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![TRT 3 - Língua Inglesa Aula 01
Teoria e Exercícios
Professor Leandro Cavalcanti
www.tiparaconcursos.net
Página
25
de
40
Edited
by
FAD
staff
member
Marc
Robinson,
the
book
contains
a
comprehensive
treatment
of
contemporary
performance
budgeting
practice
and
theory.
In
a
series
of
thematic
chapters
and
case
studies,
the
book
discusses:
-‐
The
key
forms
of
performance
budgeting
which
[TO
IMPLEMENT]
around
the
world
-‐
how
they
differ,
and
what
they
have
in
common
points.
Lessons
from
the
experience
of
governments
around
the
world
-‐
ranging
from
OECD
nations
to
developing,
middle-‐income
and
transition
countries
-‐
bout
what
forms
of
performance
budgeting
work,
under
what
circumstances,
and
with
what
implementation
strategies.
-‐
How
successful
performance
budgeting
can
improve
aggregate
fiscal
discipline.
-‐
The
information
requirements
of
performance
budgeting,
and
-‐
The
links
between
performance
budgeting
and
other
budgeting
and
public
management
reforms.
Many
of
the
contributors
to
this
work
are
leaders
in
performance
budgeting
implementation
in
their
countries.
Others
are
respected
academics
and
technical
experts
from
the
International
Monetary
Fund
and
other
international
organizations.
Countries
covered
in
the
case
studies
include
the
UK,
USA,
Australia,
France,
Chile,
Spain,
Russia,
Colombia
and
Ethiopia.
One
major
focus
of
the
book
is
performance
budgeting
as
a
tool
for
improved
expenditure
prioritization
-‐
that
is,
for
helping
to
shift
limited
public
resources
to
the
services
of
greatest
social
benefit.
A
key
finding
is
that
this
type
of
performance
budgeting
will
only
work
if
the
budget
process
is
fundamentally
changed
so
that
top
politicians
and
bureaucrats
systematically
consider
expenditure
priorities
when
formulating
the
budget.
This
means
more
than
just
considering
the
priorities
for
new
spending.
It
requires
also
having
mechanisms
to
systematically
review
existing
spending
programs
to
identify
what
is
ineffective
and
low
priority
and
can,
therefore,
be
cut.
This
is
what
countries
such
as
Chile
and
the
United
Kingdom
have
successfully
done,
and
the
United
States
is
currently
attempting
to
achieve
with
its
Program
Assessment
Rating
Tool
instrument.
Conversely,
it
is
a
mistake
to
believe
that
merely
changing
the
budget
classification
and
developing
performance
indicators
will
in
itself
improve
the
allocation
of
resources
in
the
budget.
(Adapted
from
http://blog-‐pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/making-‐performa.html)
The
correct
form
of
[TO
IMPLEMENT]
is
a)
implemented.
b)
was
implemented.
c)
will
be
implemented.
d)
has
been
implemented.
e)
have
been
implemented.
5
-‐
Prova:
FCC
-‐
2012
-‐
TCE-‐SP
-‐
Auxiliar
de
Fiscalização
Financeira
As
questões
de
números
36
a
40
baseiam-‐se
no
texto
seguinte.
House
G.O.P.
Leaders
Agree
to
Extension
of
Payroll
Tax
Cut
By
JENNIFER
STEINHAUER
Published:
December
22,
2011
WASHINGTON
-‐
Under
a
deal
reached
between
House
and
Senate
leaders,
the
House
will
now
approve
as
early
as
Friday
the
two-‐month
extension
of
a
payroll
tax
holiday
and
unemployment
benefits
approved
by
the
Senate
last
Saturday,
and
the
Senate
will
appoint
members
of
a
House-‐
Senate
conference
committee
to
negotiate
legislation
to
extend
both
benefits
through
2012.
House
Republicans
-‐
who
rejected
an
almost
identical
deal
on
Tuesday
-‐
collapsed
under
the
political](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aula01fccingles7620-151106121316-lva1-app6891/85/Aula-01-fcc_ingles_7620-25-320.jpg)
![TRT 3 - Língua Inglesa Aula 01
Teoria e Exercícios
Professor Leandro Cavalcanti
www.tiparaconcursos.net
Página
26
de
40
rubble
that
has
accumulated
over
the
week,
much
of
it
from
their
own
party,
worried
that
the
blockade
would
do
serious
damage
to
their
appeal
to
voters.
The
House
speaker,
John
A.
Boehner,
announced
the
decision
over
the
phone
to
members
on
Thursday,
and
did
not
permit
the
usual
back
and
forth
that
is
common
on
such
calls,
enraging
many
of
them.
After
his
conversation
with
lawmakers,
the
speaker
conceded
to
reporters
that
it
might
not
have
been
"politically
the
smartest
thing
in
the
world"
for
House
Republicans
to
put
themselves
between
a
tax
cut
and
the
160
million
American
workers
who
would
benefit
from
it,
and
to
allow
President
Obama
and
Congressional
Democrats
to
seize
the
momentum
on
the
issue.
The
agreement
ended
a
partisan
fight
that
threatened
to
keep
Congress
and
Mr.
Obama
in
town
through
Christmas
and
was
just
the
latest
of
the
bitter
struggles
over
fiscal
policy
involving
House
conservatives,
the
president
and
the
Democratic-‐controlled
Senate.
Under
the
deal,
the
employee's
share
of
the
Social
Security
payroll
tax
will
stay
at
the
current
level,
4.2
percent
of
wages,
through
Feb.
29.
In
the
absence
of
Congressional
action,
it
would
revert
to
the
usual
6.2
percent
next
month.
The
government
will
also
continue
paying
unemployment
insurance
benefits
under
current
policy
through
February.
Without
Congressional
action,
many
of
the
long-‐term
unemployed
would
begin
losing
benefits
next
month.
In
addition,
under
the
agreement,
Medicare
will
continue
paying
doctors
at
current
rates
for
two
months,
averting
a
27
percent
cut
that
would
otherwise
occur
on
Jan.
1.
The
new
deal
makes
minor
adjustments
to
make
it
easier
for
small
businesses
to
cope
with
the
tax
changes
and
prevents
manipulation
of
an
employee's
pay
should
the
tax
cut
extension
fail
to
go
beyond
two
months.
Mr.
Obama,
who
has
reaped
political
benefits
from
the
standoff,
welcomed
the
outcome.
"This
is
good
news,
just
in
time
for
the
holidays,"
he
said
in
a
statement.
"This
is
the
right
thing
[VERB
1]
to
strengthen
our
families,
grow
our
economy,
and
create
new
jobs.
This
is
real
money
that
will
[VERB
2]
a
real
difference
in
people's
lives."
(Adapted
from
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/us/politics/senate-‐republican-‐leader-‐
suggests-‐a-‐payroll-‐tax-‐deal.html?_r=1&nl=todays
hea
dlines
&
emc=tha2&pagewanted=all)
The
correct
verb
forms
of
VERB
1
and
VERB
2
in
the
last
paragraph
are
a)
to
do
-‐
do
b)
to
make
-‐
make
c)
to
make
-‐
do.
d)
do
-‐
to
make.
e)
to
do
-‐
make.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aula01fccingles7620-151106121316-lva1-app6891/85/Aula-01-fcc_ingles_7620-26-320.jpg)
![TRT 3 - Língua Inglesa Aula 01
Teoria e Exercícios
Professor Leandro Cavalcanti
www.tiparaconcursos.net
Página
30
de
40
Margins
tab,
select
Landscape
orientation,
then
go
to
the
"Apply
to"
dropdown
and
select
This
Section.
(Adapted
from
http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,
2379207,00.asp#)
O
verbo
que
preenche
corretamente
a
lacuna
[modal]
é
a)
should.
b)
can't.
c)
mustn't.
d)
might.
e)
ought.
9
-‐
Prova:
FCC
-‐
2011
-‐
TRE-‐RN
-‐
Analista
Judiciário
-‐
Análise
de
Sistemas](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aula01fccingles7620-151106121316-lva1-app6891/85/Aula-01-fcc_ingles_7620-30-320.jpg)
![TRT 3 - Língua Inglesa Aula 01
Teoria e Exercícios
Professor Leandro Cavalcanti
www.tiparaconcursos.net
Página
33
de
40
Qual
dos
verbos
abaixo
não
pertence
ao
mesmo
grupo
semântico?
a)
Grow.
b)
Increase.
c)
Augment.
d)
Research.
e)
Proliferate.
11
-‐
Prova:
FCC
-‐
2010
-‐
AL-‐SP
-‐
Agente
Legislativo
de
Serviços
Técnicos
e
Administrativos
-‐
Processamento
de
Dados
Security:
UAC
Gets
Tolerable
Let's
talk
about
User
Account
Control
?
the
Windows
Vista
security
element
that
was
a
prominent
example
for
everything
that
bothered
people
about
that
OS.
UAC
aimed
to
prevent
rogue
software
from
tampering
with
your
PC
by
endlessly
prompting
you
to
approve
running
applications
or
changing
settings.
The
experience
was
so
grating
that
many
users
preferred
to
turn
UAC
[PARTICLE]
and
[VERB]
their
chances
with
Internet
attackers.
Those
who
left
it
active
risked
slipping
into
the
habit
of
incautiously
clicking
through
every
prompt,
defeating
whatever
value
the
feature
might
have
had.
Whereas
Vista's
notorious
User
Account
Control
gave
users
no
control
over
the
feature
other
than
to
turn
it
off,
Windows
7's
version
of
UAC
lets
users
choose
from
two
intermediate
notification
levels
between
'Always
notify'
and
'Never
notify'.
Windows
7
gives
you
control
over
UAC,
in
the
form
of
a
slider
containing
four
security
settings.
As
before,
you
can
accept
the
full-‐blown
UAC
or
elect
to
disable
it.
But
you
can
also
tell
UAC
to
notify
you
only
when
software
changes
Windows
settings,
not
when
you're
tweaking
them
yourself.
And
you
can
instruct
it
not
to
perform
the
abrupt
screen-‐dimming
effect
that
Vista's
version
uses
to
grab
your
attention.
If
Microsoft
had
its
druthers,
all
Windows
7
users
[TO
USE]
UAC
in
full-‐tilt
mode:
The
slider
that
you
use
to
ratchet
back
its
severity
advises
you
not
to
do
so
if
you
routinely
install
new
software
or
visit
unfamiliar
sites,
and
it
warns
that
disabling
the
dimming
effect
is
"Not
recommended."
,
Redmond:
I
have
every
intention
of
recommending
the
intermediate
settings
to
most
people
who
ask
me
for
advice,
since
those
settings
retain
most
of
UAC's
theoretical
value
without
driving
users
bonkers.
(Adapted
from
http://www.pcworld.com/article/172602/windows_7_review.html)
A
palavra
que
substitui
corretamente
a
lacuna
[PARTICLE]
é
a)
on.
b)
off.
c)
up.
d)
down.
e)
away.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aula01fccingles7620-151106121316-lva1-app6891/85/Aula-01-fcc_ingles_7620-33-320.jpg)
![TRT 3 - Língua Inglesa Aula 01
Teoria e Exercícios
Professor Leandro Cavalcanti
www.tiparaconcursos.net
Página
34
de
40
12
-‐
Prova:
FCC
-‐
2010
-‐
AL-‐SP
-‐
Agente
Legislativo
de
Serviços
Técnicos
e
Administrativos
-‐
Processamento
de
Dados
A
alternativa
que
substitui
corretamente
a
lacuna
[VERB]
é
a)
do.
b)
get.
c)
make.
d)
take.
e)
give.
13
-‐
Prova:
FCC
-‐
2010
-‐
METRÔ-‐SP
-‐
Engenheiro
Júnior
-‐
Engenharia
Elétrica
Subways:
The
New
Urban
Status
Symbol
Business
Week
-‐
December
5,
2007
by
Jennifer
Fishbein
It
seems
like
everywhere
you
turn
these
days,
a
new
high-‐speed
train
is
whisking
more
passengers
across
longer
distances
faster
than
ever
before.
A
[NOUN]
to
Paris
from
London
is
quicker
than
flying;
Japanese
bullet
trains
traverse
the
320
miles
from
Tokyo
to
Osaka
in
two
and
a
half
hours;
and
magnetic
levitating
trains
in
Shanghai
cut
through
the
city
at
268
miles
per
hour.
But
while
high-‐
speed
trains
may
grab
all
the
glamour,
the
more
mundane
business
of
subway
construction
is
what's
driving
the
biggest
growth
for
transportation
companies.
Indeed,
the
world
is
seeing
an
unprecedented
boom
in
new
subways
and
expansion
to
existing
systems.
Thanks
to
surging
economic
growth
and
urban
populations,
demand
for
subways
is
soaring
in
China
and
India.
Lots
of
other
places
around
the
world
also
are
building
new
lines,
from
Dubai
to
Santo
Domingo,
capital
of
the
Dominican
Republic.
And
many
European
and
American
cities
?
including
even
such
improbable
locales
as
Los
Angeles
and
Phoenix
?
have
caught
the
transit
bug.
Problem-‐Solving
and
Prestige
Some
cities
build
out
of
necessity.
Rising
prosperity
prompted
Dubai
residents
to
buy
so
many
cars
that
they
realized
they
could
[ADVERB]
longer
drive
these
cars
because
they
were
stuck
in
traffic.
Others
are
keen
on
the
environmental
benefits
of
metros,
which
produce
far
less
pollution
and
encourage
drivers
to
leave
cars
at
home.
Some
places,
mainly
in
the
Middle
East,
are
looking
to
diversify
their
oil-‐dependent
economies.
And
others,
to
be
honest,
are
chasing
an
urban
status
symbol.
Building
a
metro
won't
turn
any
old
town
into
Paris
or
London,
but
it
does
tell
the
world
that
you've
arrived.
"You
have
in
some
cases
a
prestige
issue,
which
is
more
the
case
in
young
cities
in
need
of
an
image,"
says
Jean-‐Noël
Debroise,
vice-‐president
for
product
and
strategy
at
Alstom
(ALSO.PA),
the
French
transport
company
that
has
built
a
quarter
of
the
world's
metros.
Rennes
is
an
example
of
the
new
trend.
The
city
of
about
212,000
people
in
northwestern
France
was
looking
to
raise
its
profile
when
it
installed
a
metro
in
2002.
It
raised
the
bar
by
opting
for
a
driverless
system
made
by
Siemens
?
just
like
the
shiny
new
No.
14
line
in
Paris
?
protecting
passengers
from
the
French
penchant
for
transit
strikes.
Turin,
Italy,
did
the
same
to
help
win
its
bid
for
the
2006
Winter
Olympics;
its
driverless
system
opened
just
before
the
games.
Even
the
Spanish
island
of
Mallorca
inaugurated
a
short
metro
line
in
April
in
hopes
of
luring
even
more
tourists
to
its
capital,
Palma.
Alas,
it
closed
indefinitely
in
September
due
to
flooding,
amid
charges
of
mismanagement.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aula01fccingles7620-151106121316-lva1-app6891/85/Aula-01-fcc_ingles_7620-34-320.jpg)
![TRT 3 - Língua Inglesa Aula 01
Teoria e Exercícios
Professor Leandro Cavalcanti
www.tiparaconcursos.net
Página
35
de
40
A
Boon
for
Transit
Builders
The
world's
three
largest
metro
manufacturers,
Montrealbased
Bombardier
(BBDB.TO),
Alstom,
and
Munich-‐based
Siemens
(SI)
report
high
demand
for
mass
transit,
including
tramways
and
light-‐rail
systems
that
run
both
under
and
[PREPOSITION]
ground.
The
global
subway
market
was
worth
9.3
billion
dollars
in
2005
and
is
projected
to
grow
at
a
rate
of
2.7%
per
year
until
2015,
according
to
a
2007
study
by
the
European
Railway
Industry
Assn.
Subway
lines
[TO
BUILD]
or
extended
in
20
European
cities
and
five
Middle
Eastern
ones,
and
dozens
of
towns
are
constructing
light-‐rail
systems,
reports
the
Brussels-‐based
International
Association
of
Public
Transport.
The
size
of
a
city
determines
its
need
for
a
metro
system.
Cities
of
a
few
million
people
?
or
those
anticipating
huge
population
growth
?
really
can't
do
without
a
mass
transit
system.
But
cities
of
one
or
two
million
inhabitants
can
choose
between
a
subway
and
a
surface
tramway,
which
costs
far
less
but
also
runs
more
slowly.
[CONJUNCTION]
funding
is
an
issue,
cities
usually
will
spring
for
a
subway,
says
Debroise.
"The
tramway
has
a
very
old
image
of
the
19th
century,
with
horses
in
the
streets,"
he
says.
(Adapted
from
http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb2007125_600001.htm?chan=top+ne
ws_top+news+index_global+business)
In
the
text,
you've
arrived
means
a)
you
are
environmentally
conscious.
b)
you
are
setting
a
world
trend.
c)
you
are
concerned
about
your
passengers'
satisfaction.
d)
you
have
reached
your
destination.
e)
you
have
succeeded.
14
-‐
Prova:
FCC
-‐
2010
-‐
AL-‐SP
-‐
Agente
Técnico
Legislativo
Especializado
-‐
Tecnologia
da
Informação
Old
Tray,
New
Tricks:
Windows
7's
Taskbar
and
window
management
tweaks
are
nice.
But
its
changes
to
the
System
Tray
-‐
aka
the
Notification
Area
-‐
have
a
huge
positive
effect.
Changes
in
Windows
7
transform
the
System
Tray
from
an
intrusive
eyesore
(in
Windows
Vista)
into
a
useful
set
of
shortcuts
and
other
controls.
In
the
past,
no
feature
of
Windows
packed
more
frustration
per
square
inch
than
the
System
Tray.
It
quickly
grew
dense
with
applets
that
users
did
not
want
in
the
first
place,
and
many
of
the
uninvited
guests
employed
word
balloons
and
other
intrusive
methods
to
alert
users
to
uninteresting
facts
at
inopportune
moments.
At
their
worst,
System
Tray
applets
behaved
like
belligerent
squatters,
and
Windows
did
little
to
put
users
[PARTICLE]
in
charge.
In
Windows
7,
applets
can't
pester
you
unbidden
because
software
installers
can't
dump
them
into
the
System
Tray.
Instead,
applets
land
in
a
holding
pen
that
appears
only
when
you
click
it,
a
much-‐
improved
version
of
the
overflow
area
used
in
previous
incarnations
of
the
Tray.
Applets
in
the
pen
can't
float
word
balloons
at
you
unless
you
permit
them
to
do
so.
In
Windows
7,
applets
can't
pester
you
unbidden
because
software
installers
can't
dump
them
into
the
System
Tray.
Instead,
applets
land
in
a
holding
pen
that
appears
only
when
you
click
it,
a
much-‐improved
version
of
the
overflow
area
used
in
previous
incarnations
of
the
Tray.
Applets
in
the
pen
can't
float
word
balloons
at
you
unless
you
permit
them
to
do
so.
It's
a
cinch
to
drag
them
into
the
System
Tray
or
out
of
it
again,
so
you
enjoy
complete
control
over
which
applets
reside
there.
More
good
news:
Windows
7
largely
dispenses
with
the
onslaught
of
word-‐balloon
warnings
from
the
OS
about
troubleshooting
issues,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aula01fccingles7620-151106121316-lva1-app6891/85/Aula-01-fcc_ingles_7620-35-320.jpg)
![TRT 3 - Língua Inglesa Aula 01
Teoria e Exercícios
Professor Leandro Cavalcanti
www.tiparaconcursos.net
Página
36
de
40
potential
security
problems,
and
the
like.
A
new
area
called
Action
Center
-‐
a
revamped
version
of
Vista's
Security
Center
-‐
queues
up
such
alerts
so
you
can
deal
with
them
at
your
convenience.
Action
Center
does
issue
notifications
of
its
own
from
the
System
Tray,
but
you
can
shut
these
off
if
you
don't
want
them
pestering
you.
All
of
this
helps
make
Windows
7
the
least
distracting,
least
intrusive
Microsoft
OS
in
a
very
long
time.
It's
a
giant
step
forward
from
the
days
when
Windows
thought
nothing
of
interrupting
your
work
to
inform
you
that
it
had
detected
unused
icons
on
your
desktop.
(Adapted
from
http://www.pcworld.com/article/172602/windows_7_review.html)
The
alternative
which
correctly
replaces
[PARTICLE]
is
a)
up.
b)
back.
c)
down.
d)
ahead.
e)
behind.
15
-‐
Prova:
FCC
-‐
2010
-‐
METRÔ-‐SP
-‐
Analista
Treinee
-‐
Psicologia
Subways
Posted
on
Friday
March
27th,
2009
by
Jebediah
Reed
To
give
some
sense
of
the
pace
of
public
works
construction
in
China,
the
city
of
Guangzhou
is
planning
to
open
83
miles
of
new
subway
lines
by
the
end
of
next
year.
Meanwhile,
New
York
?
a
city
of
about
the
same
size
?
has
been
playing
around
with
the
1.7-‐mile
Second
Avenue
line
for
decades
now.
China
also
builds
subways
rather
cheaply
?
$100
million
per
mile
versus
$
2.4
billion
per
mile
in
the
Big
Apple.
Not
surprisingly,
projects
there
are
more
aggressive
in
all
respects:
there
are
60
tunnel
boring
machines
operating
in
Guangzhou,
while
only
one
is
slated
for
the
Second
Avenue
project;
workers
put
in
five
12-‐hour
shifts
a
week
(and
if
they
don't
like
it,
they
can
go
pound
glacial
till);
and
seizing
property
is
a
breeze.
An
article
in
the
Business
section
of
today's
NY
Times
(Clash
of
Subways
and
Car
Culture
in
Chinese
Cities
by
Keith
Bradsher)
[VERB]
a
smart
look
at
the
forces
at
play
as
China
goes
on
a
transit
infrastructure
spending
spree
while
it
simultaneously
becomes
evermore
sprawling
and
car-‐centric.
Here's
one
interesting
passage,
[CONJUNCTION]
the
story
is
worth
reading
in
its
entirety:
Western
mass
transit
experts
applaud
China
for
investing
billions
in
systems
that
will
put
less
stress
on
the
environment
and
on
cities.
But
they
warn
that
other
Chinese
policies,
like
allowing
real
estate
developers
to
build
sprawling
new
suburbs,
undermine
the
benefits
of
the
mass
transit
boom.
Mr.
Chan
Shao
Zhang
,
a
67-‐year-‐old
engineer
in
charge
of
the
works
in
Guangzhou,
defended
Guangzhou's
combination
of
cars
and
subways,
saying
that
the
city
built
a
subway
line
to
a
new
Toyota
assembly
plant
to
help
employees
and
suppliers
reach
it.
Subways
have
been
most
competitive
in
cities
like
New
York
that
have
high
prices
for
parking,
and
tolls
for
bridges
and
tunnels,
discouraging
car
use.
Few
Chinese
cities
have
been
willing
to
follow
suit,
other
than
Shanghai,
which
charges
a
fee
of
several
thousand
dollars
for
each
license
plate.
The
cost
and
physical
limitations
of
subways
have
discouraged
most
cities
from
building
new
ones.
For
instance,
only
Tokyo
has
a
subway
system
that
carries
more
people
than
its
buses.
The
buses
are
cheaper
and
able
to
serve
far
more
streets
but
move
more
slowly,
pollute
more
and
contribute
to
traffic
congestion.
China
has
reason
to
worry.
It
surpassed
the
United
States
in
total
vehicle
sales
for](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aula01fccingles7620-151106121316-lva1-app6891/85/Aula-01-fcc_ingles_7620-36-320.jpg)
![TRT 3 - Língua Inglesa Aula 01
Teoria e Exercícios
Professor Leandro Cavalcanti
www.tiparaconcursos.net
Página
37
de
40
the
first
time
in
January,
although
the
United
States
remained
slightly
ahead
in
car
sales.
But
in
February,
China
overtook
the
United
States
in
both,
in
part
because
the
global
downturn
has
hurt
auto
sales
much
more
in
the
United
States
than
in
China.
There
are
many
countervaling
forces
..X..
China
has
passed
its
own
stimulus
package
and
the
government
is
eager
to
put
people
to
work,
create
economic
activity,
and
build
modern
infrastructure.
The
Guangzhou
project
is
part
of
major
national
transit
buildout.
But
the
nation's
cities
are
also
sprawling
beasts,
and
in
that
sense,
more
suited
to
cars
than
trains.
Not
shockingly,
many
Chinese
prefer
the
former.
(Adapted
from
http://www.infrastructurist.com/2009/03/27/-‐
building-‐a-‐subway-‐is-‐96-‐percent-‐
cheaper-‐in-‐china/)
The
correct
word
that
replaces
[VERB]
in
the
text
is
a)
does.
b)
gives.
c)
makes.
d)
turns.
e)
takes.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aula01fccingles7620-151106121316-lva1-app6891/85/Aula-01-fcc_ingles_7620-37-320.jpg)
![Apostila basica ingles[1]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/apostilabasicaingles1-140814103707-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Aula 01 fcc_ingles_7620
- 1. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 1 de 40 AULA 01: Tempos Verbais Sumário 1. Tempos Verbais. ............................................................................................................................ 2 2. Simple Present. .............................................................................................................................. 2 3. Present Continuous. ....................................................................................................................... 3 4. Simple Past ..................................................................................................................................... 5 5. Past Continuous ........................................................................................................................... 13 6. Simple Future (Will) ..................................................................................................................... 14 7. Simple Future (Going to) .............................................................................................................. 15 8. Will ou Be Going to? .................................................................................................................... 16 9. Present Perfect ............................................................................................................................ 16 10. Present Perfect Continuous ..................................................................................................... 17 11. Past Perfect .............................................................................................................................. 18 12. Past Perfect Continuous ........................................................................................................... 19 13. Future Continuous ................................................................................................................... 19 14. Future Perfect .......................................................................................................................... 20 15. Future Perfect Continuous ....................................................................................................... 21 16. Lista de Questões ..................................................................................................................... 23 17. Gabarito ................................................................................................................................... 38 18. Curiosidade .............................................................................................................................. 39 Olá pessoal! Nesta aula iremos ver sobre os tempos verbais e suas aplicacões e uma lista de exercícios com gabarito para fixação do conteúdo estudado.
- 2. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 2 de 40 1. Tempos Verbais. Na língua inglesa os verbos são conjugados assim como na língua portuguesa, em três formas, o presente, o passado e o futuro, o que mudam são suas variações e são estas variações e a forma de usá-‐las que trataremos nesta unidade. 2. Simple Present. As conjugações verbais em inglês praticamente não flexionam, um dos poucos casos em que se ocorre esta flexão é o Simple Present, na terceira pessoa do singular devemos acrescentar o s ao infinitivo sem o uso do to, a não ser pelos verbos terminados em o, ch, s, ss, sh, x ou z, em que se usa es, assim sendo go vira goes, brush vira brushes, fix passa a ser fixes e assim por diante, nos casos em que o verbo for terminado em y após um consoante trocamos por ies, try passa a ser tries, study vira studies, mas, somente nos casos em que o y precede uma consoante, nos caso em que o y é precedido por vogal permanece a regra inicial aonde é colocado s no fim do verbo, play passa a ser plays, toy vira toys. O Simple Present pode ser usado para: Expressar uma verdade absoluta, como por exemplo “The sky is blue”, o céu é azul e não passará a ser de outra coisa nem mesmo já foi de outra cor. Falarmos de hábitos, rotinas, situações ou ações que ocorrem com certa frequência, nestas situações é comum vermos advérbios de frequência como always, sometimes, usually , every day, every hour, mas o fato de ser comum não significa que o uso destes passa a ser regra. “I usually go to the cinema”, “She sometimes studies german”. Indicar uma situação atual, ou mesmo uma condição geral, “I live in Brasília”, “My wife works at the hospital”. Expressar opiniões, desejos, gostos ou preferências aonde é bem comum encontrarmos verbos como want, like, hate, think, hope. “I hate sweet fruits”, “She likes icecream”. Podemos também fazer uso do Simple Present para expressar uma condição futura ao qual não temos controle, ou seja, tem hora marcada para acontecer. “The Train goes to São Paulo at 10:00AM”, “The World Cup begins in July”. Agora vamos as diferentes formas de uso do Simple Present. Forma Afirmativa: Sujeito + Verbo (-‐ to) para 1ª e 2ª pessoa do singular Sujeito + Verbo (-‐ to) + s para a 3ª pessoa do singular Ex.: I study english She studies spanish We study different languages I play music She/He plays music We play music Forma Negativa: Sujeito + do not (don’t) + infinitivo (-‐ to) 1ª e 2ª pessoa
- 3. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 3 de 40 Sujeito + does not (doesn’t) + infinitivo (-‐to) 3ª pessoa Ex.: I don’t work She/He doesn’t like games They don’t eat too much Forma Interrogativa: Do + sujeito + infinitivo (-‐ to) 1ª e 2ª pessoa Does + sujeito + infinitivo (-‐to) 3ª pessoa Ex.: Do you like dogs? Does she/he write books? Do we go to the party? • Nas formas negativas e interrogativas o verbo auxiliar do passa a ser does nos casos de 3ª pessoa do singular pois a flexão também é válida para o mesmo. • O do e o does podem ser utilizados em sentenças afirmativas caso seja necessário dar ênfase ao que é dito e neste caso o verbo que sofre a flexão é o auxiliar ficando o verbo principal em sua forma original. “I do like music” “She does see movies everyday”. 3. Present Continuous. Para formar uma frase no Present Continuous utilizamos a presente do verbo to be junto ao gerúndio (-‐ing) do verbo principal. O Present Continuous também pode ser chamado de Present Progressive portanto não se espante se você encontrar esta expressão ao estudar em outras fontes. Lembrando que existem verbos que sofrem variações gráficas com o acréscimo do ing, portanto ao final deste capítulo trarei uma lista com alguns dos verbos que sofrem estas variações. O Present Continuous pode ser usado para: Expressar ações que estão ocorrendo no momento do uso da frase. A ação já começou antes da fala, dura no momento em que se está falando e, quase certamente continuará mesmo após o fim da sentença. “My sister is sleeping”, “Are you still working?”, “I guess that i am getting sick”. Ao se tratar de um fato que está acontecendo durante o período atual da fala( dia, mês, ano), mas, não exclusivamente no exato momento. “My friend is working this week”, “My grandmother is living in Brasília”, “Is your daughter studying”. Para descrição de uma situação que está sofrendo uma mudança no momento da fala. “The price of gasoline is going up again”, “The sun is rising”. Tratar de ações que ocorrem frequentemente, e para este caso é usado o advérbio always. “He is always telling bad things to you”, “She is always drinking beer”, “The dog is always licking”. Referir a ações futuras planejadas ou previstas. “She is going back tomorrow”, “He is arriving this afternoon”. Existem alguns verbos que não devem ser usados em nenhuma hipótese mesmo eles sendo usados no português, são os verbos dos sentidos, verbos que envolvem alguma atividade mental, significam posse ou verbos que exprimem opinião, sentimento ou desejo. Segue um lista destes verbos:
- 4. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 4 de 40 To hear (ouvir) To taste (saborear) To smell (cheirar) To see (ver) To know (saber) To believe (acreditar) To think (pensar) To understand (entender) To recognize (reconhecer) To remember (lembrar) To forget (esquecer) To mean (significar) To have (ter) To own (possuir) To possess (possuir) To belong (pertencer) To want (querer) To prefer (preferir) To need (precisar) To appreciate (apreciar) To like (gostar) To dislike (desgostar) To love (amar) To hate (odiar) To detest (detestar) To seem (parecer) To look (parecer com) O Present Continuous apresenta assim como o Simple Present três formas frasais: Forma Afirmativa: Sujeito + be + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing I am working in Rio de Janeiro She is playing in the garden We are joking with you Forma Negativa: Sujeito + be + not + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing I am not working this weekend We are not speaking one each other She isn’t doing nothing now Forma Interrogativa: Be + sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Where is she going? What are they talking? Is she walking? Tabela de alterações gráficas com o acréscimo do ing. Verbos terminados em e Elimina-‐se o e antes de acrescentar o –ing. Ex.: Hope – Hoping Live – Living Verbos de um sílaba terminados em consoante precedida de uma só vogal Repete-‐se a consoante final antes do acréscimo do –ing. Ex.:
- 5. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 5 de 40 Stop – Stopping Rob – Robbing Verbos de duas sílabas sendo a segunda sílaba tônica Repete-‐se a consoante final antes do –ing. Ex.: Control – Controlling Prefer – Preferring Verbos terminados em y Conserva-‐se o y e acrescenta-‐se –ing. Ex.: Play – Playing Say – Saying Verbos terminados em ie O y substitui ie antes do acréscimo do –ing. Ex.: Die – Dying Lie -‐ Lying 4. Simple Past O Simple Past pode ser comparado ao nosso pretérito perfeito e em alguns caso ao pretérito imperfeito também. A partir do momento que entendemos que para formar os verbos no passado somente precisamos incluir o –ed no final do verbo caso eles sejam regulares e, no caso de irregulares não há muita escolha a não ser decorar a lista de verbos irregulares que teremos no final deste capítulo, o estudo do Simple Past passa a ser fácil, pois não existe flexão nesta forma em nenhuma pessoa, assim sendo ela se repete em todas as formas. Forma Afirmativa: Sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to)+ ed (verbos regulares) Sujeito + pretérito do verbo (verbos irregulares) I opened the door She cleaned her room They wrote a book yesterday Forma Negativa: Sujeito + did not(didn’t) + infinitive(-‐to) (Verbos regulares e irregulars pois não há o uso do pretérito do verbo) She didn’t go to the cinema They did not clean the house We did not play alone
- 6. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 6 de 40 Forma Interrogativa Did + sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to) (Verbos regulares e irregulares) Did she come tonight? Did they arrive soon? Did it hurts? Abaixo segue a lista dos 202 verbos irregulares para serem aprendidos, não tente decora-‐los todos de uma vez, faça um cronograma para aprender uma pequena lista de cada vez pois, se tentar aprender todos de uma só vez ao chegar no fim da lista você não se lembrará de nenhum do princípio. Present Tense Simple Past Past Participle Tradução abide abode abode obedecer a lei; permanecer; sobreviver awake awoke awoke awaked acordar; despertar-‐se be was been ser; estar; existir bear bore borne born dar a luz; sustentar; tolerar; sofrer; produzir; usar beat beat beaten bater; espancar; superar; vibrar; palpitar become became become se tornar; se transformar; ser digno de; assentar begin began begun começar bend bent bent curvar; entortar; franzir; dirigir; desistir bet bet bet apostar bid bade bidden oferecer; convidar; ordenar; desejar; leiloar bind bound bound atar; amarrar; obrigar bite bit bit bitten morder; engolir a isca bleed bled bled sangrar, perder sangue; destilar; tirar dinheiro de alguém blow blew blown soprar, encher; ventar; assobiar; estourar; fazer soar break broke broken quebrar; romper; violar; interromper; cancelar; falir breed bred bred procriar; gerar; fazer criação; educar; ensinar bring brought brought trazer; servir; causar; executar; induzir
- 7. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 7 de 40 build built built construir, edificar; fabricar burn burnt burnt queimar; incendiar; carbonizar burst burst burst arrebentar; explodir; brotar; exclamar buy bought bougth comprar cast cast cast arremessar, jogar; derrubar; sobrepujar; espalhar; computar; calcular; moldar; imaginar; (no teatro:) distribuir os papéis catch caught caught pegar; capturar; entender; adquirir (uma doença); surpreender; complicar-‐se choose chose chosen escolher, selecionar, preferir cling clung clung pegar-‐se; unir-‐se; aderir clothe clad clad vestir, cobrir come came come vir; chegar; consentir; suceder; atingir o orgasmo cost cost cost custar; importar em creep crept crept engatinhar; arrastar-‐se no chão; andar de rasto crow crew crowed cacarejar; vociferar; emitir som característico de prazer cut cut cut cortar; partir; reduzir; recortar; castrar deal dealt dealt dar; distribuir; repartir; dividir; espalhar; negociar dig dug dug cavar; escavar; gostar; entender; começar; perceber do did done fazer; funcionar; cuidar de ; parar; mostrar; jogar; enganar draw drew drawn puxar; tirar; extrair; desenhar; descrever; traçar; adiantar-‐se; atrair dream dreamt dreamt Sonhar drink drank drunk drunken Beber drive drove driven dirigir; viajar; levar; conduzir; guiar; compelir; excitar dwell dwelt dwelt residir; ficar por um tempo; enfatizar, insistir em eat ate eaten comer; destruir; devorar; mastigar fall fell fallen cair; descer; abaixar-‐se; diminuir; ceder; morrer; abandonar feed fed fed alimentar; nutrir; abastecer; satisfazer; manter
- 8. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 8 de 40 feel felt felt sentir; perceber; experimentar; apalpar fight fought fought lutar, disputar; batalhar, combater, guerrear find found found achar; encontrar; descobrir; julgar; prover, fornecer, abastecer; perceber, notar; resolver flee fled fled fugir, escapar; evitar; correr fling flung flung lançar; arremessar; atirar; invadir; saltar; dedicar-‐se à-‐ fly flew flown voar; viajar (aérea); fazer voar; fugir; correr; pilotar; flutuar; saltar; lançar-‐se forbear forbore forborne abster-‐se, deixar de-‐, conter-‐se; evitar forbid forbade forbidden proibir; impedir; evitar; vetar forget forgot forgotten Esquecer forgive forgave forgiven perdoar; desculpar, absolver; abrir mão forsake forsook forsaken abandonar, desertar, largar; abrir mão de freeze froze frozen congelar; refrigerar; gelar get got got receber; conseguir; obter; adquirir; pegar (doença); entender; chegar; causar; induzir; decorar; procriar; buscar give gave given dar; entregar, conceder; render-‐se; premiar; pagar; enfraquecer-‐se; preparar (festas, etc) go went gone ir; viajar; chegar; partir; caminhar; marchar; mover-‐se grind ground ground triturar; pulverizar; afiar; amolar; ralar; esfregar; ranger os dentes; persistir (nos estudos) grow grew grown crescer; vegetar; cultivar; brotar; desenvolver-‐se; progredir; tornar-‐se hang hung hung enforcar; ser enforcado; (informática) travar, parar de funcionar have had had ter; possuir; receber; pegar; necessitar; causar hear heard heard escutar, ouvir heave hove hove levantar, puxar; elevar; tirar; empurrar; arremessar hew hewed hewn reduzir; cortar (com machado); talhar hide hid hidden hid esconder-‐se; esconder, ocultar hit hit hit bater, ferir; atingir, alcançar
- 9. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 9 de 40 hold held held segurar; alimentar; guardar; pensar; acreditar; organizar; preparar; presidir hurt hurt hurt ferir; doer; magoar; estragar; danificar keep kept kept guardar; ficar; cumprir; sustentar; deixar; continuar; dirigir; criar; possuir kneel knelt knelt ajoelhar-‐se knit knit knit tricotar; atar; enlaçar; unir; ligar; fazer renda ou meia; trabalhar a ponto de malha know knew known saber; conhecer; entender; perceber; ter conhecimento lay laid laid deitar; descansar; estar deitado; encostar-‐se; repousar; estar situado lead led led conduzir, guiar, comandar, pilotar, levar, dirigir; governar; dominar-‐se; capitanear lean leant leant inclinar, reclinar, apoiar, recurvar; amparar; firmar; apoiar-‐se, recurvar-‐se, inclinar-‐se; abaixar; desviar leap leapt leapt saltar, pular, transportar; cobrir (os animais) learn learnt learnt estudar; aprender; descobrir; informar-‐se; decorar leave left left deixar; largar; sair; separar-‐se; abandonar; cessar; desistir de; renunciar a lend lent lent emprestar, conceder, dar, proporcionar, outorgar; doar; combinar com; acrescentar let let let deixar; permitir; dar; alugar; fretar; conceder; descobrir lie lay lain mentir; enganar light lit lit clarear; acender; queimar; descer (do carro, etc); cair (escolha); pousar; acontecer lose lost lost perder; desperdiçar; arruinar; gastar; sofrer perdas; escapar de-‐; não entender make made made fazer; criar; causar; tornar mean meant meant pensar; significar; ter em vista; tencionar; pretender; querer dizer meet met met encontrar; encontrar-‐se; reunir-‐se; receber; conhecer; abastecer melt melted molten derreter; fundir; gastar; evaporar; dissolver; enternecer; consumir
- 10. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 10 de 40 pay paid paid pagar; saldar; satisfazer put put put colocar; pôr; enfiar; sinalizar; situar; propor; oferecer read read read ler; aprender; aconselhar; avisar; estudar; interpretar rend rent rent rasgar; arrancar rid rid rid libertar; resgatar; livrar (-‐se) ride rode ridden cavalgar; montar; passear ring rang rung tocar (sino, campainha); telefonar; envolver rise rose risen levantar; subir; elevar-‐se; erguer-‐se run ran run correr; fugir; executar; executar um programa (informática); ativar; administrar; fazer; calcular; comprir; continuar; vazar; despir-‐se; saw sawed sawn Serrar say said said dizer; contar; recitar; pensar; alegar; afirmar see saw seen ver; entender; preocupar-‐se; verificar; experimentar; acompanhar; encontrar-‐se; observar seek sought sought procurar, pedir; liberar; exigir; perseguir atrás; tentar sell sold sold vender; comerciar; negociar; liquidar; trapacear (gíria); atrair fregueses; trair (gíria) send sent sent mandar; remeter; despachar; enviar; produzir; emitir; derramar; espalhar; dar prazer (gíria) set set set pôr, colocar; preparar; usar; arrumar; causar; marcar; servir; ajustar sew sewed sewn costurar; juntar, pregar shake shook shaken sacudir; agitar; tremer; chocar; apertar (mãos) shed shed shed derramar; vazar; deixar cair; tirar, tirar roupa ; fazer sangrar; projetar shine shone shone brilhar, luzir, cintilar, resplandecer; lustrar (sapato); distinguir shoe shod shod calçar; recobrir com finalidade de proteção ou reforço shoot shot shot atirar; caçar; lançar; mandar; fotografar; voar; disparar; mandar; impor; arremessar show showed shown mostrar; descobrir; testemunhar; provar;
- 11. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 11 de 40 apresentar; mostrar-‐se; aparecer; ensinar; exibir shred shred shred cortar em pedaços; picar; retalhar; rasgar shrink shrank shrunk shrunken contrair-‐se; encolher-‐se; contrair, encolher; recuar shut shut shut fechar; cerrar; tampar; trancar; tapar; fechar-‐se; trancar-‐se sing sang sung cantar; murmurar; rugir; zumbir; uivar; alcagüetar; avisar; cortejar (gíria, como cantar) sink sank sunk afundar; afogar; regar; mergulhar; descer, cair, descer; morrer, falecer; penetrar slay slew slain matar, assassinar; destruir, arruinar sleep slept slept dormir; descansar; deitar (com alguém) slide slid slid deslizar, escorregar; chupar sling slung slung atirar na funda; elevar, erguer; atar; atirar, arremessar; pendurar, colocar na presilha smell smelt smelt cheirar; feder; perfurmar; sentir cheiro; farejar; perceber; suspeitar smite smote smitten golpear; ferir; matar; bater; castigar; mover; excitar; destruir; bater-‐se; chocar-‐se sow sowed sown semear; espalhar, disseminar speak spoke spoken falar; dizer; contar; expressar; discursar; lembrar a-‐; afirmar speed sped sped apressar-‐se; mover com velocidade; dirigir muito rápido; ser feliz; ser bem sucedido; adiantar; aviar; despachar spell spelt spelt soletrar; escrever de forma certa; ser algo que significa spend spent spent gastar, tirar; perceber; divertir-‐se, passar (tempo) spill spilt spilt entornar; derramar; escorregar; deixar cair; alcagüetar, contar spin span spun protelar; dilatar; prolongar, adiar; fiar; fazer girar; virar-‐se spit spat spit cuspir; escarrar; vomitar; emitir o som do cuspe; expelir; pingar (chuva) spoil spoilt spoiled estragar; corromper; mimar (de mais); estragar-‐ se; roubar, saquear, furtar spread spread spread dilatar-‐se, estender-‐se; espalhar, esparramar;
- 12. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 12 de 40 disseminar, difundir, propagar; arrumar (mesa); achatar spring sprang sprung saltar, lançar-‐se; libertar-‐se; aparecer, mostrar-‐ se; brotar, nascer; deixar cair; "cair" sobre-‐ stand stood stood pôr de pé; suster; sustentar; colocar; aguentar; honrar; manter-‐se; permanecer steal stole stolen roubar; furtar; infiltrar-‐se stick stuck stuck cravar, fincar, meter, enterrar; pregar; aderir, prender; afixar; vacilar; parar; enganar; lograr sting stung stung picar, ferroar, ferretoar, aguilhoar; doer , atormentar; trapacear stink stank stunk feder; enojar strew strewed strewn espalhar, polvilhar, aspergir stride strode stridden caminhar; cavalgar strike struck struck stricken golpear; ferir; bater; surpreender; descobrir string strung strung amarrar; pendurar; enfiar; esticar strive strove striven aspirar; tentar, esforçar-‐se swear swore sworn jurar; prestar juramento; xingar sweat sweat sweat Suar sweep swept swept varrer; lavar; pentear; arrastar swell swelled swelled swollen inchar (-‐se); crescer; encher (os pneus) swim swam swum nadar; flutuar; boiar swing swung swung Balançar take took taken pegar; tirar; tomar; segurar; agarrar; receber; capturar; aprisionar; aceitar; fotografar; empregar; adotar; entender; guiar; conseguir teach taught taught ensinar; educar tear tore torn chorar, lacrimejar; rasgar, rachar tell told told contar; saber; perceber; descobrir; ordenar think thought thought pensar; acreditar thrive throve thriven ter sucesso throw threw thrown jogar; parir; impressionar thrust thrust thrust Empurrar
- 13. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 13 de 40 tread trod trodden pisar, andar, pôr os pés wake woke waked acordar; despertar; acordar-‐se wear wore worn vestir; trancar; experimentar (roupas, jóias, etc); colocar (óculos); exibir; mostrar; gastar; cansar; esgotar; durar weave wove woven tecer, entrelaçar, trançar; contorcer-‐se (entre obstáculos); bordar; criar (trama); tramar weep wept wept chorar; verter lágrimas; gotejar, deixar escapar; exudar, vazar wet wet wet umedecer; sujar; molhar; fazer xixi na cama, molhar-‐se (à noite); urinar win won won vencer; ganhar; conseguir; obter; conseguir; alugar; convencer; ganhar o coração de-‐ wind wound wound girar, rodar; enrolar-‐se; enroscar-‐se; recobrir, encobrir, encapar; recobrir-‐se, revestir-‐se; modificar a direção wring wrung wrung arrancar; obrigar, forçar; tirar a força; entortar; pressionar; segurar com força; espremer write wrote written escrever; anotar; compor; inscrever 5. Past Continuous A formação do Past Continuous é tão simples quanto a do presente continuous, para isto basta utilizarmos o pretérito do verbo to be juntamente com o gerúndio(-‐ing) do verbo principal da frase. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + to be(pretérito) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing I was going to the party She was playing in the pool It was raining in the night Forma Negativa Sujeito + to be(pretérito) + not + infinitive(-‐to) + ing They was not running in this race It wasn’t raining last night She wasn’t selling the fruits Forma Interrogativa
- 14. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 14 de 40 To be(pretérito) + sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Were you sleeping? Was she Reading? Was he playing in the garden? Usamos o Past Continuous sempre que desejamos citar uma ação que estava acontecendo no passado, ou uma ação que estava em processo quando outra aconteceu, duas ações que aconteceram simultaneamente no passado ou até para indicar ações que se repetiam no passado, aonde fica muito comum de vermos o uso do Always entre o to be e o verbo principal da frase, como por exemplo “They didn’t come because they was always fighting one each other”. 6. Simple Future (Will) O Futuro simples ou Simple Future é equivalente ao futuro do presente em nossa língua portuguesa, sendo o tempo verbal mais simples do inglês. Para ser formado basta utilizarmos o verbo modal auxiliar will com o infinitivo do verbo sem o to e a parte mais interessante é, sem flexão do verbo! Usamos o futuro simples para dizer algo que está para acontecer mas não imediatamente, em situações em que propomos no presente com um sentido de futuro ou mesmo concordando ou não em fazer algo. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + will + infinitivo(-‐to) I will stay one more night They will travel to other country She will go to the beach Nesta forma podemos fazer a contração do will com o pronome. I’ll They’ll She’ll E assim consecutivamente com todos os outros pronomes Forma Negativa Sujeito + will not(won’t) + infinitive(-‐to) It will not work like this She will not play with him They won’t come tomorrow Forma Interrogativa Will + sujeito + infitivo(-‐to)
- 15. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 15 de 40 When will she come? Will you go tonight? How will he spend the money? Ainda vale lembrar a vocês que caso o inglês seja o britânico, também é usado o shall no lugar do will, sem mudança de significado na frase. You shall not pass! 7. Simple Future (Going to) Para explicar melhor o uso do going to é necessário nos lembrar que ao falarmos português coloquialmente, dificilmente usamos verbos como farei, comerei, trarei, pois normalmente damos preferência para vou fazer, vou comer, vou trazer. Seria como um presente com sentido de futuro. Esta morfologia também existe na língua inglesa, e, trata-‐se do uso do going to, que é o verbo to be no presente, seguido do going e após isto o infinitivo do verbo com o to. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + be + going + infinitivo We are going to buy this book They are going to work in this weekend Larissa is going to play with her sister Forma Negativa Sujeito + be + not + going + infinitive Luke isn’t going to color that paper The dog isn’t going to walk in the street today You are not going to see the movie Forma Interrogativa Be + sujeito + going + infinitive Is she going to travel to New York? What are they going to do now? Para explicar melhor como funciona o Going to darei algumas situações possíveis para seu uso. • Fazer referência a uma ação planejada ou uma intenção. Today I’m going to work in this job • Visando expressar uma ação que irá ou tem possibilidade de acontecer em um futuro imediato. The cloud is black. I think that is going to rain today. • Advertir ou mesmo avisar de um situação perigosa.
- 16. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 16 de 40 Be careful. You’re going to fall down! O be going to pode também ser usado no pretérito quando queremos indicar uma ação planejada ou pretendida que não ocorreu. Ou mesmo se referir a uma ação que poderia ter acontecido, mas, não aconteceu, devido a ter sido interrompida por outra ação ou algo imprevisto. Nesta situação, usamos o verbo to be no passado. They were going to get married but the bride run away. She was going to play but she had to study. 8. Will ou Be Going to? Existem várias ações em que podemos optar por fazer uso do will ou do going to sem perder o sentido da frase. No momento em que nos referirmos a algo que virá a acontecer muito em breve normalmente optamos pelo be going to. Outra situação que distingue o will do be going to é quando há o planejamento prévio ou não da ação. Will é usado quando a pessoa que fala toma a decisão no momento da fala fazer algo no futuro. Sem uma ideia prévia. Entretanto se a decisão já foi tomada usa-‐se o be going to. Para termos uma noção desta diferença, mostrarei um exemplo no diálogo abaixo. John -‐ I’d like to play soccer but we don’t have a ball Bob -‐ Ok! So I will go to the store buy a ball for us Podemos reparar que a decisão de comprar a bola foi tomada no agora. Algum tempo depois quando Bob está saindo para comprar a bola... Bob – I’m going to buy the ball do you want something else? Bob diz I’m going to buy ele faz uso do going to pois a decisão já havia sido tomada e comprar a bola ocorrerá em breve. 9. Present Perfect O presente perfect é usado para expressar uma ação do passado que tem relação direta com o presente. Podemos empregar para designar fatos que ocorreram no passado em um tempo que não foi determinado podendo ser acompanhado ou não de um advérbio que se refere ao tempo passado, visando descrever um passado que inda não terminou, ou seja, a ação começou no passado e ainda está ativa no presente. Neste caso, podem ser expressas duas situações, que geralmente apresentam uma preposição ou um adjunto adverbial de tempo. Forma Afirmativa
- 17. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 17 de 40 Sujeito + have + particípio Sujeito + has + particípio – 3ª Pessoa do singular They have bought a new car. (Fato que ocorreu no passado sem referência ao tempo) Our company has exported a lot this month. (Ocorreu no passado, mas em um mês presente) I have often seen these kids here. (Referência um tempo indicando certa frequencia) Forma Negativa Sujeito + have not (haven’t) + particípio Sujeito + has not (hasn’t) + particípio – 3ª Pessoa do singular She hasn’t seen that film yet. It has not rained this month. You haven’t gone to the movies lately Forma Interrogativa Have + sujeito + particípio Has + sujeito + particípio – 3ª Pessoa do singular Have they gone already? How many exercises have you done this week? Has she travelled to Los Angeles? 10. Present Perfect Continuous O Present Perfect Continuous nada mais é do que a formação do present perfect do verbo to be mais o gerúndio do verbo principal. Usado mais comumente com a função de denotação de continuidade, não interrupção da ação, ou seja, ela teve início no passado e continua até o presente, dando ênfase ao tempo de duração por meio do uso do since, for, all day, all moning, all month e etc. Usamos também quando desejamos expressar um fato em geral que está acontecendo em um período de tempo não especificado, podendo assim usarmos advérbios como lately, recently e etc. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + have been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Sujeito + has been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing – 3ª Pessoa do Singular I have been working since 9am. She has been thinking to move to another city The dog has been eating a lot lately Forma Negativa Sujeito + have not been (haven’t) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Sujeito + has not been (hasn’t) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing – 3ª Pessoa do singular
- 18. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 18 de 40 They haven’t been watching television since this mornig She hasn’t been studying for more than one day I haven’t been living in São Paulo this year Forma Interrogativa Have + sujeito + been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Has + sujeito + been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Have you been looking for a job? Has she been waiting a lot? How long have they living here? 11. Past Perfect Agora que já aprendemos o present perfect, aprender os outros tempos verbais se tornam simples! O past perfect serve para expressar um fato acontecido no passado antes de outro fato que também já ocorreu, vale lembrar que o past perfect irá expressar o primeiro fato que sempre será relacionado a um outro fato no simple past. Muitos advérbios como when, by the time, already, never, ever, just, before e after, são claramente usados para expresser uma frase com o past perfect. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + had + particípio I thought that we had already done it I was already at the airport when I remembered that I had to close the house’s door The nurse closed the door after she had medicated the patient Forma Negativa Sujeito + had not(hadn’t) + particípio She doesn’t came to the cinema because she had not been invited The dog ate all the food because it hadn’t ate all day long The floor got all wet because I hadn’t closed the window’s room Forma Interrogativa Had + Sujeito + particípio Had they seen the movie before doing the homework? Had she already fall off when the help came? Had the plane already left when they got to the airport?
- 19. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 19 de 40 12. Past Perfect Continuous O past perfect continuous nada mais é do que junção do past perfect do verbo to be mais o gerúndio do verbo principal. Sendo usado mais comumente para expressar um fato que estava em acontecimento em um certo período antes de outro fato passado. Normalmente a ênfase é dada ao tempo de duração do período em que a ação estava em acontecimento. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + had been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing I had been studying all day for the test that morning She didn’t go to the party last week because it had been raining all day When I looked out the window, I noticed that it had been raining Forma Negativa Sujeito + had not been(hadn’t been) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Everybody was rested except Luke, because he had not been sleeping over one week I knew that she hadn’t been working this week as she said. She had not been playing for more the 3 minutes that night, but she felt very excited Forma Interrogativa Had + sujeito + been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing How long had you been working in that company when she was dismissed? Why was the boy so angry when the others arrived? Had he been waiting too long? She looked exhausted last morning. What had she been doing? 13. Future Continuous O future continuous assim como o simple future possui duas formas diferentes, will e going to, mas, diferentemente do simple future, no future continuous estas duas formas são praticamente intercambiáveis, não tendo uma regra específica para o uso de uma ou de outra. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + will be + infinitivo(-‐to) +ing Sujeito + be + going to be + infinitivo + ing You will be waiting for her when the train arrives this morning She is going to be eating the dinner when you are sleeping In that night, the dog will be coming back to his house Forma Negativa
- 20. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 20 de 40 Sujeito + will not be + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Sujeito + be + not + going to be+ infinitive + ing She will not be using the car until he come back They will not be watching TV at 10am this morning I am not going to be sleeping when you call me tonight Forma Interrogativa Will + sujeito + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Be + going to be+ infinitive Will you be playing soccer tomorrow? Are you going to be screaming in that horror movie when the monster appears? Is she going to be laughing when I tell the joke? Podemos usar o Future Continuous de diversas formas e para explicar melhor colocarei em tópicos as situações mais comuns do uso deste tempo verbal. Algumas situações típicas que fazemos o uso do Future Continuous Demonstrar uma ação no futuro que virá a ser interrompida por uma ação mais curta também no futuro, podendo ser uma ação real ou simplesmente uma interrupção de tempo. I will be waiting for you when the bus arrives Visando demonstrar ação que virá a ser interrompida mas, fazendo uso de ações curtas como formas de interrupção, podendo especificar por exemplo um horário. Tonight at 7PM, I am going to be eating the dinner Quando você deseja usar o Future Continuous com duas ações, aonde expressa a ideia de que ambas estão ocorrendo ao mesmo tempo, ou seja, paralelamente When she is studying, he’s going to be watching television 14. Future Perfect O future perfect serve para indicar que uma ação já poderá ter sido realizada em um determinado tempo do futuro, ou antes de outra ação futura. Mesmo sendo um tempo verbal pouco empregado
- 21. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 21 de 40 na prática e a maioria dos livros e apostilas de língua inglesa darem pouco ou nenhuma atenção a este modo, ele existe e, por isto teremos aqui uma explicação não tão minuciosa quanto a dos outros tempo mais relevantes. Nas frases em que empregamos o future perfect, é muito comum fazermos uso de before, by, when, still, already, dentre outros. Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + will have + particípio We are late! By the time we get to the airport, the plane will have already left. When you arrive, she will have already finished her homework. Forma Negativa sujeito + will not have( won’t have) + particípio By Tuesday, I won't have finished my report yet. By February, they won't have returned from their trip to Europe yet. Forma interrogativa Will + sujeito + have + particípio Will you have finished your essay by Monday ? Will they have already had dinner when we arrive? 15. Future Perfect Continuous Podemos usar o future perfect continuous com a intenção de dar ênfase a um período de duração de certo fato ou ação que estará ocorrendo em um tempo determinado no futuro, tal fato poderá ou não estar em acontecimento no momento da fala. Vale lembrar que o fato pode ter tido seu início no passado. Este tempo verbal pode ainda indicar o período de duração de uma ação futura antes de outra ação que também virá a ocorrer, Forma Afirmativa Sujeito + will have been + infinitivo -‐to) + ing By 2005, we will have been working on this research project, for five years. I f the bus arrives at ten, I'll have been waiting here for nearly an hour. Forma Negativa sujeito + will not have been( won’t have been) + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing Don't worry about being a little late. By the time you get there, they won't have been working for more than a few minutes.
- 22. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 22 de 40 Forma interrogativa Will + sujeito + have been + infinitivo(-‐to) + ing By next month, how long will we have been working on this research project? By December of this year, how long will you and your family have been living in Rio?
- 23. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 23 de 40 16. Lista de Questões 1 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2014 -‐ SEFAZ-‐RJ -‐ Auditor Fiscal da Receita Estadual According to the context, the MODAL that adequately fills the blank is a) can. b) must. c) might. d) could. e) may. 2 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2014 -‐ SEFAZ-‐RJ -‐ Auditor Fiscal da Receita Estadual A synonym for earn, as the verb is used in the text, is a) make. b) win. c) award. d) gain.
- 24. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 24 de 40 e) rise. 3 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2013 -‐ TRT -‐ 9ª REGIÃO (PR) -‐ Técnico Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação The meaning of “longing for”, underlined in the 3rd paragraph, as used in the text is a) downloading. b) objecting to. c) enjoying. d) using. e) wishing for. 4 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2012 -‐ TCE-‐SP -‐ Auxiliar de Fiscalização Financeira As questões de números 31 a 35 baseiam-‐se no texto seguinte. Making Performance Budgeting Work: New IMF Book October 04, 2007 Member countries will find valuable advice on how to reform their budgeting practices to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public expenditure in a major new work on performance budgeting produced by the Fiscal Affairs Department. The book, Performance Budgeting: Linking Funding and Results (500pp), came off the presses of the top UK publisher Palgrave Macmillan in September.
- 25. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 25 de 40 Edited by FAD staff member Marc Robinson, the book contains a comprehensive treatment of contemporary performance budgeting practice and theory. In a series of thematic chapters and case studies, the book discusses: -‐ The key forms of performance budgeting which [TO IMPLEMENT] around the world -‐ how they differ, and what they have in common points. Lessons from the experience of governments around the world -‐ ranging from OECD nations to developing, middle-‐income and transition countries -‐ bout what forms of performance budgeting work, under what circumstances, and with what implementation strategies. -‐ How successful performance budgeting can improve aggregate fiscal discipline. -‐ The information requirements of performance budgeting, and -‐ The links between performance budgeting and other budgeting and public management reforms. Many of the contributors to this work are leaders in performance budgeting implementation in their countries. Others are respected academics and technical experts from the International Monetary Fund and other international organizations. Countries covered in the case studies include the UK, USA, Australia, France, Chile, Spain, Russia, Colombia and Ethiopia. One major focus of the book is performance budgeting as a tool for improved expenditure prioritization -‐ that is, for helping to shift limited public resources to the services of greatest social benefit. A key finding is that this type of performance budgeting will only work if the budget process is fundamentally changed so that top politicians and bureaucrats systematically consider expenditure priorities when formulating the budget. This means more than just considering the priorities for new spending. It requires also having mechanisms to systematically review existing spending programs to identify what is ineffective and low priority and can, therefore, be cut. This is what countries such as Chile and the United Kingdom have successfully done, and the United States is currently attempting to achieve with its Program Assessment Rating Tool instrument. Conversely, it is a mistake to believe that merely changing the budget classification and developing performance indicators will in itself improve the allocation of resources in the budget. (Adapted from http://blog-‐pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/making-‐performa.html) The correct form of [TO IMPLEMENT] is a) implemented. b) was implemented. c) will be implemented. d) has been implemented. e) have been implemented. 5 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2012 -‐ TCE-‐SP -‐ Auxiliar de Fiscalização Financeira As questões de números 36 a 40 baseiam-‐se no texto seguinte. House G.O.P. Leaders Agree to Extension of Payroll Tax Cut By JENNIFER STEINHAUER Published: December 22, 2011 WASHINGTON -‐ Under a deal reached between House and Senate leaders, the House will now approve as early as Friday the two-‐month extension of a payroll tax holiday and unemployment benefits approved by the Senate last Saturday, and the Senate will appoint members of a House-‐ Senate conference committee to negotiate legislation to extend both benefits through 2012. House Republicans -‐ who rejected an almost identical deal on Tuesday -‐ collapsed under the political
- 26. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 26 de 40 rubble that has accumulated over the week, much of it from their own party, worried that the blockade would do serious damage to their appeal to voters. The House speaker, John A. Boehner, announced the decision over the phone to members on Thursday, and did not permit the usual back and forth that is common on such calls, enraging many of them. After his conversation with lawmakers, the speaker conceded to reporters that it might not have been "politically the smartest thing in the world" for House Republicans to put themselves between a tax cut and the 160 million American workers who would benefit from it, and to allow President Obama and Congressional Democrats to seize the momentum on the issue. The agreement ended a partisan fight that threatened to keep Congress and Mr. Obama in town through Christmas and was just the latest of the bitter struggles over fiscal policy involving House conservatives, the president and the Democratic-‐controlled Senate. Under the deal, the employee's share of the Social Security payroll tax will stay at the current level, 4.2 percent of wages, through Feb. 29. In the absence of Congressional action, it would revert to the usual 6.2 percent next month. The government will also continue paying unemployment insurance benefits under current policy through February. Without Congressional action, many of the long-‐term unemployed would begin losing benefits next month. In addition, under the agreement, Medicare will continue paying doctors at current rates for two months, averting a 27 percent cut that would otherwise occur on Jan. 1. The new deal makes minor adjustments to make it easier for small businesses to cope with the tax changes and prevents manipulation of an employee's pay should the tax cut extension fail to go beyond two months. Mr. Obama, who has reaped political benefits from the standoff, welcomed the outcome. "This is good news, just in time for the holidays," he said in a statement. "This is the right thing [VERB 1] to strengthen our families, grow our economy, and create new jobs. This is real money that will [VERB 2] a real difference in people's lives." (Adapted from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/23/us/politics/senate-‐republican-‐leader-‐ suggests-‐a-‐payroll-‐tax-‐deal.html?_r=1&nl=todays hea dlines & emc=tha2&pagewanted=all) The correct verb forms of VERB 1 and VERB 2 in the last paragraph are a) to do -‐ do b) to make -‐ make c) to make -‐ do. d) do -‐ to make. e) to do -‐ make.
- 27. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 27 de 40 6 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2012 -‐ TRT -‐ 11ª Região (AM) -‐ Analista Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação In line 22, the appropriate verb to complete the gap is a) have made. b) have performed.
- 28. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 28 de 40 c) did. d) have done. e) have carried out. 7 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2011 -‐ TRT -‐ 14ª Região (RO e AC) -‐ Técnico Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação
- 29. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 29 de 40 Word 2010’s feature described above a) must be used with Windows Live Writer. b) cannot be used with WordPress. c) does not work well with Blogger. d) should be used with Windows Live Spaces. e) cannot be used with Excel. 8 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2011 -‐ TRT -‐ 14ª Região (RO e AC) -‐ Analista Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação Ten Tips for Microsoft Word and Excel Our latest tips tell you how to make Microsoft Office 2010's word processor and spreadsheet apps perform some handy tricks that Microsoft has documented poorly. By Edward Mendelson PCMag.com's Microsoft Office 2010 tips collection continues, this time with ten tips for Word and Excel users. Most of these tips are fairly straightforward, and most apply to the most recent versions of Office. Some of them, however, offer new twists for the latest version of Office. Expert users will be familiar with some of these ten tips, but we hope that any user will find at least a few of these to be useful. What kind of tips am I talking about this time? Finding ways to perform poorly documented functions in Word and Excel. One of these tips, for example, tells you what to do when Word inserts a horizontal line across the page when you only wanted to type a few dashes. In the past few months, everyone in my family has tried and failed to wrestle an unwanted horizontal line out of a Word document. It might not sound like a big issue, but once you've got it in your document, good luck finding help from Microsoft on how to get rid of it. Some software vendors, like Adobe, continue to provide help systems that work like improved versions of traditional software manuals. In those apps, every menu item, every toolbar icon, is carefully explained, and with a little patience you can find all the information you need. Microsoft, provides you with a kind of information supermarket, with huge essays about topics you don't care about, dozens of selections when you only need one, and no consistent way to find the information you want. Combine Portrait and Landscape Pages in a Word Document Microsoft Word expects you to organize your documents in a highly-‐structured but not very intuitive way. If you want to format most of a document in portrait mode, but one or two pages in landscape, you simply change the orientation of the current page. Instead you need to insert a section break before and after the text you want to format in landscape mode, and then apply landscape orientation to the section that you created. Place the insertion point at the point where you want landscape orientation to begin. On the Page Layout tab, choose Breaks, then, under Section Breaks, choose New Page. Then move the insertion point to the end of the text you want to format in landscape, and insert the same kind of break. Then put the insertion point anywhere between the two breaks; return to the Page Layout tab, and click the down-‐pointing arrow at the lower right of the Page Setup group. In the Page Setup dialog, on the
- 30. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 30 de 40 Margins tab, select Landscape orientation, then go to the "Apply to" dropdown and select This Section. (Adapted from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817, 2379207,00.asp#) O verbo que preenche corretamente a lacuna [modal] é a) should. b) can't. c) mustn't. d) might. e) ought. 9 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2011 -‐ TRE-‐RN -‐ Analista Judiciário -‐ Análise de Sistemas
- 31. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 31 de 40 A alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna é a) grew. b) grows. c) grown. d) has grown. e) was grown.
- 32. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 32 de 40 10 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ TRT -‐ 22ª Região (PI) -‐ Técnico Judiciário -‐ Tecnologia da Informação
- 33. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 33 de 40 Qual dos verbos abaixo não pertence ao mesmo grupo semântico? a) Grow. b) Increase. c) Augment. d) Research. e) Proliferate. 11 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ AL-‐SP -‐ Agente Legislativo de Serviços Técnicos e Administrativos -‐ Processamento de Dados Security: UAC Gets Tolerable Let's talk about User Account Control ? the Windows Vista security element that was a prominent example for everything that bothered people about that OS. UAC aimed to prevent rogue software from tampering with your PC by endlessly prompting you to approve running applications or changing settings. The experience was so grating that many users preferred to turn UAC [PARTICLE] and [VERB] their chances with Internet attackers. Those who left it active risked slipping into the habit of incautiously clicking through every prompt, defeating whatever value the feature might have had. Whereas Vista's notorious User Account Control gave users no control over the feature other than to turn it off, Windows 7's version of UAC lets users choose from two intermediate notification levels between 'Always notify' and 'Never notify'. Windows 7 gives you control over UAC, in the form of a slider containing four security settings. As before, you can accept the full-‐blown UAC or elect to disable it. But you can also tell UAC to notify you only when software changes Windows settings, not when you're tweaking them yourself. And you can instruct it not to perform the abrupt screen-‐dimming effect that Vista's version uses to grab your attention. If Microsoft had its druthers, all Windows 7 users [TO USE] UAC in full-‐tilt mode: The slider that you use to ratchet back its severity advises you not to do so if you routinely install new software or visit unfamiliar sites, and it warns that disabling the dimming effect is "Not recommended." , Redmond: I have every intention of recommending the intermediate settings to most people who ask me for advice, since those settings retain most of UAC's theoretical value without driving users bonkers. (Adapted from http://www.pcworld.com/article/172602/windows_7_review.html) A palavra que substitui corretamente a lacuna [PARTICLE] é a) on. b) off. c) up. d) down. e) away.
- 34. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 34 de 40 12 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ AL-‐SP -‐ Agente Legislativo de Serviços Técnicos e Administrativos -‐ Processamento de Dados A alternativa que substitui corretamente a lacuna [VERB] é a) do. b) get. c) make. d) take. e) give. 13 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ METRÔ-‐SP -‐ Engenheiro Júnior -‐ Engenharia Elétrica Subways: The New Urban Status Symbol Business Week -‐ December 5, 2007 by Jennifer Fishbein It seems like everywhere you turn these days, a new high-‐speed train is whisking more passengers across longer distances faster than ever before. A [NOUN] to Paris from London is quicker than flying; Japanese bullet trains traverse the 320 miles from Tokyo to Osaka in two and a half hours; and magnetic levitating trains in Shanghai cut through the city at 268 miles per hour. But while high-‐ speed trains may grab all the glamour, the more mundane business of subway construction is what's driving the biggest growth for transportation companies. Indeed, the world is seeing an unprecedented boom in new subways and expansion to existing systems. Thanks to surging economic growth and urban populations, demand for subways is soaring in China and India. Lots of other places around the world also are building new lines, from Dubai to Santo Domingo, capital of the Dominican Republic. And many European and American cities ? including even such improbable locales as Los Angeles and Phoenix ? have caught the transit bug. Problem-‐Solving and Prestige Some cities build out of necessity. Rising prosperity prompted Dubai residents to buy so many cars that they realized they could [ADVERB] longer drive these cars because they were stuck in traffic. Others are keen on the environmental benefits of metros, which produce far less pollution and encourage drivers to leave cars at home. Some places, mainly in the Middle East, are looking to diversify their oil-‐dependent economies. And others, to be honest, are chasing an urban status symbol. Building a metro won't turn any old town into Paris or London, but it does tell the world that you've arrived. "You have in some cases a prestige issue, which is more the case in young cities in need of an image," says Jean-‐Noël Debroise, vice-‐president for product and strategy at Alstom (ALSO.PA), the French transport company that has built a quarter of the world's metros. Rennes is an example of the new trend. The city of about 212,000 people in northwestern France was looking to raise its profile when it installed a metro in 2002. It raised the bar by opting for a driverless system made by Siemens ? just like the shiny new No. 14 line in Paris ? protecting passengers from the French penchant for transit strikes. Turin, Italy, did the same to help win its bid for the 2006 Winter Olympics; its driverless system opened just before the games. Even the Spanish island of Mallorca inaugurated a short metro line in April in hopes of luring even more tourists to its capital, Palma. Alas, it closed indefinitely in September due to flooding, amid charges of mismanagement.
- 35. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 35 de 40 A Boon for Transit Builders The world's three largest metro manufacturers, Montrealbased Bombardier (BBDB.TO), Alstom, and Munich-‐based Siemens (SI) report high demand for mass transit, including tramways and light-‐rail systems that run both under and [PREPOSITION] ground. The global subway market was worth 9.3 billion dollars in 2005 and is projected to grow at a rate of 2.7% per year until 2015, according to a 2007 study by the European Railway Industry Assn. Subway lines [TO BUILD] or extended in 20 European cities and five Middle Eastern ones, and dozens of towns are constructing light-‐rail systems, reports the Brussels-‐based International Association of Public Transport. The size of a city determines its need for a metro system. Cities of a few million people ? or those anticipating huge population growth ? really can't do without a mass transit system. But cities of one or two million inhabitants can choose between a subway and a surface tramway, which costs far less but also runs more slowly. [CONJUNCTION] funding is an issue, cities usually will spring for a subway, says Debroise. "The tramway has a very old image of the 19th century, with horses in the streets," he says. (Adapted from http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/dec2007/gb2007125_600001.htm?chan=top+ne ws_top+news+index_global+business) In the text, you've arrived means a) you are environmentally conscious. b) you are setting a world trend. c) you are concerned about your passengers' satisfaction. d) you have reached your destination. e) you have succeeded. 14 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ AL-‐SP -‐ Agente Técnico Legislativo Especializado -‐ Tecnologia da Informação Old Tray, New Tricks: Windows 7's Taskbar and window management tweaks are nice. But its changes to the System Tray -‐ aka the Notification Area -‐ have a huge positive effect. Changes in Windows 7 transform the System Tray from an intrusive eyesore (in Windows Vista) into a useful set of shortcuts and other controls. In the past, no feature of Windows packed more frustration per square inch than the System Tray. It quickly grew dense with applets that users did not want in the first place, and many of the uninvited guests employed word balloons and other intrusive methods to alert users to uninteresting facts at inopportune moments. At their worst, System Tray applets behaved like belligerent squatters, and Windows did little to put users [PARTICLE] in charge. In Windows 7, applets can't pester you unbidden because software installers can't dump them into the System Tray. Instead, applets land in a holding pen that appears only when you click it, a much-‐ improved version of the overflow area used in previous incarnations of the Tray. Applets in the pen can't float word balloons at you unless you permit them to do so. In Windows 7, applets can't pester you unbidden because software installers can't dump them into the System Tray. Instead, applets land in a holding pen that appears only when you click it, a much-‐improved version of the overflow area used in previous incarnations of the Tray. Applets in the pen can't float word balloons at you unless you permit them to do so. It's a cinch to drag them into the System Tray or out of it again, so you enjoy complete control over which applets reside there. More good news: Windows 7 largely dispenses with the onslaught of word-‐balloon warnings from the OS about troubleshooting issues,
- 36. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 36 de 40 potential security problems, and the like. A new area called Action Center -‐ a revamped version of Vista's Security Center -‐ queues up such alerts so you can deal with them at your convenience. Action Center does issue notifications of its own from the System Tray, but you can shut these off if you don't want them pestering you. All of this helps make Windows 7 the least distracting, least intrusive Microsoft OS in a very long time. It's a giant step forward from the days when Windows thought nothing of interrupting your work to inform you that it had detected unused icons on your desktop. (Adapted from http://www.pcworld.com/article/172602/windows_7_review.html) The alternative which correctly replaces [PARTICLE] is a) up. b) back. c) down. d) ahead. e) behind. 15 -‐ Prova: FCC -‐ 2010 -‐ METRÔ-‐SP -‐ Analista Treinee -‐ Psicologia Subways Posted on Friday March 27th, 2009 by Jebediah Reed To give some sense of the pace of public works construction in China, the city of Guangzhou is planning to open 83 miles of new subway lines by the end of next year. Meanwhile, New York ? a city of about the same size ? has been playing around with the 1.7-‐mile Second Avenue line for decades now. China also builds subways rather cheaply ? $100 million per mile versus $ 2.4 billion per mile in the Big Apple. Not surprisingly, projects there are more aggressive in all respects: there are 60 tunnel boring machines operating in Guangzhou, while only one is slated for the Second Avenue project; workers put in five 12-‐hour shifts a week (and if they don't like it, they can go pound glacial till); and seizing property is a breeze. An article in the Business section of today's NY Times (Clash of Subways and Car Culture in Chinese Cities by Keith Bradsher) [VERB] a smart look at the forces at play as China goes on a transit infrastructure spending spree while it simultaneously becomes evermore sprawling and car-‐centric. Here's one interesting passage, [CONJUNCTION] the story is worth reading in its entirety: Western mass transit experts applaud China for investing billions in systems that will put less stress on the environment and on cities. But they warn that other Chinese policies, like allowing real estate developers to build sprawling new suburbs, undermine the benefits of the mass transit boom. Mr. Chan Shao Zhang , a 67-‐year-‐old engineer in charge of the works in Guangzhou, defended Guangzhou's combination of cars and subways, saying that the city built a subway line to a new Toyota assembly plant to help employees and suppliers reach it. Subways have been most competitive in cities like New York that have high prices for parking, and tolls for bridges and tunnels, discouraging car use. Few Chinese cities have been willing to follow suit, other than Shanghai, which charges a fee of several thousand dollars for each license plate. The cost and physical limitations of subways have discouraged most cities from building new ones. For instance, only Tokyo has a subway system that carries more people than its buses. The buses are cheaper and able to serve far more streets but move more slowly, pollute more and contribute to traffic congestion. China has reason to worry. It surpassed the United States in total vehicle sales for
- 37. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 37 de 40 the first time in January, although the United States remained slightly ahead in car sales. But in February, China overtook the United States in both, in part because the global downturn has hurt auto sales much more in the United States than in China. There are many countervaling forces ..X.. China has passed its own stimulus package and the government is eager to put people to work, create economic activity, and build modern infrastructure. The Guangzhou project is part of major national transit buildout. But the nation's cities are also sprawling beasts, and in that sense, more suited to cars than trains. Not shockingly, many Chinese prefer the former. (Adapted from http://www.infrastructurist.com/2009/03/27/-‐ building-‐a-‐subway-‐is-‐96-‐percent-‐ cheaper-‐in-‐china/) The correct word that replaces [VERB] in the text is a) does. b) gives. c) makes. d) turns. e) takes.
- 38. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 38 de 40 17. Gabarito 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B A E E E A C B D D 11 12 13 14 15 B D E B E
- 39. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 39 de 40 18. Curiosidade Há mais de 500 anos atrás não se falava inglês na América do Norte. Os índios americanos tinham seu próprio idioma, assim como os Inuit (Esquimós), os Aleuts no Canadá, os Aborígines na Austrália e os Maoris na Nova Zelândia. Os Ingleses chegaram e estabeleceram suas colônias, depois outros povos vieram com seus costumes, seus idiomas e suas culturas. Os EUA têm a maior mistura de culturas do mundo, "Melting Pot", uma conhecida expressão americana. No início da colonização eram os ingleses, irlandeses, franceses, alemães e escandinavos. Depois vieram os italianos, Judeus, Chineses, Japoneses e Russos. Os motivos que trouxeram os imigrantes à América do Norte foram, difícil condição econômica em seus países de origem, a corrida do ouro e mais tarde, a perseguição religiosa, como é o caso dos Judeus que deixaram a Rússia e outros países entre 1880 e 1910. E os mais recentes cidadãos americanos são os de língua espanhola, vindos do México, outros países da América Central e do Sul. A língua Inglesa atual resulta de uma grande mistura destes e outros povos. Veja, por exemplo de onde vem algumas das palavras abaixo: Exit, Circus, Video -‐ LATIM Psychology, Telephone, Cinema – GREGO Biscuit, Garage, Restaurant – FRANCÊS Piano, Concerto, Spaghetti – ITALIANO Hamburger, Kindergarten – ALEMÃO Guitar, Tango, Banana -‐ ESPANHOL Tomato, Potato, Tabacco -‐ LÍNGUA NATIVA AMERICANA Curry, Bungalow, Pyjamas -‐ INDIANO English as a Second Language A língua Inglesa é falada em mais de 60 países como um segundo idioma, considerado língua oficial ou governamental. Exemplo: Índia, Paquistão, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Malásia, Singapura, Filipinas, Papua Nova Guiné África do Sul, Tanzânia, Uganda, Nigéria, Gana, Serra Leoa, Camarões, Zimbábue, Zâmbia, Quênia Porto Rico e outros Um país como a Nova Zelândia, a língua inglesa é a primeira língua. Na verdade, é a única língua para a maioria das pessoas. Aproximadamente 100.000 Maoris, têm seu próprio idioma, mas todos
- 40. TRT 3 -Língua Inglesa Aula 01 Teoria e Exercícios Professor Leandro Cavalcanti www.tiparaconcursos.net Página 40 de 40 também falam inglês. Bem como a Austrália, Tasmânia, Inglaterra, Irlanda, Canadá, EUA, Jamaica, Trinidad e outros países do Caribe. Diferenças entre os países Hoje a língua inglesa, é quase a mesma em todo o mundo. É possível perceber a nacionalidade de uma pessoa pelo seu sotaque, um australiano, um canadense, um escocês ou um africano, mas as palavras são internacionais. Mas é interessante perceber as diferenças dentro do próprio inglês Britânico. Um Londrino pode entender o que um americano fala, facilmente, mas quase não consegue compreender o dialeto de um pessoa de Newcastle, no norte da Inglaterra. Porém, mesmo falando o mesmo idioma em diferentes países, existem diferenças na escrita entre um país e outro. Às vezes, uma letra a mais ou a menos... Veja algumas delas entre o inglês britânico (em vermelho) versus o inglês americano (em azul): Catalogue – Catalog Programme – Program Litre – Liter Theatre – Theater Colour – Color Neighbour -‐Neighbor Centre – Center Humour -‐ Humor ... e às vezes uma palavra completamente diferente. Veja algumas delas: Flat – Apartment Crisps/ chips -‐ Potato chips / French Fries Cinema -‐ Movie Theater Film – Movie Toilet – Bathroom Holiday – Vacation To phone -‐ To call Petrol – Gas Sweets – Candy Biscuit – Cookie Queue – Line Motorway – Highway Chemist – Drugstore Lorry -‐ Truck