The document discusses acute respiratory failure and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It defines ARDS and lists its causes such as pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, and fat embolism. It describes the pathophysiology of ARDS including damage to the alveolar-capillary membrane and pulmonary edema. Treatment involves supportive care with mechanical ventilation and maintaining oxygen levels while allowing the lungs to heal.
1. INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA
AGUDA
CONCEITOS BÁSICOS
ETIOPATOGENIA
DIAGNÓSTICO
TRATAMENTO
Carlos Darcy Alves Bersot TSA.SBA
MD RESPONSÁVEL PELO CET H.F.LAGOA
Médico Anestesiologista do Hospital Federal da Lagoa - SUS
Médico Anestesiologista do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto-UERJ
2. INSUFICIÊNCIA RESPIRATÓRIA
AGUDA
CONCEITO:
DISTÚRBIO RESPIRATÓRIO CARACTERIZADO
POR REDUÇÃO DA:
CAPTAÇÃO DE O2 ;
ELIMINAÇÃO DO CO2
OFERTA DE O2 AOS TECIDOS
RISCO DE VIDA
4. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
Distúrbios das Vias Aéreas
Asma
Bronquite Crônica/Enfisema- Agudizado
Obstrução das Vias Aéreas
A nível de:
Faringe
Laringe
Traquéia e Bronquios
5. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
Disfunção do Parenquima Pulmonar
Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Isuficiência Cardíaca Congestiva
Pneumonias
Pneumonite Alérgica
Aspiração
Pós-operatório
6. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
Disfunção da Parede Torácica
Traumatismo e pneumotórax
Esmagamento ou Fratura da Arcada Costal
- “Flail Chest”
7. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
Disfunção do Circulação Pulmonar
Embolia Pulmonar Aguda
“Shunts”
8. CAUSAS DE INSUFICIÊNCIA
RESPIRATÓRIA AGUDA
Disfunções Neuromusculares
Hipnoanalgésicos/Sedativos/BNM
Síndrome de Guillain-Barré
Botulismo
Lesão da Coluna
Miastenia Gravis
Poliomielite
Acidente Vascular Encefálico - AVC
13. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
INTRODUÇÃO :
SÍNDROME CARACTERIZADA POR:
Hipoxemia Resistente a Oxigenoterapia
Padrão Radiográfico de Infiltrado difuso
Ausência de Evidencia Clínica ou Radiológica de
Insuficiência Cardíaca
14. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
ONSET ARTERIAL CHEST LEFT ATRIAL
OXYGENATION RADIOGRAPH PRESSURE
ACUTE Acute PaO2/FiO2≤ 300 Bilateral PWP≤ 18 mmHg or
LUNG mmHg with or pulmonary absence of left heart
INJURY without positive infiltrates failure
end expiratory
pressure (PEEP)
ARDS Acute PaO2/FiO2≤ 200 Bilateral PWP≤ 18 mmHg or no
mmHg ± PEEP pulmonary evidence of left heart
infilitrates failure
American–European Consensus Conference definitions of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome .Mmodified with permission
from Canonico and Brigham
15. CAUSAS DE SARA
Lesão Direta do Pulmão Lesão Indireta do Pulmão
Pneumonias Causas comuns -Sepsis
Aspiração de conteúdo Gástrico
Trauma Severo Não Pulmonar
Contusão Pulmonar
Embolias - Gordurosa Choque
Afogamentos Transfusões Sangüíneas.
Inalação de Fumaça Bypass em Cirurgia Cardíaca
Edema de Reperfusão
Intoxicações por Drogas
Após Transplantes
Pancreatite Aguda
Transfusões de Hemoderivados
18. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Adhesion Molecules on the Alveolar capillary membrane.
ICAM Selectinas Caderinas Ocludinas
19. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Micrograph of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion elicited lung inflammation stained for ICAM-1 (blue),
neutrophils (pink) and fluorosceinlabed albumin to delinate the vascular space (green). Systemic
inflammation induces marked lung leukocyte retention, neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction and
fluid and protein extravasation. Image courtesy of D. Carden, V. Specian and R. Specian.
20. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
OS NEUTRÓFILOS NA SARA OS MACRÓFAGOS
ALVEOLARES
Neutrófilos de Retenção Constitui cerca de 90%
Pequenos Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Células Residentes no Pulmão
Lesado
“ Influencia do Complemento”
Citocinas
IL-1 & TNF
Neutrófilos de Injúria
Oxidantes - Radicais Livres de O2
Proteases - Elastases; Colagenases
Proteínas Catiônicas
22. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Alveolar Epithelial
Damage
Type II Pneumocyte
Damage
Acute Respiratory
Failure
Decreased
Surfactant Production
Right to Left Shunt
Atelectasis and Hyaline Membrane
Impaired Lung Formation, and
Compliance Finaly Fibrosis
23. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Tratamento
SUPORTE RESPIRATÓRIO
Manter a tensão de O2 < 90 mmHg
Ventilação Mecânica
Respiradores
Suporte ao Paciente
Complicações
24. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Endothelial
damage Acute respiratory
failure
Platelet agregation
Right to left shunt
hyaline membrane
Neurotrophil aggregation and formation, and
release of mediators: finaly fibrosis
Oxygen radicals, proteolytic enzimes,
arachdonic acid metabolites and PAF
Pulmoray edema and
hemorrage with severe
impairment of alveolar
Alveolocapillry
ventilation
membrane permeability
Exudation of fluid, protein
RBCs, into intersticium
25. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Endothelial
damage Endotoxin
Complement C5a Release of Macrophage
activation cytokines (TNF, IL-1) mobilization
Neurotrophil aggregation and
release of mediators: Acute respiratory
Oxygen radicals, proteolytic enzimes, failure
arachdonic acid metabolites and PAF
Vasoconstriction V/Q mismatching
Decreased flow to
selected areas
26. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
The Normal Alveolus (Left-
Hand Side) and the Injured
Alveolus in the Acute Phase of
Acute Lung Injury and the
Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome (Right-Hand Side).
27. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Mechanisms Important in the
Resolution of Acute Lung Injury
and the Acute Respiratory Distress
Syndrome.
28. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Findings on Light Microscopy during the Acute Phase (Panel A D) and
the Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase (Panels B and C) of Acute Lung Injury and
the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
29. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Findings on Electron Microscopy during the Acute Phase and the
Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase of Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory
Distress Syndrome.
30. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Radiographic Findings in the Acute, or Exudative, Phase (Panels A and B)
and the Fibrosing-Alveolitis Phase (Panel B) of Acute Lung Injury and the
ARDS.
31. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
Computed Tomographic (CT) Findings in the Acute, or
Exudative, Phase (Panels A and B) and the Fibrosing-Alveolitis
Phase (Panel B) of Acute Lung Injury and the ARDS.
32. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
A B
Severe acute lung injury induced by gemcitabine.
A. Erect radiograph showing multiple small ill-defined opacities. B. AP supine
radiograph 4 days after gemcitabine administration showing perihilar ground glass
interstitial pattern graduating to na alveolar pattern in the more peripheral lung. The
changes in cardiac and mediastinal contour are mainly due to position and projection.
33. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
HISTORY OF ALTERNATIVE VENTILATORY STRATEGIES FOR ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND
THE ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME.
VENTILATORY STRATEGY YEAR TYPE OF NO.
STUDY PATIENTS FINDINGS STUDY
High levels of positive 1975 Observational 28 High incidence Kirby et al.
end-expiratory pressure of pneumothorax
Prophylactic positive 1984 Phase 3 single 92 No benefit in patients Pepe et al.
end expiratory pressure center trial at risk for the ARDS
Prone positioning during 2000 Observationa 39 Inconclusive, Nakos et al.
ventilation needs further study
Low tidal volumes 2000 Phase 3 861 Decreased mortality Acute espiratory
by 22 percent Distress Syndrome
(as compared with traditional Network
tidal volumes
34. Síndrome de Angustia Respiratória Aguda
RESULTS OF CLINICAL TRIALS OF PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT FOR ACUTE LUNG INJURY
AND THE ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
VENTILATORY STRATEGY YEAR TYPE OF NO.
STUDY PATIENTS FINDINGS STUDY
Glucocorticoids (during 1987 Phase 3 87 No benefit Bernard et
the acute phase)
Glucocorticoids during the
fibrosing-alveolitis phase 1998 Phase 3 24 Decreased mortality, but Meduri et al.
study was small
Inhaled nitric oxide 1999 Phase 3 203 No benefit Payen et al.
Ketoconazole 2000 Phase 2 234 No benefit NIH Acute
Respiratory
Distress
Syndrome
Network