O documento discute a aplicação de herbicidas em propriedades agrícolas para controlar ervas daninhas. A aplicação é realizada pelo Departamento de Meio Ambiente sob certificação de especialistas e ocorre tipicamente entre maio, julho e setembro.
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not have the opportunity to aid in reducing a pest’s population size if it is ecologically insignificant or not present
due to pesticide use when the pest species arrives. Similarly, herbicides generally kill groups of plants without prej-
udice. Some of these plants may be required for beneficial insect life. Thus, herbicides may have a similar effect as
insecticides on an ecosystem by disallowing beneficial insect presence.
Most lawn herbicides specialize in broad-leafed plants (dicots), leaving grass species (monocots) to dom-
inate in a mock-prairie setting. Both brands of herbicide used on Binghamton University campus grounds are
dicot specialists.67. 37
Dicots such as tree seedlings, dandelions, and clover are eradicated from the sprayed areas.
“Speed Zone will control or suppress the following broadleaf weeds and will control or suppress other broadleaf
weeds that are susceptible to 2,4-D”.68
The MSDS then names over 115 different broadleaf weeds that 2,4-D will
supposedly eradicate from a lawn, promoting the competitive advantage of the desired grass. This generally creates
a lawn devoid of diversity in plant life, an ecological transgression. A pest or invasive species that has the potential
to outcompete the post-herbicidal lawn species may succeed due to low diversity, lacking natural barriers to pests.
Put another way, lawn diversity harbors stability in a complex natural system. Intergrowth of different
plants allows the lawn as a whole to remain unthreatened by a specific pest or competitor because of the low proba-
bility of said species having a competitive advantage over all native species, or the low probability that every native
species will be susceptible to the same disease or pest. Additionally, root growth to different sections of soil by
different species is an example of resource partitioning. Diversity in a densely crowded substratum will also ensure
soil retention if one species were to fail. After that stability in diversity is lost, more and more pesticide must be
used to combat aggressive or adaptive pests. In short, pesticides tend to create a system in which pests will thrive.
Pesticides generally become less useful as time elapses due to the adaptability of pests. This causes concern
economically for the consumer when he or she must buy more to attain the same result, and for the ecologist when
super-pests are created. Adaptation has been proven in many different facets of plant and insect genetics testing,
and is even the basis for which large agrochemical company Monsanto creates crops resistance to their pesticide
Roundup. The glyphosate-resistant genetic sequence exploited to create “Round-up-Ready” seed products was
discovered and isolated from an agrobacterium, or bacterium that is capable of taking genetic sequences from
plants. The agrobacterium that became glyphosate resistant serves as an indicator of pesticide resistance evolving
in target plants. By this action, Monsanto acknowledges the legitimacy of pesticide resistance while leaving the
pesticide product on the market. Instead of solving pest issues, chemical companies such as Monsanto purpose-
fully instigate the problem by requiring the land manager to be reliant on their product. This creates profit in the
face of environmental devastation through the dismantling of ecosystem services.
Synthetic fertilizer and pesticide use causes harm to the ecological function of a natural area, reducing
plant and soil capacity to ward off disease and creating unfavorable conditions for healthy turf growth. Ecosystem
degradation becomes more probable when considering chemical mobility in soil or surface runoff. Contamina-
tion in ground or surface waters by non-point sources such as agricultural fields and lawns has put a large ecolog-
ical strain on natural areas far removed from any such source. The chemicals act on non-target soils and plants in
this way. This is an economic concern and an environmental concern. Not only are expensive chemicals wasted
by this process, but their effect on downstream landscapes is likely detrimental, just as it was upstream. When
chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used in conjunction, effects on local and regional ecosystems may change
drastically as natural cycles and intricate webs of environmental connection are dismantled.
Overall, use of chemicals without consideration to long term effects on the environment has caused prob-
lems and will cause more if the chemical industry is left unchecked. The lack of specificity in chemicals and their
ability to be mobile in soils and rivers unfairly poses environmental health risks. ¾
· ¿ ¹ À Á ¹ Â ² º Ã Ä ¿ ° º ¶ ° Å À ¿ Ä ¶ ° ¸ ² ¹ Æ
º ° Ä Æ Ã ° Å ² º ° Ç Ç ¸ Á ¶ ° À Á ¿ ¹ Å ¿ È Å É ¹ À Ê ² À Á ¶ Ê ² Ä Ã Á ¶ Á º ² Å ¿ Ä Â Å ² ¿ È ¶ Ê ² Ë Á ¶ ° ¸ Å À ¿ À ° Ä ± ² À Ç ° À ¶ Ê ² Å ¿ È Ì ² ² º Å ¿ È À ² ¹ Í Á ¸ ¸ Å À Ê ² Ã ² ¹ ² Æ
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¶ Á ° ¸ ¿ Ä ± ° ¹ Á Å Ë Å Ï Å Â ¶ Ê ° Å ² ° Ä À Ê Ì ¿ Ä Ë Å » ¿ Ä È Â ¹ ± Á À Ê ° À ° À À ° ¶ Í º Á Å ² ° Å ² È Â ¹ ± Á » ¿ Ä Ã Á Ä º Å À Ê ° À È ² ² º ¿ ¹ Ê ° Ä Ë È Â ¸ Á ¹ Å ² ¶ À Å Ð ° ¹ º
¶ ¿ ¹ À Ä Á Ã Â À ² Å À ¿ Å ¿ Á ¸ ¶ ¿ Ë Ç ° ¶ À Á ¿ ¹ » ° ¶ Á º Á À É » À Ê ° À ¶ Ê Ã Â Á ¸ º Æ Â Ç » º Á Å ² ° Å ² Å Â Å ¶ ² Ç À Á Ã Á ¸ Á À É » ° ¹ º ² Ñ À Ä ² Ë ² ¹ Â À Ä Á ² ¹ À Å Ì Á ¹ ± Å À Ê ° À
È ° Ò ¿ Ä Ì ² ² º Å ° ¹ º º Á Å ² ° Å ² Å ¿ Ò ² Ä Ê ² ° ¸ À Ê É À Â Ä È ± Ä ° Å Å Ó ½ Ô Õ
Further research and legislation should be observed before
chemicals are allowed on the market to ensure that chemicals with the above tendencies are not sold.
D E FG H I
P Q R S G S S E T U V W X
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i f t e j f h q f i c g j l f k r { k e i f g i h j k c e f h m e w c e h g h i j g m e h h m o g m c h f e i p f f k f i m h j h i f e g e g h i k c g l f g g m f i f c h e h t e c g e
m o f h i e f k p h m o f i c h e e f t f c g j l f k f k o g q f g i h l m f i h h h t c h h q f h m e h h g e j g h g t f j f h m l i g c m e c f k m o g m l o n k e c g e g g c e e e m e f k
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“What is the significance of a round sign emblazoned with a ladybug and the words ‘pesticide-free zone’?
At Evergreen State College in Olympia, WA, it is an institutional commitment to maintaining grounds without
pesticides that dates back to the college’s founding”.1
Phillip Dickey of Washington Toxics Coalition leads a cam-
paign to educate people about pesticide free lawns, using signage as a means of engaging interested passers-by in
Evergreen’s ground maintenance procedures and their purpose. Evergreen uses a boom sprayer to spread com-
post tea, building soil microbe populations. They have also proactively hand-pulled weeds for such time that the
ground looks similar to a conventional lawn, yet behaves differently, harboring the stability of ecologically diverse
soil and plants.1
Seattle University is perhaps at the forefront of the pesticide-free movement. Ciscoe Morris, who was pre-
viously employed by Seattle grounds department, brought an end to pesticide use there in the 1980s. The following
development of organic land stewardship principles has set an example for colleges across the nation and resulted
in Seattle University winning several awards in sustainability. Most notably, the campus was officially designated
as Wildlife Habitat by the National Fish and Wildlife Services in 2007. The grounds website advertises awards,
accomplishments, and current projects on guided tours, demonstrating Seattle pride in working within the bounds
of soil health.28, 29
x h m o
v
f g m m e f g h i | q f i t i f f h o g q f k f c c f f i f i e h m o f e i f h i f g q h i h g f k m g p e e k o e h t g i g i e c g e k m f s g i i k o e l l i h t
t i g j p k f i q e h t g k p f g c h h k m h h m o f i e h m f i f k m f i e h k m e m f m e h h k r
Tufts University is currently conducting a two acre
trial of organic land management. A rain garden planted with native species captures and slowly percolates water
through the soil. The lawn areas receive proactive instead of reactive maintenance. The purpose of this project is
to “understand and work successfully with all the elements of the [soil] ecosystem”.84
Cascadia Community Col-
lege (CCC) in Washington State included environmental stewardship as an ideal in the mission statement at its
inception in 2000. A system of water retention ponds captures runoff and stores it in campus restored wetlands.
The landscape is chemical free, with all amendments and additions being 100% organic. Goats have even been
used in place of bush hogs to remove non-native blackberry bushes.13
Allegheny University has instituted a one
acre wildflower field, “demonstrating the numerous environmental and aesthetic benefits of using native species
in commercial landscaping”.7
Adelphi University has eliminated all pesticides, using only natural techniques to
steward the land. They have committed to building the soil health of Adelphi campus by enriching the microbial
life. Additionally, watering was reduced to twice a week, forcing the turf to grow a more elaborate root structure
to gain access to infrequent flooding of soil pore spaces.70
Colorado University (CU) Boulder created a three phase plan to wean the campus off pesticides begin-
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