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INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA
AGUDA
         CONCEITOS BÁSICOS
            ETIOPATOGENIA
               DIAGNÓSTICO
                 TRATAMENTO
              Carlos Darcy Alves Bersot TSA.SBA
              MD RESPONSÁVEL PELO CET H.F.LAGOA
 Médico Anestesiologista do Hospital Federal da Lagoa - SUS
 Médico Anestesiologista do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto-UERJ
INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA
 AGUDA
  CONCEITO:
DISTÚRBIO RESPIRATÓRIO CARACTERIZADO
POR REDUÇÃO DA:
CAPTAÇÃO DE  O2 ;
ELIMINAÇÃO DO CO2
OFERTA DE O2 AOS TECIDOS
RISCO DE VIDA
CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
 RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
 Distúrbios:
Vias aéreas
Parênquima Pulmonar
Circulação Pulmonar
Parede Torácica - Caixa
Funções Neuromusculares
CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
   RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
   Distúrbios das Vias Aéreas
 Asma
 Bronquite Crônica/Enfisema- Agudizado
 Obstrução das Vias Aéreas
A nível de:
          Faringe
          Laringe
          Traquéia e Bronquios
CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
  RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
  Disfunção do Parenquima Pulmonar
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Isuficiência Cardíaca Congestiva
Pneumonias
Pneumonite Alérgica
Aspiração
Pós-operatório
CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
  RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
  Disfunção da Parede Torácica

Traumatismo e pneumotórax
Esmagamento ou Fratura da Arcada Costal
- “Flail Chest”
CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
  RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
  Disfunção do Circulação Pulmonar

Embolia Pulmonar Aguda
“Shunts”
CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
   RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
   Disfunções Neuromusculares
Hipnoanalgésicos/Sedativos/BNM
Síndrome de Guillain-Barré
Botulismo
Lesão da Coluna
Miastenia Gravis
Poliomielite
Acidente Vascular Encefálico - AVC
INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA
  AGUDA
  Sinais e Sintomas
Dispnéia
Cianose
Ansiedade/Agitação/Confusão Mental/Delírio
Taquipnéia
Taquicardia
Hipertensão Arterial
Arritmias Cardíacas
Tremor
Dispnéia / Cefaléia
INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA
    AGUDA
    Diagnóstico

Diagnóstico Clínico
 Sinais e Sintomas

Diagnóstico Laboratorial
 Gasometria Arterial e Venosa
INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA
  AGUDA
  Tratamento
SUPORTE RESPIRATÓRIO
Manter a tensão de O2 próximo de
90 mmHg
Ventilação Mecânica- Indicação
Intubação orotraqueal/Traqueostomia
Respiradores
Suporte ao Paciente
Complicações
FISIOPATOLOGIA DA “SARA”
(Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda)_
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda

INTRODUÇÃO :

 SÍNDROME CARACTERIZADA POR:
Hipoxemia Resistente a Oxigenoterapia
Padrão Radiográfico de Infiltrado difuso
Ausência de Evidencia Clínica ou Radiológica de
Insuficiência Cardíaca
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda

                                ONSET            ARTERIAL    CHEST                                   LEFT ATRIAL
                                               OXYGENATION RADIOGRAPH                                 PRESSURE

             ACUTE                Acute        PaO2/FiO2≤ 300                  Bilateral           PWP≤ 18 mmHg or
              LUNG                             mmHg with or                  pulmonary            absence of left heart
             INJURY                            without positive               infiltrates               failure
                                               end expiratory
                                               pressure (PEEP)


              ARDS                Acute        PaO2/FiO2≤ 200                 Bilateral          PWP≤ 18 mmHg or no
                                               mmHg ± PEEP                   pulmonary           evidence of left heart
                                                                             infilitrates               failure

American–European Consensus Conference definitions of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome .Mmodified with permission

from Canonico and Brigham
CAUSAS DE SARA

Lesão Direta do Pulmão            Lesão Indireta do Pulmão
Pneumonias                        Causas comuns -Sepsis
 Aspiração de conteúdo Gástrico
                                  Trauma Severo Não Pulmonar
Contusão Pulmonar
Embolias - Gordurosa              Choque
Afogamentos                       Transfusões Sangüíneas.
Inalação de Fumaça                Bypass em Cirurgia Cardíaca
Edema de Reperfusão
                                  Intoxicações por Drogas
Após Transplantes
                                  Pancreatite Aguda
                                  Transfusões de Hemoderivados
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda



Unidade Alvéolo-Capilar
Uma Barreira ?
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda




         Barreira Aveolo-Epitelial
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
   Adhesion Molecules on the Alveolar capillary membrane.
   ICAM   Selectinas      Caderinas       Ocludinas
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda




Micrograph of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion elicited lung inflammation stained for ICAM-1 (blue),
neutrophils (pink) and fluorosceinlabed albumin to delinate the vascular space (green). Systemic
inflammation induces marked lung leukocyte retention, neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction and
fluid and protein extravasation. Image courtesy of D. Carden, V. Specian and R. Specian.
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda

OS NEUTRÓFILOS NA SARA               OS MACRÓFAGOS
                                        ALVEOLARES
Neutrófilos de Retenção              Constitui cerca de 90%
Pequenos Procedimentos Cirúrgicos    Células Residentes no Pulmão
                                        Lesado
“ Influencia do Complemento”
                                     Citocinas
                                     IL-1 & TNF
Neutrófilos de Injúria
Oxidantes - Radicais Livres de O2
Proteases - Elastases; Colagenases
Proteínas Catiônicas
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda



                Clinical Lung Injury



Alveolar Epithelial                    Epithelial
     Damage                             Damage
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda

        Alveolar Epithelial
             Damage


        Type II Pneumocyte
              Damage
                               Acute Respiratory
                                    Failure
            Decreased
       Surfactant Production

                               Right to Left Shunt
          Atelectasis and      Hyaline Membrane
          Impaired Lung          Formation, and
           Compliance            Finaly Fibrosis
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda


Tratamento
SUPORTE RESPIRATÓRIO
Manter a tensão de O2 < 90 mmHg
Ventilação Mecânica
Respiradores
Suporte ao Paciente
Complicações
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
       Endothelial
        damage                                             Acute respiratory
                                                                failure


    Platelet agregation


                                                           Right to left shunt
                                                           hyaline membrane
    Neurotrophil aggregation and                             formation, and
       release of mediators:                                  finaly fibrosis
Oxygen radicals, proteolytic enzimes,
arachdonic acid metabolites and PAF


                                                         Pulmoray edema and
                                                        hemorrage with severe
                                                        impairment of alveolar
     Alveolocapillry
                                                              ventilation
  membrane permeability


                          Exudation of fluid, protein
                           RBCs, into intersticium
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
    Endothelial
     damage                                                Endotoxin


   Complement C5a                Release of                Macrophage
      activation             cytokines (TNF, IL-1)         mobilization



    Neurotrophil aggregation and
       release of mediators:                         Acute respiratory
Oxygen radicals, proteolytic enzimes,                     failure
arachdonic acid metabolites and PAF




      Vasoconstriction                               V/Q mismatching



                          Decreased flow to
                           selected areas
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda




The Normal Alveolus (Left-
Hand Side) and the Injured
Alveolus in the Acute Phase of
Acute Lung Injury and the
Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (Right-Hand Side).
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda



Mechanisms Important in the
Resolution of Acute Lung Injury
and the Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome.
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda




Findings on Light Microscopy during the Acute Phase (Panel A D) and
the Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase (Panels B and C) of Acute Lung Injury and
the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda




Findings on Electron Microscopy during the Acute Phase and the
Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase of Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory
Distress Syndrome.
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda




Radiographic Findings in the Acute, or Exudative, Phase (Panels A and B)
and the Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase (Panel B) of Acute Lung Injury and the
ARDS.
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda




Computed Tomographic (CT) Findings in the Acute, or
Exudative, Phase (Panels A and B) and the Fibrosing-Alveolitis
Phase (Panel B) of Acute Lung Injury and the ARDS.
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda




           A                                  B
                   Severe acute lung injury induced by gemcitabine.
 A. Erect radiograph showing multiple small ill-defined opacities. B. AP supine
radiograph 4 days after gemcitabine administration showing perihilar ground glass
interstitial pattern graduating to na alveolar pattern in the more peripheral lung. The
changes in cardiac and mediastinal contour are mainly due to position and projection.
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda

         HISTORY OF ALTERNATIVE VENTILATORY STRATEGIES FOR ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND
                      THE ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME.

VENTILATORY STRATEGY YEAR           TYPE OF     NO.
                                    STUDY       PATIENTS    FINDINGS                           STUDY

High levels of positive    1975 Observational 28           High incidence                    Kirby et al.
end-expiratory pressure                                    of pneumothorax

Prophylactic positive      1984   Phase 3 single 92        No benefit in patients           Pepe et al.
end expiratory pressure            center trial            at risk for the ARDS


Prone positioning during   2000 Observationa    39         Inconclusive,                    Nakos et al.
ventilation                                                needs further study

Low tidal volumes          2000   Phase 3       861        Decreased mortality               Acute espiratory
                                                            by 22 percent                  Distress Syndrome
                                                           (as compared with traditional     Network
                                                           tidal volumes
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda

   RESULTS OF CLINICAL TRIALS OF PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT FOR ACUTE LUNG INJURY
                   AND THE ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

VENTILATORY STRATEGY YEAR         TYPE OF   NO.
                                  STUDY     PATIENTS    FINDINGS                    STUDY

Glucocorticoids (during    1987   Phase 3   87          No benefit                Bernard et
the acute phase)


Glucocorticoids during the
fibrosing-alveolitis phase 1998   Phase 3   24         Decreased mortality, but   Meduri et al.
                                                       study was small

Inhaled nitric oxide      1999    Phase 3   203        No benefit                 Payen et al.


Ketoconazole              2000    Phase 2   234        No benefit                 NIH Acute
                                                                                  Respiratory
                                                                                  Distress
                                                                                  Syndrome
                                                                                  Network

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Acute respiratory distress syndrome

  • 1. INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA CONCEITOS BÁSICOS ETIOPATOGENIA DIAGNÓSTICO TRATAMENTO Carlos Darcy Alves Bersot TSA.SBA MD RESPONSÁVEL PELO CET H.F.LAGOA Médico Anestesiologista do Hospital Federal da Lagoa - SUS Médico Anestesiologista do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto-UERJ
  • 2. INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA CONCEITO: DISTÚRBIO RESPIRATÓRIO CARACTERIZADO POR REDUÇÃO DA: CAPTAÇÃO DE O2 ; ELIMINAÇÃO DO CO2 OFERTA DE O2 AOS TECIDOS RISCO DE VIDA
  • 3. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA Distúrbios: Vias aéreas Parênquima Pulmonar Circulação Pulmonar Parede Torácica - Caixa Funções Neuromusculares
  • 4. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA Distúrbios das Vias Aéreas Asma Bronquite Crônica/Enfisema- Agudizado Obstrução das Vias Aéreas A nível de: Faringe Laringe Traquéia e Bronquios
  • 5. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA Disfunção do Parenquima Pulmonar Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Isuficiência Cardíaca Congestiva Pneumonias Pneumonite Alérgica Aspiração Pós-operatório
  • 6. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA Disfunção da Parede Torácica Traumatismo e pneumotórax Esmagamento ou Fratura da Arcada Costal - “Flail Chest”
  • 7. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA Disfunção do Circulação Pulmonar Embolia Pulmonar Aguda “Shunts”
  • 8. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA Disfunções Neuromusculares Hipnoanalgésicos/Sedativos/BNM Síndrome de Guillain-Barré Botulismo Lesão da Coluna Miastenia Gravis Poliomielite Acidente Vascular Encefálico - AVC
  • 9. INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA Sinais e Sintomas Dispnéia Cianose Ansiedade/Agitação/Confusão Mental/Delírio Taquipnéia Taquicardia Hipertensão Arterial Arritmias Cardíacas Tremor Dispnéia / Cefaléia
  • 10. INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA Diagnóstico Diagnóstico Clínico Sinais e Sintomas Diagnóstico Laboratorial Gasometria Arterial e Venosa
  • 11. INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA Tratamento SUPORTE RESPIRATÓRIO Manter a tensão de O2 próximo de 90 mmHg Ventilação Mecânica- Indicação Intubação orotraqueal/Traqueostomia Respiradores Suporte ao Paciente Complicações
  • 12. FISIOPATOLOGIA DA “SARA” (Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda)_
  • 13. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda INTRODUÇÃO : SÍNDROME CARACTERIZADA POR: Hipoxemia Resistente a Oxigenoterapia Padrão Radiográfico de Infiltrado difuso Ausência de Evidencia Clínica ou Radiológica de Insuficiência Cardíaca
  • 14. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda ONSET ARTERIAL CHEST LEFT ATRIAL OXYGENATION RADIOGRAPH PRESSURE ACUTE Acute PaO2/FiO2≤ 300 Bilateral PWP≤ 18 mmHg or LUNG mmHg with or pulmonary absence of left heart INJURY without positive infiltrates failure end expiratory pressure (PEEP) ARDS Acute PaO2/FiO2≤ 200 Bilateral PWP≤ 18 mmHg or no mmHg ± PEEP pulmonary evidence of left heart infilitrates failure American–European Consensus Conference definitions of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome .Mmodified with permission from Canonico and Brigham
  • 15. CAUSAS DE SARA Lesão Direta do Pulmão Lesão Indireta do Pulmão Pneumonias Causas comuns -Sepsis Aspiração de conteúdo Gástrico Trauma Severo Não Pulmonar Contusão Pulmonar Embolias - Gordurosa Choque Afogamentos Transfusões Sangüíneas. Inalação de Fumaça Bypass em Cirurgia Cardíaca Edema de Reperfusão Intoxicações por Drogas Após Transplantes Pancreatite Aguda Transfusões de Hemoderivados
  • 16. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Unidade Alvéolo-Capilar Uma Barreira ?
  • 17. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Barreira Aveolo-Epitelial
  • 18. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Adhesion Molecules on the Alveolar capillary membrane. ICAM Selectinas Caderinas Ocludinas
  • 19. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Micrograph of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion elicited lung inflammation stained for ICAM-1 (blue), neutrophils (pink) and fluorosceinlabed albumin to delinate the vascular space (green). Systemic inflammation induces marked lung leukocyte retention, neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction and fluid and protein extravasation. Image courtesy of D. Carden, V. Specian and R. Specian.
  • 20. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda OS NEUTRÓFILOS NA SARA OS MACRÓFAGOS ALVEOLARES Neutrófilos de Retenção Constitui cerca de 90% Pequenos Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Células Residentes no Pulmão Lesado “ Influencia do Complemento” Citocinas IL-1 & TNF Neutrófilos de Injúria Oxidantes - Radicais Livres de O2 Proteases - Elastases; Colagenases Proteínas Catiônicas
  • 21. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Clinical Lung Injury Alveolar Epithelial Epithelial Damage Damage
  • 22. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Alveolar Epithelial Damage Type II Pneumocyte Damage Acute Respiratory Failure Decreased Surfactant Production Right to Left Shunt Atelectasis and Hyaline Membrane Impaired Lung Formation, and Compliance Finaly Fibrosis
  • 23. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Tratamento SUPORTE RESPIRATÓRIO Manter a tensão de O2 < 90 mmHg Ventilação Mecânica Respiradores Suporte ao Paciente Complicações
  • 24. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Endothelial damage Acute respiratory failure Platelet agregation Right to left shunt hyaline membrane Neurotrophil aggregation and formation, and release of mediators: finaly fibrosis Oxygen radicals, proteolytic enzimes, arachdonic acid metabolites and PAF Pulmoray edema and hemorrage with severe impairment of alveolar Alveolocapillry ventilation membrane permeability Exudation of fluid, protein RBCs, into intersticium
  • 25. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Endothelial damage Endotoxin Complement C5a Release of Macrophage activation cytokines (TNF, IL-1) mobilization Neurotrophil aggregation and release of mediators: Acute respiratory Oxygen radicals, proteolytic enzimes, failure arachdonic acid metabolites and PAF Vasoconstriction V/Q mismatching Decreased flow to selected areas
  • 26. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda The Normal Alveolus (Left- Hand Side) and the Injured Alveolus in the Acute Phase of Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Right-Hand Side).
  • 27. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Mechanisms Important in the Resolution of Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
  • 28. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Findings on Light Microscopy during the Acute Phase (Panel A D) and the Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase (Panels B and C) of Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
  • 29. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Findings on Electron Microscopy during the Acute Phase and the Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase of Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
  • 30. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Radiographic Findings in the Acute, or Exudative, Phase (Panels A and B) and the Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase (Panel B) of Acute Lung Injury and the ARDS.
  • 31. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda Computed Tomographic (CT) Findings in the Acute, or Exudative, Phase (Panels A and B) and the Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase (Panel B) of Acute Lung Injury and the ARDS.
  • 32. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda A B Severe acute lung injury induced by gemcitabine. A. Erect radiograph showing multiple small ill-defined opacities. B. AP supine radiograph 4 days after gemcitabine administration showing perihilar ground glass interstitial pattern graduating to na alveolar pattern in the more peripheral lung. The changes in cardiac and mediastinal contour are mainly due to position and projection.
  • 33. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda HISTORY OF ALTERNATIVE VENTILATORY STRATEGIES FOR ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND THE ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME. VENTILATORY STRATEGY YEAR TYPE OF NO. STUDY PATIENTS FINDINGS STUDY High levels of positive 1975 Observational 28 High incidence Kirby et al. end-expiratory pressure of pneumothorax Prophylactic positive 1984 Phase 3 single 92 No benefit in patients Pepe et al. end expiratory pressure center trial at risk for the ARDS Prone positioning during 2000 Observationa 39 Inconclusive, Nakos et al. ventilation needs further study Low tidal volumes 2000 Phase 3 861 Decreased mortality Acute espiratory by 22 percent Distress Syndrome (as compared with traditional Network tidal volumes
  • 34. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda RESULTS OF CLINICAL TRIALS OF PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT FOR ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND THE ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME VENTILATORY STRATEGY YEAR TYPE OF NO. STUDY PATIENTS FINDINGS STUDY Glucocorticoids (during 1987 Phase 3 87 No benefit Bernard et the acute phase) Glucocorticoids during the fibrosing-alveolitis phase 1998 Phase 3 24 Decreased mortality, but Meduri et al. study was small Inhaled nitric oxide 1999 Phase 3 203 No benefit Payen et al. Ketoconazole 2000 Phase 2 234 No benefit NIH Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network