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Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento



Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
  Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
      Universidade de Coimbra



                              Luis Adriano Oliveira
2
             Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento

Forças de Inércia:

                                    (               )
           ∝ ρL3LT −2 = ρL2 V 2         V ∝ LT −1

Forças de Viscosidade:
                             V2
                          2
                     ∝ τL ∝ µ L = µVL
                             L
Número de Reynolds:

                       Ine′rcia          ρVL
                                  ∝ Re =
                                          µ
                     Vis cosidade

Re baixo: Regime Laminar          Re elevado: Regime Turbulento
3
               Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento



                (I)             (II)          (III)


(I) : Laminar (pequenas perturbações rapidamente amortecidas (Re<103)

(II) : Transição (regime intermitente)    Re crítico (103<Re<104)

(III) : Turbulência desenvolvida (Re > 104)


Flutuações (natureza “aleatória”). Tipicamente, em túnel aerodinâmico:

                                         0.1 mm < λ < 4 m
         1 Hz < f < 104 Hz
4
     Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento

             Decomposição de Reynolds                φ ≡ u, v, w, T, p,...
                                         1 t +∆t
                                       φ= ∫
                   φ = φ + φ'                    φdt
                                         ∆t t


                                                     ∂f ∂ f
f ' = 0, f = f , f + g = f + g, fg = f .g + f ′g′,     =
                                                     ∂s ∂s

 ( Continuidade com decomp. de Re ynolds ) :
                                ∂u ′ ∂v′ ∂w ′
    ∂u ∂v ∂w
      +  +   =0                     +   +     =0
    ∂x ∂y ∂z                    ∂x ∂y ∂z

Campo médio e flutuações satisfazem continuidade
5
                  Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento
Ana log amente :
( Navier − Stokes com decomp. de Re ynolds )          Equaçoes de Re ynolds :

                                                   ∂ u ′2 ∂ u ′v′ ∂ u ′w ′ 
   ∂u              ∂u 
        ∂u    ∂u          ∂p
                 + w  = − + ρg x + µ∇ 2 u    − ρ                          
 ρ + u    +v                                             +        +
                                                   ∂x                 ∂z 
   ∂t  ∂x    ∂y    ∂z   ∂x                                  ∂y
                                                                           
                                                  ∂ v′u ′ ∂ v′2 ∂ v′w ′ 
   ∂v               ∂v 
          ∂v    ∂v           ∂p
             + v + w  = − + ρg y + µ∇ 2 v    − ρ                          
 ρ + u                                                    +      +
                                                  ∂x                  ∂z 
   ∂t    ∂x    ∂y   ∂z     ∂y                               ∂y
                                                                           
                                                   ∂ w ′u ' ∂ w ′v′ ∂ w ′2 
   ∂w                 ∂w 
          ∂w     ∂w            ∂p          2                                 
 ρ    +u     +v    +w     = − + ρg z + µ∇ w − ρ          +        +
                                                                        ∂z 
   ∂t     ∂x    ∂y    ∂z     ∂z                     ∂x       ∂y
                                                                             


−ρu′2 , − ρu′v′, − ρu ′w ′, ...   6 incógnitas adicionais (probl. de fecho)

                            “Tensões” de Reynolds
6
              Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento

Modelos de Turbulência: relacionam tensões de Reynolds com campo médio


Porquê “Tensões” ?

     −ρu ′2  =  −ρu ′v′ =  −ρu ′w ′ = ... = [ τ] = quant. de movim.
                                    
                                                          a ′rea . tempo
            

                    Nova forma de troca de quantidade de movimento



                                     −ρu′v′ sempre positivo
7
                         Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento

                    Camada limite (conceito a desenvolver mais tarde) :

                                                  ∂  ∂u        
                                       ∂p
                                 Du
                                          + ρg x +  µ − ρu ′v′ 
                             ρ      ≅−
                                       ∂x         ∂y  ∂y
                                 Dt                             

                                                      ∂u                                        ∂u
                                                              ′v′ = τlam + τ turb ≅ ( µ + µ t )
            um “novo” τ : τ = µ                          − ρu
                                                      ∂y                                        ∂y
y                                   y
                                                                                           velocidade
                                             V∞ (x)
                y = δ(x)
                                                                                            de atrito
                                                                               yu τ
                                                         Camada exterior            > 70
                τ (x, y)                                                        ν
                                                           turbulenta
                                            u(x, y)                            yu                  τ0
                                                                            5 < τ < 70
           τ turb                                                                           uτ =
                                                         Zona intermédia        ν
                                                                                                   ρ
    τlam
                                                                                yu
                                                         Sub-camada viscosa
                                                                             0< τ <5
                                                                                 ν
                                        o                     x
                    τ0 (x)
8

           Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento


            Mecanismo do estiramento de vórtices




 Turbulência: movimento de tipo tridimensional e dependente
 do tempo em que, pelo mecanismo do estiramento de vórtices,
 as flutuações de velocidade são levadas a estender-se por toda
uma gama de comprimentos de onda, desde um máximo definido
     pelas condições limites do escoamento até um mínimo
               determinado pelas forças viscosas
9
        Leis semi-empíricas de distribuição de velocidade

                                         V∞ − u    y
  Lei do defeito de velocidade:                 = G 
                                                   δ
                                          uτ

                                  1/ n
                         u y
                          = 
  Lei de potência:
                        V∞  δ 

                          u 1 yu τ
  Lei de logarítmica:       = ln   +B            k ≅ 0.41, B ≅ 5.0
                                 ν
                          uτ k


Sub-camada viscosa:
                                        τ0               u yu τ
                               u
                        τ0 ≅ µ   , uτ =          ⇒          =
                                        ρ                     ν
                               y                         uτ
10
              Medição de Velocidade em Escoamentos
- Tubo de Pitot com tomadas de pressão estática (já conhecido)


- Dispositivos de rotor




- Anemometria de
                                         manga
  fio/filme quente                                               contactos
                              suporte

                                Sensor

- Anemometria laser
  de efeito Doppler


      - Visualização +
digitalização de imagem +
       processamento

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Regime Laminar vs Turbulento

  • 1. 1 Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Universidade de Coimbra Luis Adriano Oliveira
  • 2. 2 Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento Forças de Inércia: ( ) ∝ ρL3LT −2 = ρL2 V 2 V ∝ LT −1 Forças de Viscosidade: V2 2 ∝ τL ∝ µ L = µVL L Número de Reynolds: Ine′rcia ρVL ∝ Re = µ Vis cosidade Re baixo: Regime Laminar Re elevado: Regime Turbulento
  • 3. 3 Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento (I) (II) (III) (I) : Laminar (pequenas perturbações rapidamente amortecidas (Re<103) (II) : Transição (regime intermitente) Re crítico (103<Re<104) (III) : Turbulência desenvolvida (Re > 104) Flutuações (natureza “aleatória”). Tipicamente, em túnel aerodinâmico: 0.1 mm < λ < 4 m 1 Hz < f < 104 Hz
  • 4. 4 Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento Decomposição de Reynolds φ ≡ u, v, w, T, p,... 1 t +∆t φ= ∫ φ = φ + φ' φdt ∆t t ∂f ∂ f f ' = 0, f = f , f + g = f + g, fg = f .g + f ′g′, = ∂s ∂s ( Continuidade com decomp. de Re ynolds ) : ∂u ′ ∂v′ ∂w ′ ∂u ∂v ∂w + + =0 + + =0 ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z Campo médio e flutuações satisfazem continuidade
  • 5. 5 Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento Ana log amente : ( Navier − Stokes com decomp. de Re ynolds ) Equaçoes de Re ynolds :  ∂ u ′2 ∂ u ′v′ ∂ u ′w ′   ∂u ∂u  ∂u ∂u ∂p + w  = − + ρg x + µ∇ 2 u − ρ  ρ + u +v + +  ∂x ∂z   ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂y    ∂ v′u ′ ∂ v′2 ∂ v′w ′   ∂v ∂v  ∂v ∂v ∂p + v + w  = − + ρg y + µ∇ 2 v − ρ  ρ + u + +  ∂x ∂z   ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y ∂y    ∂ w ′u ' ∂ w ′v′ ∂ w ′2   ∂w ∂w  ∂w ∂w ∂p 2   ρ +u +v +w  = − + ρg z + µ∇ w − ρ  + + ∂z   ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂z ∂x ∂y   −ρu′2 , − ρu′v′, − ρu ′w ′, ... 6 incógnitas adicionais (probl. de fecho) “Tensões” de Reynolds
  • 6. 6 Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento Modelos de Turbulência: relacionam tensões de Reynolds com campo médio Porquê “Tensões” ?  −ρu ′2  =  −ρu ′v′ =  −ρu ′w ′ = ... = [ τ] = quant. de movim.     a ′rea . tempo   Nova forma de troca de quantidade de movimento −ρu′v′ sempre positivo
  • 7. 7 Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento Camada limite (conceito a desenvolver mais tarde) : ∂  ∂u  ∂p Du + ρg x +  µ − ρu ′v′  ρ ≅− ∂x ∂y  ∂y Dt  ∂u ∂u ′v′ = τlam + τ turb ≅ ( µ + µ t ) um “novo” τ : τ = µ − ρu ∂y ∂y y y velocidade V∞ (x) y = δ(x) de atrito yu τ Camada exterior > 70 τ (x, y) ν turbulenta u(x, y) yu τ0 5 < τ < 70 τ turb uτ = Zona intermédia ν ρ τlam yu Sub-camada viscosa 0< τ <5 ν o x τ0 (x)
  • 8. 8 Regime Laminar e Regime Turbulento Mecanismo do estiramento de vórtices Turbulência: movimento de tipo tridimensional e dependente do tempo em que, pelo mecanismo do estiramento de vórtices, as flutuações de velocidade são levadas a estender-se por toda uma gama de comprimentos de onda, desde um máximo definido pelas condições limites do escoamento até um mínimo determinado pelas forças viscosas
  • 9. 9 Leis semi-empíricas de distribuição de velocidade V∞ − u y Lei do defeito de velocidade: = G  δ uτ 1/ n u y =  Lei de potência: V∞  δ  u 1 yu τ Lei de logarítmica: = ln +B k ≅ 0.41, B ≅ 5.0 ν uτ k Sub-camada viscosa: τ0 u yu τ u τ0 ≅ µ , uτ = ⇒ = ρ ν y uτ
  • 10. 10 Medição de Velocidade em Escoamentos - Tubo de Pitot com tomadas de pressão estática (já conhecido) - Dispositivos de rotor - Anemometria de manga fio/filme quente contactos suporte Sensor - Anemometria laser de efeito Doppler - Visualização + digitalização de imagem + processamento