the lateral surface of the calcaneus to attach to a tubercle on the lateral surface of the base of metatarsal V (the metatarsal associated with the little toe). The fibularis brevis assists in eversion of the foot and is innervated by the superficial fibular nerve.
- Anterior compartment of leg Muscles There are four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg-the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius (Fig. 6.88 and Table 6.9). Collectively they dorsiflex the foot at the ankle joint, extend the toes, and invert the foot. All are innervated by the deep fibular nerve, which is a branch of the common fibular nerve. The tibialis anterior dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle joint and inverts the foot at the intertarsal joints. During walking, it provides dynamic support for the medial arch of the foot. The tibialis anterior is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. The extensor hallucis longus extends the great toe. Because it crosses anterior to the ankle joint, it also dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle joint. Like all muscles in the anterior compartment of leg, the extensor hallucis longus muscle is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. The extensor digitorum longus extends the toes and dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle joint, and is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. The fibularis tertius assists in dorsiflexion and possibly eversion of the foot, and is innervated by the deep fibular nerve.
- Acao reversa dos musculos
- O pé possui duas funções importantes, suportar o peso e funciona como uma alavanca propulsora.
- Tarso, metatrso, falanges. O tarso e o carpo são analogos mas o ossos do tarso são maiores poruqe tem de fazer transmissão de peso. O tarso so tem 7 ossos.
- Articulação do tornozelo (talocrural) é uma trocleartrose que ocorre entre as faces articulares da extremidade inferior da tibia e o seu maleolo medial juntamente com o maleolo lateral que articulam com o talo. As faces auriculares são revestidas por cartilagem hialina. Esta articulação é revestida por uma série de ligamentos.
- Articulação tibio-peroneal existe a proximal e a distal. A proximal é sinovial plana com pequenos movimentos de translação enquanto que a tibiopreonial distal é fixa constituida por uma sindesmose o ligamento interosseo reforçada por dosi ligamentos tibioperoniais um anterior e outro posterior.
- Na articulação do tornozelo ocorrem movimentos de dorsiflexão e flexão plantar que ocorrem num eixo que não é exactamente coronal por caussa da posição mais anterior da tibia e da posição distal do perónio portanto o eixo é postero-lateral e ligeiramente distalmente.
- Articulação subtalar (entre o talo e o calcaneo) é reforçada por uma série de ligamentos entre os quais destaco o interósseo talocalcaneano que preenche o seio do tarso. Articulação Talocalcaneonavicular (multiaxial, esferoide) entre a cabeça do talo que articula com o navicular e entre o talo e o calcaneo. Um ligamento muito importante de reforço desta articulação é calcaneonavicular plantar.
- Calcaneovavicular plantar Falta ainda a calcaneocuboide que é em sela.
- Inversão: Dirigir a palnta do pé para a linha média (inversa~) Eversão: Afastar a pplanta do pé da linha média.
- Arcos longitudinal medial, arco longitudinal lateral e arco transverso. O arco longitudinal medial é mais alto mais móvel e mais dinâmico do que o lateral e por isso está mais envolvido na função locomotora do pé. Para além disso por ser o mais alto as forças que chegam a este segmento passam para a face plantar pelo lado medial. O arco longitudinal laterla é mais inferior é menos móvel e menos dinamico estando fundamentalmente envolvido na transmissão de peso.