This article aims to present a synthesis of the final conclusions on how to defend humanity against threats to its extinction caused by human beings, by the forces of nature existing on planet Earth and those coming from outer space. This objective will only be able to be achieved if there is a supranational organization capable of bringing together all of humanity in its achievement. This supranational organization would be the UN (United Nations) if it is properly restructured to act to avoid threats to the extinction of humanity caused by human beings themselves, which relate to global climate change, pandemics and the outbreak of the 3rd World War, the threats caused by the forces of nature existing on planet Earth that concern the cooling of the core of planet Earth, the catastrophic eruptions of volcanoes and the reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles, the process of which would lead to the loss of the Earth's magnetic field and the threats coming from the outer space that concern the collision on planet Earth of asteroids, comets or pieces of comets, collision on planet Earth of planets of the solar system, collision on planet Earth of orphan planets that roam in outer space, emission of cosmic rays, especially the gamma rays emitted by supernova stars, catastrophic consequences on the Earth's environment resulting from the continuous distancing of the Moon from the Earth, death of the Sun, collision of the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies where the Earth is located, and the end of the Universe . A properly restructured UN is absolutely necessary because neither the current UN nor any great power, however powerful, would have the capacity to deal with the threats to the extinction of humanity described above.
The 70 years of the universal declaration of human rights and the conquest of...Fernando Alcoforado
In spite of the repeated intentions of all the countries of the world to maintain world peace, the UN is failing to comply with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The failure of the League of Nations to build world peace after World War I is repeated with the UN after World War II. After World War II, history was repeated: the United Nations was founded and hopes for peace were renewed. Hopes, however, gave way to the Cold War between the United States and the former Soviet Union and to an endless series of localized wars, so numerous that they became part of our day-to-day lives.
This article presents the content of our interview with American intellectual scholar, Charles Moscowitz, on his YouTube channel about the issue of the progress of humanity.
This document discusses globalized terrorism from two perspectives: 1) State terrorism practiced by major Western powers like the US to control natural resources and markets in other countries. This has led to wars, dictatorships, and sponsorship of terror. 2) Terrorism by organizations reacting to Western imperialism in places like the Middle East against military occupations. It argues the US and allies are responsible for social and economic ruin worldwide and instigate conflicts for their interests. According to philosopher Thomas Hobbes, the current international situation resembles a "state of nature" without common laws, where all states act in self-interest through force. To end this state and global wars/bloodshed, the document argues for establishing a democratic world government representing all peoples
The tension between the United States and North Korea has existed for years, but has intensified since Donald Trump took over the White House in January of this year. Donald Trump maintains more combative management than his predecessor, Barack Obama, and threatens to attack the Asian country if the Pyongyang regime continues with its military tests. Yesterday, Trump ordered the launch of a bomb against Afghanistan to reach terrorist targets of the Islamic State. The explosive had almost 11 tons of TNT and is considered the most powerful bomb, behind only nuclear. Experts saw in the attack an attempt by Washington to demonstrate to its enemies its military power.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to understand how the United Nations (UN) functions and how the UN constitutes membership. It also delved into. The study provided a background to the establishment of the United Nations, its Charter and its purposes. Literature review included books on the UN System and its specialized agencies. It concluded with the structural organization of the UN and its Secretariat.
It is time for humanity to provide the urgently as possible tools needed to take control of their destiny and put in place a democratic governance of the world. This is the only means of survival of the human species and to halt the decay of humanity. Because there is no other means capable of building a world in which every woman, every man of today and tomorrow have the same rights and the same duties, and in which the interests of the planet and of all nations, of all forms of life and future generations would be finally taken into account, in which all the sources of growth would be used for environmentally and socially sustainable way.
How to prevent humanitarian debacle in the contemporary worldFernando Alcoforado
The document discusses the current humanitarian crisis as a result of capitalism, imperialism, and lack of global governance. It argues that wars and military interventions by Western powers like the US and EU in countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya and Syria have devastated societies and displaced millions of refugees. It calls for replacing capitalism with a model like Scandinavian social democracy and establishing democratic global governance to prevent war, terrorism, and further humanitarian crises.
How to prevent humanitarian debacle in the contemporary worldFernando Alcoforado
The document discusses the need to prevent a humanitarian crisis in the contemporary world. It argues that the current refugee crisis is the result of criminal wars and military interventions by Western powers like the US and EU in countries in the Middle East and Africa. It claims that rampant violence and crises around the world are caused by the failing capitalist system and ungovernable international system. It calls for replacing capitalism with a model like Scandinavian social democracy and establishing democratic global governance to ensure world peace and humanity's progress.
The 70 years of the universal declaration of human rights and the conquest of...Fernando Alcoforado
In spite of the repeated intentions of all the countries of the world to maintain world peace, the UN is failing to comply with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The failure of the League of Nations to build world peace after World War I is repeated with the UN after World War II. After World War II, history was repeated: the United Nations was founded and hopes for peace were renewed. Hopes, however, gave way to the Cold War between the United States and the former Soviet Union and to an endless series of localized wars, so numerous that they became part of our day-to-day lives.
This article presents the content of our interview with American intellectual scholar, Charles Moscowitz, on his YouTube channel about the issue of the progress of humanity.
This document discusses globalized terrorism from two perspectives: 1) State terrorism practiced by major Western powers like the US to control natural resources and markets in other countries. This has led to wars, dictatorships, and sponsorship of terror. 2) Terrorism by organizations reacting to Western imperialism in places like the Middle East against military occupations. It argues the US and allies are responsible for social and economic ruin worldwide and instigate conflicts for their interests. According to philosopher Thomas Hobbes, the current international situation resembles a "state of nature" without common laws, where all states act in self-interest through force. To end this state and global wars/bloodshed, the document argues for establishing a democratic world government representing all peoples
The tension between the United States and North Korea has existed for years, but has intensified since Donald Trump took over the White House in January of this year. Donald Trump maintains more combative management than his predecessor, Barack Obama, and threatens to attack the Asian country if the Pyongyang regime continues with its military tests. Yesterday, Trump ordered the launch of a bomb against Afghanistan to reach terrorist targets of the Islamic State. The explosive had almost 11 tons of TNT and is considered the most powerful bomb, behind only nuclear. Experts saw in the attack an attempt by Washington to demonstrate to its enemies its military power.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to understand how the United Nations (UN) functions and how the UN constitutes membership. It also delved into. The study provided a background to the establishment of the United Nations, its Charter and its purposes. Literature review included books on the UN System and its specialized agencies. It concluded with the structural organization of the UN and its Secretariat.
It is time for humanity to provide the urgently as possible tools needed to take control of their destiny and put in place a democratic governance of the world. This is the only means of survival of the human species and to halt the decay of humanity. Because there is no other means capable of building a world in which every woman, every man of today and tomorrow have the same rights and the same duties, and in which the interests of the planet and of all nations, of all forms of life and future generations would be finally taken into account, in which all the sources of growth would be used for environmentally and socially sustainable way.
How to prevent humanitarian debacle in the contemporary worldFernando Alcoforado
The document discusses the current humanitarian crisis as a result of capitalism, imperialism, and lack of global governance. It argues that wars and military interventions by Western powers like the US and EU in countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya and Syria have devastated societies and displaced millions of refugees. It calls for replacing capitalism with a model like Scandinavian social democracy and establishing democratic global governance to prevent war, terrorism, and further humanitarian crises.
How to prevent humanitarian debacle in the contemporary worldFernando Alcoforado
The document discusses the need to prevent a humanitarian crisis in the contemporary world. It argues that the current refugee crisis is the result of criminal wars and military interventions by Western powers like the US and EU in countries in the Middle East and Africa. It claims that rampant violence and crises around the world are caused by the failing capitalist system and ungovernable international system. It calls for replacing capitalism with a model like Scandinavian social democracy and establishing democratic global governance to ensure world peace and humanity's progress.
The document discusses the role and functions of the United Nations in global governance. It outlines the history and establishment of the UN after World War II to promote peace and international cooperation. It describes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and various economic and social bodies. The document also examines the Millennium Development Goals agreed upon by UN members and progress toward these. Finally, it discusses the challenges of globalization and interdependence for countries and the UN's role in promoting policy coherence and building institutional capacity to respond to issues that transcend national borders.
PLSI 120/.DS_Store
__MACOSX/PLSI 120/._.DS_Store
PLSI 120/articles/Annan In Larger Freedom FA 2005.pdf
"In Larger Freedom": Decision Time at the UN
Author(s): Kofi Annan
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2005), pp. 63-74
Published by: Council on Foreign Relations
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20034350 .
Accessed: 16/08/2012 01:53
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Council on Foreign Relations is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Foreign
Affairs.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cfr
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20034350?origin=JSTOR-pdf
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n Larger Freec omn
Decision Time at the UN
Kofi Annan
OUR SHARED VULNERABILITY
As K A New York investment banker who walks past Ground Zero
every day on her way to work what today's biggest threat is. Then ask
an illiterate 12-year-old orphan in Malawi who lost his parents to
AIDS. You Will get two very different answers. Invite an Indonesian
fisherman mourning the loss of his entire family and the destruction
of his village from the recent, devastating tsunami to tell you what he
fears most. Then ask a villager in Darfiur, stalked by murderous militias
and fearftil of bombing raids. Their answers, too, are likely to diverge.
Different perceptions of what is a threat are often the biggest
obstacles to international cooperation. But I believe that in the twenty
first century they should not be allowed to lead the world's governments
to pursue very different priorities or to work at cross-purposes. Today's
threats are deeply interconnected, and they feed off of one another. The
misery of people caught in unresolved civil conflicts or of populations
mired in extreme poverty, for example, may increase their attraction
to terrorism. The mass rape of women that occurs too often in today's
conflicts makes the spread of HIV and AIDS all the more likely.
In fact, all of us are vulnerable to what we think of as dangers that
threaten only other people. Millions more of sub-Saharan Africa's
inhabitants would plunge below the poverty line if a nuclear terrorist
attack against a financial center in the United States caused a massive
downturn in the global economy. By the same token, millions ofAmer
icans could quickly become infected if, naturally or through malicious
KOFI ANNAN is Secretary-General of the United Nations.
[63]
Kofi Ann.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization with 193 member states. It was established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations and maintain peace and security between countries. The UN aims to promote cooperation in areas like international law, human rights, economic development, and social progress. It has six main organs that carry out its functions: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat, and Trusteeship Council (now suspended). The UN works to prevent wars, protect human rights, and provide humanitarian aid worldwide.
The document calls for the establishment of a Parliamentary Assembly at the United Nations to better involve citizens and ensure international cooperation in addressing global challenges. It argues that to strengthen the UN's legitimacy and capacity, people need to be more directly included in its activities. A consultative Parliamentary Assembly would create an important link between the UN, governments, and civil society. Over time, the assembly could evolve from a body of national parliamentarians to a directly elected assembly, helping catalyze development of international law and positively shape globalization according to the UN's objectives. The document appeals to UN members and organizations to support establishing such an assembly.
The document outlines the key institutions that govern international relations, including the United Nations established in 1942 by 26 nations to pledge cooperation against Axis powers in World War 2. It also lists several international financial institutions like the World Bank and IMF. Global governance involves activities that transcend national boundaries
The document discusses the key topics of human rights including:
1. Defining human rights as the rights essential to protecting human dignity and allowing individuals to develop their personality.
2. Tracing the history of human rights from ancient origins to modern codification in international agreements like the UN Charter.
3. Outlining the main categories of human rights as civil/political rights and economic/social/cultural rights.
The United Nations (UN) was founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations and promote international cooperation. It has six main administrative bodies: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Trusteeship Council, and Secretariat. The UN works to maintain peace and security, protect human rights, and cooperate on issues like health, development, and the environment through various specialized agencies. While the UN has had some successes, it also faces challenges in areas like terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and responding to humanitarian crises due to veto powers and members' unwillingness to intervene. Overall, the UN aims to prevent war and create conditions for global peace and prosperity.
The United Nations was created in 1945 to maintain international peace and security following World War II. Its purposes include preventing threats to peace, developing friendly relations between countries, and promoting human rights. The UN aims to solve economic, social and humanitarian issues globally through cooperation between its 193 member states. While the UN has had some successes, it also faces challenges in resolving conflicts where the permanent members of the Security Council disagree or governments oppose UN involvement.
According to thinkers John Casti and Edgar Morin, humanity is facing an increased risk of catastrophic collapse due to rising complexity and interconnectivity. John Casti argues that modern systems like infrastructure have become so interdependent that a single disruption could trigger collapse. Edgar Morin believes humanity may avoid disaster through transformation, as the current political system cannot address the global crisis. Both argue that only a democratic world government can effectively plan and control chaotic global systems to prevent total collapse from issues like pandemics, resource depletion, and climate change. However, establishing such a government faces challenges from countries unwilling to give up sovereignty.
Various types of terrorism in the world and how to defeat themFernando Alcoforado
The economic, financial, ecological, social and political global crises, the development of current criminal activities such as trafficking in drugs and arms and terrorist advance show that they are insoluble without the existence of a world government. One must understand that the problems affecting the world economy and the global environment and contribute to the advancement of terrorism can only be resolved with the existence of a truly democratic world government representative of all the peoples of the world. International law cannot be applied and respected in the absence of a world government that is accepted by all countries and ensure their governance.
Global governance and united nations pptkiara668633
The document discusses the United Nations and global governance. It begins by defining global governance and identifying sources of global governance, including formal agreements and organizations. It then focuses on international organizations (IOs), describing their powers to classify meanings, diffuse norms, and promote standards, with examples like the UNHCR defining refugees. A key section examines the United Nations, its organs like the General Assembly and Security Council, and challenges it faces in issues like security due to veto powers.
The United Nations was established after World War II to replace the League of Nations and better maintain international peace and security. It has 192 member countries and headquarters in New York City. The UN aims to solve international problems and promote human rights. It works to make countries aware of human rights and has established treaties to protect different groups. The UN monitors compliance with these treaties and investigates human rights issues around the world.
Global warming / Climate change / Political deceit and mass mental manipulationRobert Powell
History of Global Warming and the Oregon Global Warming Commission Scandal. Global Warming Commission has slowed business, placed artificial, unattainable goals in place while ignoring the people of the state in many other ways. This is Corporatism in play. Flow of leftist gutting of traditional education for Sustainable education.
The United Nations was created in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent another world war. It is based on principles of state sovereignty and addressing international issues. The UN has expanded its focus over time from security to include economic development, human rights, and humanitarian issues. It has six main organs that work on international peace and security, development, and justice. The UN has played a key role in decolonization and peacekeeping operations around the world.
The document discusses the history and purpose of the United Nations (UN). It was founded in 1945 after World War II to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. The UN has six main organs that carry out its functions: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, and Secretariat. While the UN has had some successes in peacekeeping and humanitarian aid, it has also faced criticisms over its handling of issues like the Kashmir conflict. The document provides an overview of the UN's formation and structure.
The United Nations was established in 1945 to replace the ineffective League of Nations and prevent future world wars. It has 193 member states with objectives including maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations between countries, and achieving cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems. The main UN bodies are the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, and Secretariat.
L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
ATÉ QUANDO VAI CONTINUAR O MASSACRE DO GOVERNO ISRAEELENSE EM GAZA.pdfFaga1939
Até quando os governos dos países amantes da paz assistirão passivamente os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo de Israel? Até quando os governos dos países árabes ficarão assistindo o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza sem nenhuma atitude concreta para cessar a ação belicista do governo israelense? Até quando os judeus amantes da paz em Israel e no mundo continuarão assistindo passivamente o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza apoiando os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo Netanyahu? É importante observar que Israel só terá condições de existir se for aceita pelos povos que vivem na Palestina e no mundo árabe. Israel só terá condições de existir se houver a substituição do governo Netanyahu por um governo democrático capaz de dialogar com os palestinos na região.
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AND...Faga1939
This article aims to present how the evolution of energy consumption and production occurred from prehistoric times to current times, as well as proposing the future of energy required for the world. From prehistory until the 18th century, the use of renewable energy sources such as wood, wind and hydraulic energy predominated. From the 18th century until the contemporary era, fossil fuels predominated with coal and oil, but their use will probably come to an end from the 21st century onwards to avoid catastrophic global climate change resulting from their use by emitting greenhouse gases responsible for the global warming. With the end of the era of fossil fuels will come the era of renewable energy sources when the use of hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydrogen energy will prevail. There is no doubt that human activities on Earth cause changes in the environment in which we live. Many of these environmental impacts come from the generation, handling and use of energy using fossil fuels. The main reason for the existence of these environmental impacts lies in the fact that global consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) corresponds to approximately 88% of the total, with only 12% coming from renewable sources. Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of the greenhouse effect, the most important action is, without a doubt, the adoption of measures that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production, as well as as well as for its more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and cities (residences and commerce), given that the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, it is essential to implement a sustainable energy system in the world. In a sustainable energy system, the global energy matrix should only rely on clean and renewable energy sources (hydroelectric, solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass), and should therefore not rely on the use fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas).
PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE ENERGIA DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ERA CONTEMPORÂNEA E SUA EVOLU...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como ocorreu a evolução do consumo e da produção de energia desde a pré-história até os tempos atuais, bem como propor o futuro da energia requerido para o mundo. Da pré-história até o século XVIII predominou o uso de fontes renováveis de energia como a madeira, o vento e a energia hidráulica. Do século XVIII até a era contemporânea, os combustíveis fósseis predominaram com o carvão e o petróleo, mas seu uso chegará ao fim provavelmente a partir do século XXI para evitar a mudança climática catastrófica global resultante de sua utilização ao emitir gases do efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global. Com o fim da era dos combustíveis fósseis virá a era das fontes renováveis de energia quando prevalecerá a utilização da energia hidrelétrica, energia solar, energia eólica, energia das marés, energia das ondas, energia geotérmica, energia da biomassa e energia do hidrogênio. Não existem dúvidas de que as atividades humanas sobre a Terra provocam alterações no meio ambiente em que vivemos. Muitos destes impactos ambientais são provenientes da geração, manuseio e uso da energia com o uso de combustíveis fósseis. A principal razão para a existência desses impactos ambientais reside no fato de que o consumo mundial de energia primária proveniente de fontes não renováveis (petróleo, carvão, gás natural e nuclear) corresponde a aproximadamente 88% do total, cabendo apenas 12% às fontes renováveis. Independentemente das várias soluções que venham a ser adotadas para eliminar ou mitigar as causas do efeito estufa, a mais importante ação é, sem dúvidas, a adoção de medidas que contribuam para a eliminação ou redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis na produção de energia, bem como para seu uso mais eficiente nos transportes, na indústria, na agropecuária e nas cidades (residências e comércio), haja vista que o uso e a produção de energia são responsáveis por 57% dos gases de estufa emitidos pela atividade humana. Neste sentido, é imprescindível a implantação de um sistema de energia sustentável no mundo. Em um sistema de energia sustentável, a matriz energética mundial só deveria contar com fontes de energia limpa e renováveis (hidroelétrica, solar, eólica, hidrogênio, geotérmica, das marés, das ondas e biomassa), não devendo contar, portanto, com o uso dos combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, carvão e gás natural).
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Semelhante a THE UN RESTRUCTURED TO DEFEND HUMANITY AGAINST THREATS TO ITS EXTINCTION.pdf
The document discusses the role and functions of the United Nations in global governance. It outlines the history and establishment of the UN after World War II to promote peace and international cooperation. It describes the main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and various economic and social bodies. The document also examines the Millennium Development Goals agreed upon by UN members and progress toward these. Finally, it discusses the challenges of globalization and interdependence for countries and the UN's role in promoting policy coherence and building institutional capacity to respond to issues that transcend national borders.
PLSI 120/.DS_Store
__MACOSX/PLSI 120/._.DS_Store
PLSI 120/articles/Annan In Larger Freedom FA 2005.pdf
"In Larger Freedom": Decision Time at the UN
Author(s): Kofi Annan
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2005), pp. 63-74
Published by: Council on Foreign Relations
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20034350 .
Accessed: 16/08/2012 01:53
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
Council on Foreign Relations is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Foreign
Affairs.
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cfr
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20034350?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
n Larger Freec omn
Decision Time at the UN
Kofi Annan
OUR SHARED VULNERABILITY
As K A New York investment banker who walks past Ground Zero
every day on her way to work what today's biggest threat is. Then ask
an illiterate 12-year-old orphan in Malawi who lost his parents to
AIDS. You Will get two very different answers. Invite an Indonesian
fisherman mourning the loss of his entire family and the destruction
of his village from the recent, devastating tsunami to tell you what he
fears most. Then ask a villager in Darfiur, stalked by murderous militias
and fearftil of bombing raids. Their answers, too, are likely to diverge.
Different perceptions of what is a threat are often the biggest
obstacles to international cooperation. But I believe that in the twenty
first century they should not be allowed to lead the world's governments
to pursue very different priorities or to work at cross-purposes. Today's
threats are deeply interconnected, and they feed off of one another. The
misery of people caught in unresolved civil conflicts or of populations
mired in extreme poverty, for example, may increase their attraction
to terrorism. The mass rape of women that occurs too often in today's
conflicts makes the spread of HIV and AIDS all the more likely.
In fact, all of us are vulnerable to what we think of as dangers that
threaten only other people. Millions more of sub-Saharan Africa's
inhabitants would plunge below the poverty line if a nuclear terrorist
attack against a financial center in the United States caused a massive
downturn in the global economy. By the same token, millions ofAmer
icans could quickly become infected if, naturally or through malicious
KOFI ANNAN is Secretary-General of the United Nations.
[63]
Kofi Ann.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization with 193 member states. It was established in 1945 to replace the League of Nations and maintain peace and security between countries. The UN aims to promote cooperation in areas like international law, human rights, economic development, and social progress. It has six main organs that carry out its functions: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat, and Trusteeship Council (now suspended). The UN works to prevent wars, protect human rights, and provide humanitarian aid worldwide.
The document calls for the establishment of a Parliamentary Assembly at the United Nations to better involve citizens and ensure international cooperation in addressing global challenges. It argues that to strengthen the UN's legitimacy and capacity, people need to be more directly included in its activities. A consultative Parliamentary Assembly would create an important link between the UN, governments, and civil society. Over time, the assembly could evolve from a body of national parliamentarians to a directly elected assembly, helping catalyze development of international law and positively shape globalization according to the UN's objectives. The document appeals to UN members and organizations to support establishing such an assembly.
The document outlines the key institutions that govern international relations, including the United Nations established in 1942 by 26 nations to pledge cooperation against Axis powers in World War 2. It also lists several international financial institutions like the World Bank and IMF. Global governance involves activities that transcend national boundaries
The document discusses the key topics of human rights including:
1. Defining human rights as the rights essential to protecting human dignity and allowing individuals to develop their personality.
2. Tracing the history of human rights from ancient origins to modern codification in international agreements like the UN Charter.
3. Outlining the main categories of human rights as civil/political rights and economic/social/cultural rights.
The United Nations (UN) was founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations and promote international cooperation. It has six main administrative bodies: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Trusteeship Council, and Secretariat. The UN works to maintain peace and security, protect human rights, and cooperate on issues like health, development, and the environment through various specialized agencies. While the UN has had some successes, it also faces challenges in areas like terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and responding to humanitarian crises due to veto powers and members' unwillingness to intervene. Overall, the UN aims to prevent war and create conditions for global peace and prosperity.
The United Nations was created in 1945 to maintain international peace and security following World War II. Its purposes include preventing threats to peace, developing friendly relations between countries, and promoting human rights. The UN aims to solve economic, social and humanitarian issues globally through cooperation between its 193 member states. While the UN has had some successes, it also faces challenges in resolving conflicts where the permanent members of the Security Council disagree or governments oppose UN involvement.
According to thinkers John Casti and Edgar Morin, humanity is facing an increased risk of catastrophic collapse due to rising complexity and interconnectivity. John Casti argues that modern systems like infrastructure have become so interdependent that a single disruption could trigger collapse. Edgar Morin believes humanity may avoid disaster through transformation, as the current political system cannot address the global crisis. Both argue that only a democratic world government can effectively plan and control chaotic global systems to prevent total collapse from issues like pandemics, resource depletion, and climate change. However, establishing such a government faces challenges from countries unwilling to give up sovereignty.
Various types of terrorism in the world and how to defeat themFernando Alcoforado
The economic, financial, ecological, social and political global crises, the development of current criminal activities such as trafficking in drugs and arms and terrorist advance show that they are insoluble without the existence of a world government. One must understand that the problems affecting the world economy and the global environment and contribute to the advancement of terrorism can only be resolved with the existence of a truly democratic world government representative of all the peoples of the world. International law cannot be applied and respected in the absence of a world government that is accepted by all countries and ensure their governance.
Global governance and united nations pptkiara668633
The document discusses the United Nations and global governance. It begins by defining global governance and identifying sources of global governance, including formal agreements and organizations. It then focuses on international organizations (IOs), describing their powers to classify meanings, diffuse norms, and promote standards, with examples like the UNHCR defining refugees. A key section examines the United Nations, its organs like the General Assembly and Security Council, and challenges it faces in issues like security due to veto powers.
The United Nations was established after World War II to replace the League of Nations and better maintain international peace and security. It has 192 member countries and headquarters in New York City. The UN aims to solve international problems and promote human rights. It works to make countries aware of human rights and has established treaties to protect different groups. The UN monitors compliance with these treaties and investigates human rights issues around the world.
Global warming / Climate change / Political deceit and mass mental manipulationRobert Powell
History of Global Warming and the Oregon Global Warming Commission Scandal. Global Warming Commission has slowed business, placed artificial, unattainable goals in place while ignoring the people of the state in many other ways. This is Corporatism in play. Flow of leftist gutting of traditional education for Sustainable education.
The United Nations was created in 1945 to promote international cooperation and prevent another world war. It is based on principles of state sovereignty and addressing international issues. The UN has expanded its focus over time from security to include economic development, human rights, and humanitarian issues. It has six main organs that work on international peace and security, development, and justice. The UN has played a key role in decolonization and peacekeeping operations around the world.
The document discusses the history and purpose of the United Nations (UN). It was founded in 1945 after World War II to promote international cooperation and prevent future conflicts. The UN has six main organs that carry out its functions: the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, and Secretariat. While the UN has had some successes in peacekeeping and humanitarian aid, it has also faced criticisms over its handling of issues like the Kashmir conflict. The document provides an overview of the UN's formation and structure.
The United Nations was established in 1945 to replace the ineffective League of Nations and prevent future world wars. It has 193 member states with objectives including maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations between countries, and achieving cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems. The main UN bodies are the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, and Secretariat.
Semelhante a THE UN RESTRUCTURED TO DEFEND HUMANITY AGAINST THREATS TO ITS EXTINCTION.pdf (17)
L’EFFONDREMENT DE LA MONDIALISATION CONTEMPORAINE ET L’AVENIR DE L’ÉCONOMIE M...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que la mondialisation contemporaine se dirige rapidement vers l’effondrement et à proposer de nouvelles orientations pour l’avenir de l’économie mondiale. Les signes de l'effondrement de la mondialisation économique et financière contemporaine apparaissaient déjà dès 2010 lorsque le rapport entre les exportations mondiales et le PIB mondial a chuté d'environ 12 %, un déclin jamais vu depuis les années 1970. Les signes de l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine se manifeste également par la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit mondial, la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis et la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit se maintient, le taux de profit du système capitaliste mondial tendrait vers zéro en 2037. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de profit aux États-Unis se maintient, le taux de profit aux États-Unis atteindra valeur nulle en 2043. Si la tendance à la baisse du taux de croissance du produit mondial brut se maintient, ce taux atteindra la valeur zéro en 2053. Ces estimations ont été obtenues sur la base de la méthode statistique des moindres carrés. Il est conclu que le système capitaliste mondial deviendra non viable au milieu du 21e siècle (2037, 2043 ou 2053), lorsque le processus d’accumulation du capital cessera et que les taux de profit et de croissance de l’économie mondiale atteindront une valeur nulle. Face à l’échec et à l’effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine, il est urgent de construire une nouvelle mondialisation avec un keynésianisme mondial et un gouvernement mondial pour ordonner l’économie mondiale. La politique économique keynésienne adoptée dans chaque pays et au niveau mondial et l'existence d'un gouvernement mondial sont les solutions pour faire face à l'effondrement de la mondialisation contemporaine et éliminer le chaos qui caractérise l'économie mondiale. Face à l’échec du néolibéralisme et à son incapacité à faire face à la crise mondiale du capitalisme, le keynésianisme pourrait être la solution à condition qu’il soit appliqué dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, c’est-à-dire qu’il opère dans la planification économique, et pas seulement au niveau national pour obtenir la stabilité économique et le plein emploi des facteurs dans chaque pays, mais aussi au niveau mondial pour éliminer le chaos économique mondial qui prévaut actuellement avec le néolibéralisme. Avec le keynésianisme dans chaque pays et à l’échelle mondiale, il y aurait une coordination des politiques économiques keynésiennes au niveau planétaire qui ne pourrait être réalisée qu’avec l’existence d’un gouvernement mondial.
JUSQU’À QUAND LE MASSACRE DU GOUVERNEMENT ISRAÉLIEN À GAZA CONTINUERA-T-IL.pdfFaga1939
Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays épris de paix resteront-ils passifs devant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les gouvernements des pays arabes assisteront-ils au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza sans prendre aucune mesure concrète pour mettre fin à l’action belliciste du gouvernement israélien ? Combien de temps encore les Juifs épris de paix en Israël et dans le monde continueront-ils à assister passivement au massacre israélien dans la bande de Gaza, soutenant les crimes de guerre et les crimes contre l’humanité commis par le gouvernement Netanyahu ? Il est important de noter qu’Israël ne pourra exister que s’il est accepté par les peuples vivant en Palestine et dans le monde arabe. Israël ne pourra exister que si le gouvernement Netanyahu est remplacé par un gouvernement démocratique capable de dialoguer avec les Palestiniens de la région.
ATÉ QUANDO VAI CONTINUAR O MASSACRE DO GOVERNO ISRAEELENSE EM GAZA.pdfFaga1939
Até quando os governos dos países amantes da paz assistirão passivamente os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo de Israel? Até quando os governos dos países árabes ficarão assistindo o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza sem nenhuma atitude concreta para cessar a ação belicista do governo israelense? Até quando os judeus amantes da paz em Israel e no mundo continuarão assistindo passivamente o massacre israelense na Faixa de Gaza apoiando os crimes de guerra e contra a humanidade praticados pelo governo Netanyahu? É importante observar que Israel só terá condições de existir se for aceita pelos povos que vivem na Palestina e no mundo árabe. Israel só terá condições de existir se houver a substituição do governo Netanyahu por um governo democrático capaz de dialogar com os palestinos na região.
ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FROM PREHISTORY TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA AND...Faga1939
This article aims to present how the evolution of energy consumption and production occurred from prehistoric times to current times, as well as proposing the future of energy required for the world. From prehistory until the 18th century, the use of renewable energy sources such as wood, wind and hydraulic energy predominated. From the 18th century until the contemporary era, fossil fuels predominated with coal and oil, but their use will probably come to an end from the 21st century onwards to avoid catastrophic global climate change resulting from their use by emitting greenhouse gases responsible for the global warming. With the end of the era of fossil fuels will come the era of renewable energy sources when the use of hydroelectric energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy, biomass energy and hydrogen energy will prevail. There is no doubt that human activities on Earth cause changes in the environment in which we live. Many of these environmental impacts come from the generation, handling and use of energy using fossil fuels. The main reason for the existence of these environmental impacts lies in the fact that global consumption of primary energy from non-renewable sources (oil, coal, natural gas and nuclear) corresponds to approximately 88% of the total, with only 12% coming from renewable sources. Regardless of the various solutions that may be adopted to eliminate or mitigate the causes of the greenhouse effect, the most important action is, without a doubt, the adoption of measures that contribute to the elimination or reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels in energy production, as well as as well as for its more efficient use in transport, industry, agriculture and cities (residences and commerce), given that the use and production of energy are responsible for 57% of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity. In this sense, it is essential to implement a sustainable energy system in the world. In a sustainable energy system, the global energy matrix should only rely on clean and renewable energy sources (hydroelectric, solar, wind, hydrogen, geothermal, tidal, wave and biomass), and should therefore not rely on the use fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas).
PRODUÇÃO E CONSUMO DE ENERGIA DA PRÉ-HISTÓRIA À ERA CONTEMPORÂNEA E SUA EVOLU...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar como ocorreu a evolução do consumo e da produção de energia desde a pré-história até os tempos atuais, bem como propor o futuro da energia requerido para o mundo. Da pré-história até o século XVIII predominou o uso de fontes renováveis de energia como a madeira, o vento e a energia hidráulica. Do século XVIII até a era contemporânea, os combustíveis fósseis predominaram com o carvão e o petróleo, mas seu uso chegará ao fim provavelmente a partir do século XXI para evitar a mudança climática catastrófica global resultante de sua utilização ao emitir gases do efeito estufa responsáveis pelo aquecimento global. Com o fim da era dos combustíveis fósseis virá a era das fontes renováveis de energia quando prevalecerá a utilização da energia hidrelétrica, energia solar, energia eólica, energia das marés, energia das ondas, energia geotérmica, energia da biomassa e energia do hidrogênio. Não existem dúvidas de que as atividades humanas sobre a Terra provocam alterações no meio ambiente em que vivemos. Muitos destes impactos ambientais são provenientes da geração, manuseio e uso da energia com o uso de combustíveis fósseis. A principal razão para a existência desses impactos ambientais reside no fato de que o consumo mundial de energia primária proveniente de fontes não renováveis (petróleo, carvão, gás natural e nuclear) corresponde a aproximadamente 88% do total, cabendo apenas 12% às fontes renováveis. Independentemente das várias soluções que venham a ser adotadas para eliminar ou mitigar as causas do efeito estufa, a mais importante ação é, sem dúvidas, a adoção de medidas que contribuam para a eliminação ou redução do consumo de combustíveis fósseis na produção de energia, bem como para seu uso mais eficiente nos transportes, na indústria, na agropecuária e nas cidades (residências e comércio), haja vista que o uso e a produção de energia são responsáveis por 57% dos gases de estufa emitidos pela atividade humana. Neste sentido, é imprescindível a implantação de um sistema de energia sustentável no mundo. Em um sistema de energia sustentável, a matriz energética mundial só deveria contar com fontes de energia limpa e renováveis (hidroelétrica, solar, eólica, hidrogênio, geotérmica, das marés, das ondas e biomassa), não devendo contar, portanto, com o uso dos combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, carvão e gás natural).
LA LOI DE L'ENTROPIE ET LA CONQUÊTE DE L'IMMORTALITÉ DE L'ÊTRE HUMAIN.pdfFaga1939
Cet article vise à analyser les possibilités d'atteindre l'immortalité humaine face à l'obstacle que représente la loi de l'entropie qui mesure le degré de désordre dans un système. L'entropie dans les systèmes biologiques, par exemple, s'explique lorsqu'un être vivant, lorsqu'il effectue un travail, une partie de la chaleur produite maintient son corps au chaud, mais une grande partie se dissipe dans l'environnement qui l'entoure, provoquant une grande fraction de l’énergie provenant de ses sources de combustible à transformer en chaleur. L'effet net du processus originel (diminution de l'entropie de l'être vivant) et du transfert d'énergie (augmentation de l'entropie dans l'environnement extérieur) est une augmentation générale de l'entropie de l'Univers. Tout le monde s’accorde à dire que grâce à l’entropie, le désordre de la vie se produit, les galaxies s’enfonçant dans des trous noirs, les étoiles se transformant en poussière de carbone, les moteurs de voitures et d’avions s’usant et vieillissant nous conduisant à la mort. En juin 2019, une équipe de scientifiques de l'Université technique de Munich et de l'Institut Max Planck de physique et de systèmes complexes a annoncé qu'une exception à cette règle universelle avait été trouvée dans le mystérieux monde quantique avec le phénomène de « quasi-particule » qui se produit. dans une série de cycles sans fin, les rendant en fait immortels. Ce fait continue de stimuler les discussions sur un ancien désir humain : l’immortalité du corps humain. Dans le passé, l’homme cherchait à vaincre la mort à travers les religions. À l’époque contemporaine, les gens ont commencé à croire qu’il serait possible de vaincre la mort grâce à l’utilisation de la science et de la technologie. L’année 2045 marquera le début d’une ère dans laquelle la médecine pourra offrir à l’humanité la possibilité de vivre une époque jamais vue dans l’histoire. Nous ne serons qu’à quelques pas de l’immortalité. Compte tenu de la rapidité des innovations, une personne née en 2050 aura 95 % de chances de vivre mille ans. Tous ces efforts visant à atteindre l’immortalité parviendront-ils à vaincre les forces imposées par la loi de l’entropie ? Dans quelle mesure l’immortalité des « quasi-particules » peut-elle contribuer à rendre les êtres humains immortels ? Dans quelle mesure la science et la technologie contribueront-elles à l’obtention de l’immortalité des êtres humains ?
THE LAW OF ENTROPY AND THE ACHIEVEMENT OF HUMAN BEING IMMORTALITY.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to analyze the possibilities of achieving human immortality in the face of the obstacle represented by the law of entropy that measures the degree of disorder in a system. Entropy in biological systems, for example, is explained when a living being, when performing work, part of the heat produced keeps its body warm, but a large part dissipates in the environment around it, causing a large fraction of the energy of its fuel sources are transformed into heat. The net effect of the original process (decrease in the entropy of the living being) and the transfer of energy (increase in entropy in the external environment) is a general increase in the entropy of the Universe. Everyone agrees that thanks to entropy, the disorder of life occurs, with galaxies sinking into black holes, stars turning into carbon dust, car and airplane engines wearing out and aging leading us to death. In June 2019, a team of scientists from the Technical University of Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Complex Systems announced that an exception to this universal rule had been found in the mysterious quantum world with the “quasi-particle” phenomenon that occurs in a series of endless cycles, making them, in fact, immortal. This fact continues to stimulate discussions about an ancient human desire: the immortality of the human body. In the past, man sought to overcome death through religions. In the contemporary era, people began to believe that it would be possible to overcome death through the use of science and technology. The year 2045 will mark the beginning of an era in which medicine will be able to offer humanity the possibility of living for a time never seen in history. We will be just a few steps away from immortality. Considering the speed of innovations, a person born in 2050 will have a 95% chance of living a thousand years. Will all this effort aimed at achieving immortality be able to overcome the forces imposed by the law of entropy? To what extent can the immortality of “quasi-particles” contribute to making human beings immortal? To what extent will science and technology contribute to the achievement of immortality for human beings?
A LEI DA ENTROPIA E A CONQUISTA DA IMORTALIDADE DO SER HUMANO.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as possibilidades de conquista da imortalidade do ser humano diante do obstáculo representado pela lei da entropia que mede o grau de desordem de um sistema. A entropia nos sistemas biológicos, por exemplo, se explica quando o ser vivo, ao realizar trabalho, parte do calor produzido conserva seu corpo aquecido, mas uma grande parte se dissipa no ambiente a seu redor, fazendo com que uma grande fração da energia de suas fontes de combustíveis seja transformada em calor. O efeito líquido do processo original (diminuição da entropia do ser vivo) e a transferência de energia (aumento de entropia no meio exterior) é um aumento geral na entropia do Universo. Todos concordam que graças à entropia, ocorre a desordem da vida, com as galáxias afundando em buracos negros, as estrelas virando poeira de carbono, motores de carros e aviões se desgastando e o envelhecimento nos encaminhando à morte. Em junho de 2019, uma equipe de cientistas da Universidade Técnica de Munique e do Instituto Max Planck de Física e Sistemas Complexos anunciou que foi encontrada uma exceção à esta regra universal no misterioso mundo quântico com o fenômeno das “quase-partículas” que ocorre numa série de ciclos intermináveis, tornando-as, de fato, imortais. O fato não deixa de estimular discussões sobre um milenar desejo humano: a imortalidade do corpo humano. No passado, o homem procurava superar a morte através das religiões. Na era contemporânea, passou-se a acreditar que seria possível vencer a morte com o uso da ciência e da tecnologia. O ano de 2045 marcará o início de uma era em que a medicina poderá oferecer à humanidade a possibilidade de viver por um tempo jamais visto na história. Estaremos a poucos passos da imortalidade. Considerando a rapidez das inovações, uma pessoa nascida em 2050 terá 95% de chance de viver mil anos. Todo este esforço voltado para a conquista da imortalidade será capaz de vencer as forças impostas pela lei da entropia? Até que ponto a imortalidade das “quase-partículas” poderá contribuir para tornar os seres humanos imortais? Até que ponto a ciência e a tecnologia contribuirão para a conquista da imortalidade dos seres humanos?
PEACE BETWEEN ISRAEL AND PALESTINE REQUIRES EXTREMISTS OUT OF POWER AND RESTR...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate the need for Israeli and Palestinian extremists to be removed from power and for the UN to be restructured so that there is peace between Israel and Palestine. The construction of peace can only happen in the Palestine region if the Jewish people in Israel and throughout the world, as well as the Palestinians, politically repel the extremists who exercise power in their territories and establish governments that seek conciliation between the Jewish and Palestinian peoples. It can be said that there is only one solution to the conflict between Palestine and Israel: on the one hand, Israel needs to accept the constitution of the Palestinian State, seek a fair and negotiated solution regarding Jerusalem and the fate of Palestinian refugees and end the settlements Jews in the West Bank and, on the other, Palestinians need to recognize the State of Israel because neither Palestinians nor Israelis can impose their will on each other. Neither the right-wing extremists who govern Israel nor the Palestinian extremist groups will be able to impose their will by force of arms in Palestine. It is unlikely that the conflict between Palestinians and Jews will be resolved today because existing international institutions are not capable of building a negotiated solution to the conflict between these two peoples and between Israel, Iran and the Arab countries. This means that there is an urgent need to restructure the international system to resolve the conflict between Israel and Palestine, between Russia and Ukraine and all international conflicts that may occur in the future. The time has come for humanity to promote the construction of world peace and to exercise control over its destiny. To achieve these objectives, it is urgent to restructure the UN with a view to transforming it into a democratic government of the world that constitutes the only means of survival for the human species.
PAZ ENTRE ISRAEL E PALESTINA EXIGE EXTREMISTAS FORA DO PODER E REESTRUTURAÇÃO...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo demonstrar a necessidade de que extremistas israelenses e palestinos sejam colocados fora do poder e haja a reestruturação da ONU para que haja paz entre Israel e Palestina. A construção da paz só poderá acontecer na região da Palestina se o povo judeu em Israel e no mundo inteiro, bem como os palestinos repelirem politicamente os extremistas que exercem o poder em seus territórios e constituírem governos que busquem a conciliação entre os povos judeu e palestino. Pode-se afirmar que só há uma solução para o conflito entre Palestina e Israel: de um lado, Israel precisa aceitar a constituição do Estado palestino, buscar uma solução justa e negociada sobre Jerusalém e sobre o destino de refugiados palestinos e acabar com os assentamentos judeus na Cisjordânia e, de outro, os palestinos precisam reconhecer o Estado de Israel porque nem palestinos nem israelenses podem impor sua vontade um ao outro. Nem os extremistas de direita que governam Israel nem os grupos extremistas palestinos terão condições de impor sua vontade pela força das armas na Palestina. É pouco provável que o conflito entre palestinos e judeus seja solucionado na atualidade porque as instituições internacionais existentes não são capazes de construir uma saída negociada para o conflito entre estes dois povos e entre Israel, o Irã e os países árabes. Isto significa dizer que urge a reestruturação do sistema internacional para solucionar o conflito entre Israel e Palestina, entre Rússia e Ucrânia e todos os conflitos internacionais que venham a ocorrer no futuro. É chegada a hora da humanidade promover a construção da paz mundial e de exercer o controle de seu destino. Para alcançar estes objetivos, urge a reestruturação da ONU visando transformá-la em um governo democrático do mundo que se constitui no único meio de sobrevivência da espécie humana.
HOW TO OVERCOME DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY IN THE LIVES OF PEOPLE IN THE WORLD WE...Faga1939
This article aims to present the causes of depression and anxiety in individuals, which are considered the evils of the century, and the solutions that would allow them to be overcome. Depression and anxiety affect more than 300 million people worldwide. In Brazil, the disorder affects around 18.6 million individuals, according to data from PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), which corresponds to 9.3% of the population.
COMO SUPERAR A DEPRESSÃO E A ANSIEDADE NA VIDA DAS PESSOAS NO MUNDO EM QUE VI...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as causas da depressão e da ansiedade nos indivíduos, que são consideradas os males do século, e as soluções que permitiriam superá-las. A depressão e a ansiedade atingem mais de 300 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o transtorno afeta cerca de 18,6 milhões de indivíduos, conforme dados da OPAS (Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde), o que corresponde a 9,3% da população.
HOW TO PLAN CITIES TO COPE WITH EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what and how to do to promote cities planning capable of facing extreme weather events. Floods have been recurring in cities in several countries around the world, including Brazil. There is a drastic change in the Earth's climate thanks to global warming, which is contributing to the occurrence of floods in cities that are recurring in an increasingly catastrophic way in their effects. The floods that devastated some cities in western and southern Germany, Henan in China and London in England in 2021 and, currently, in Rio Grande do Sul demonstrate the vulnerability of highly populated areas to catastrophic floods. Water-related disasters caused worldwide losses of US$306 billion between 1980 and 2016. To cope with extreme weather events in cities, flood control must be carried out, which concerns all methods used to reduce or prevent the harmful effects of water action. Structural measures must be adopted with engineering works aimed at correcting and/or preventing problems arising from floods and non-structural measures which are those that seek to prevent and/or reduce the damage and consequences of floods, not through engineering works, but through the introduction of standards, regulations and programs that aim, for example, to regulate land use and occupation, implementation of alert systems and public awareness. The municipal government plays a fundamental role in preventing flooding, floods and floods in cities. To this end, a municipal development master plan must be drawn up that includes, among other measures, the adoption of solutions to minimize or eliminate the risks faced by the population, the systematic identification of risk areas in order to establish population settlement rules. Three bodies are essential in flood prevention actions in a municipality: 1) the municipal civil defense body; 2) the body responsible for the meteorological service responsible for reporting the climate forecast for the city and/or region; and, 3) community civil defense centers, which are people who work voluntarily in civil defense activities.
COMO PLANEJAR AS CIDADES PARA ENFRENTAR EVENTOS CLIMÁTICOS EXTREMOS.pdfFaga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o que e como fazer para promover o planejamento das cidades capaz de enfrentar eventos climáticos extremos. Tem sido recorrente a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades em vários países do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Está havendo uma mudança drástica no clima da Terra graças ao aquecimento global que está contribuindo para a ocorrência de inundações nas cidades que se repetem de forma cada vez mais catastrófica em seus efeitos. As inundações que devastaram algumas cidades do oeste e do sul da Alemanha, Henan na China e Londres na Inglaterra em 2021 e, no momento, no Rio Grande do Sul demonstram a vulnerabilidade de áreas altamente populosas a enchentes catastróficas. Os desastres relacionados com a água causaram perdas mundiais de US$ 306 bilhões entre 1980 e 2016. Para fazer frente a eventos climáticos extremos nas cidades, é preciso que seja realizado o controle de inundações que diz respeito a todos os métodos usados para reduzir ou impedir os efeitos prejudiciais da ação das águas. Devem ser adotadas medidas estruturais com obras de engenharia visando a correção e / ou prevenção de problemas decorrentes de inundações e medidas não estruturais que são aquelas que buscam prevenir e / ou reduzir os danos e consequências das inundações, não por meio de obras de engenharia, mas pela introdução de normas, regulamentos e programas que visam, por exemplo, disciplinar o uso e ocupação do solo, implementação de sistemas de alerta e conscientização da população. A prefeitura municipal tem um papel fundamental no sentido de evitar alagamentos, enchentes e inundações nas cidades. Para tanto, deve elaborar um plano diretor de desenvolvimento municipal que contemple, entre outras medidas, a adoção de soluções para minimizar ou eliminar os riscos enfrentados pela população, a identificação sistemática de áreas de risco a fim de estabelecer regras de assentamento da população. Três órgãos são essenciais nas ações de prevenção a enchentes em um município: 1) o órgão municipal de defesa civil; 2) o órgão responsável pelo serviço de meteorologia responsável por informar a previsão do clima da cidade e/ou região; e, 3) os núcleos comunitários de defesa civil, que são pessoas que trabalham de forma voluntária nas atividades de defesa civil.
LES OBSTACLES QUI ENTRAVENT LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DU BRÉSIL À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAINE ...Faga1939
Cet article vise à démontrer que le gouvernement Lula est confronté à deux défis majeurs dans ses efforts pour promouvoir le développement économique et social du Brésil. Le premier défi, d'ordre économique, est représenté par les obstacles qui existent avec la politique de plafonnement des dépenses, malgré la flexibilité offerte par le cadre budgétaire et l'existence d'une Banque centrale indépendante, qui rendent le gouvernement brésilien incapable de coordonner ses politiques monétaires et fiscales, réaliser des investissements publics dans l'expansion de l'économie et obtenir la stabilité macroéconomique et, le deuxième défi, de nature politique, est représenté par les obstacles existant au Congrès national du fait qu'il ne dispose pas de majorité au parlement, ce qui empêche le gouvernement fédéral de mettre en pratique son projet de développement national et de répondre pleinement aux exigences sociales. Pour que les forces progressistes brésiliennes puissent réélire le président Lula lors des élections présidentielles de 2026 et obtenir une majorité parlementaire au Congrès national engagé en faveur du progrès politique, économique et social, le gouvernement Lula devra réussir sur le front économique, en promouvant l'expansion du l'économie, en augmentant de manière significative en générant des emplois et des revenus, en maîtrisant l'inflation et en répondant au maximum aux revendications sociales qui profitent avant tout aux populations mal desservies du pays. Les forces progressistes du Brésil doivent s'engager, dès les élections municipales de 2024, à élire le nombre maximum de maires et de conseillers engagés dans les avancées politiques, économiques et sociales du Brésil. Telles sont les conditions pour empêcher, en 2026, les extrémistes de droite de reconquérir la présidence de la République, d’élargir leur participation aux gouvernements des États et au Congrès national et de mettre en pratique leur infâme projet antisocial et antinational.
THE OBSTACLES THAT IMPEDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRAZIL IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA A...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate that the Lula government is faced with two major challenges in its effort to promote Brazil's economic and social development. The first challenge, of an economic nature, is represented by the obstacles that exist with the spending cap policy, despite the flexibility provided by the fiscal framework and the existence of an independent Central Bank, which make the Brazilian government unable to coordinate its fiscal and monetary policies, make public investments in the expansion of the economy and obtain macroeconomic stability and, the second challenge, of a political nature, is represented by the obstacles existing in the National Congress due to the fact that it does not have a majority in parliament, which prevents the federal government from putting its national developmental project into practice and fully meet social demands. For Brazil's progressive forces to re-elect President Lula in the 2026 presidential elections and obtain a parliamentary majority in the National Congress committed to political, economic and social advances, the Lula government will have to be successful on the economic front, promoting the expansion of the economy, increasing significantly generating jobs and income, keeping inflation under control and meeting the maximum social demands that benefit, above all, the country's underserved populations. Brazil's progressive forces need to commit, starting from the 2024 municipal elections, towards to elect the maximum number of mayors and councilors committed to Brazil's political, economic and social advances. These are the conditions to prevent, in 2026, right-wing extremists from regaining the Presidency of the Republic, expanding their participation in state governments and the National Congress and putting their nefarious anti-social and anti-national project into practice.
L'ÉVOLUTION DE L'ÉDUCATION AU BRÉSIL À TRAVERS L'HISTOIRE ET LES EXIGENCES DE...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation au Brésil à travers l’histoire et les exigences de son développement futur. De 1500 jusqu'au XIXe siècle, l'éducation brésilienne s'est concentrée exclusivement sur la formation des classes supérieures, dans le but de les préparer aux activités politico-bureaucratiques et aux professions libérales, presque toujours en charge ou sous l'influence de l'initiative religieuse privée. La relation ombilicale entre l'Église catholique et la puissance coloniale portugaise s'est maintenue au Brésil même après son indépendance en 1822 pendant la période impériale et a pris fin avec la Proclamation de la République avec le divorce officiel entre l'Église et l'État. Au niveau des politiques publiques, plusieurs tentatives de réforme éducative de la part du gouvernement central républicain ont fini par perpétuer le modèle éducatif hérité de la période coloniale. La première LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) de l’histoire de l’éducation brésilienne n’a pas brisé le binôme d’élitisme et d’exclusion qui s’était manifesté dans l’éducation brésilienne depuis la période coloniale. La LDB de 1961 a permis la cohabitation entre écoles publiques et privées. Cette situation éducative en vigueur au Brésil dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle a suscité une critique acerbe de la part de Paulo Freire. En 1982, des projets éducatifs alternatifs à l'enseignement technique imposé par la dictature militaire ont émergé, comme ce qui s'est passé à Rio de Janeiro sous le gouvernement de Leonel Brizola, qui a mis en œuvre les soi-disant CIEP (Centres intégrés d'éducation publique), qui étaient des écoles à temps plein. Mais ces expériences éducatives adoptées de manière autonome et conformément aux corrélations de forces qui s’établissaient entre les tendances pédagogiques existantes étaient destinées à être de courte durée, comme cela s’est effectivement produit. Avec la fin de la dictature militaire au Brésil, la dernière décennie du XXe siècle a été marquée par l'adoption du modèle économique néolibéral qui a porté préjudice aux politiques publiques, notamment éducatives, car il a permis la croissance du secteur privé, principalement dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur, tandis que dans les écoles publiques, l'enseignement est devenu encore plus inefficace, une situation qui perdure aujourd'hui. Mais aujourd'hui, l'exclusion des classes populaires a eu lieu parce que l'école publique ne garantit pas l'apprentissage effectif des connaissances essentielles requises par la société brésilienne. De ce qui précède, on peut conclure qu’il reste encore une tâche majeure à accomplir pour la société brésilienne contemporaine : la consolidation effective d’écoles publiques, laïques et de qualité pour tous. À l'époque contemporaine, il est urgent de promouvoir une révolution dans le système éducatif brésilien, ce qui est devenu nécessaire parce que les mauvaises performances du système éducatif brésilien.
THE EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN BRAZIL THROUGHOUT HISTORY AND THE REQUIREMENTS ...Faga1939
This article aims to present the evolution of education in Brazil throughout history and the requirements for its future development. From 1500 until the 19th century, Brazilian education focused exclusively on training the upper classes, with the aim of preparing them for political-bureaucratic activities and liberal professions, almost always in charge of or under the influence of private religious initiative. The umbilical relationship between the Catholic Church and the Portuguese colonial power was maintained in Brazil even after its independence in 1822 during the imperial period and came to an end with the Proclamation of the Republic when there was an official divorce between Church and State. At the level of public policies, there were several attempts at educational reform by the republican central government that ended up perpetuating the educational model inherited from the colonial period. The first LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) in the history of Brazilian education did not break the binomial of elitism and exclusion that had manifested itself in Brazilian education since the colonial period. The LDB of 1961 made it possible for public and private schools to cohabit. This educational situation in force in Brazil in the second half of the 20th century had a scathing critic in Paulo Freire. In 1982, alternative educational projects emerged to the technical education imposed by the military dictatorship, such as what occurred in Rio de Janeiro during the government of Leonel Brizola, which implemented the so-called CIEPs (Integrated Centers for Public Education), which were full-time schools. But these educational experiences adopted autonomously and in accordance with the correlations of forces that were established between existing pedagogical trends were destined to be short-lived, as in fact happened. With the end of the military dictatorship in Brazil, the last decade of the 20th century was marked by the adoption of the neoliberal economic model that harmed public policies, in particular education, as it allowed the growth of the private sector, mainly in the context of higher education, while In public schools, teaching became even more inefficient, a situation that continues today. Now, however, the exclusion of the popular classes took place because the State school does not guarantee the effective learning of the essential knowledge required by Brazilian society. From the above, it can be concluded that there is still a major task to be resolved by contemporary Brazilian society: the effective consolidation of state, public, secular and quality schools for all. In the contemporary era, there is an urgent need to promote a revolution in Brazil's education system, which has become necessary because the poor performance of Brazil's education system results, among other factors, above all from insufficient investments in Brazilian education.
A EVOLUÇÃO DA EDUCAÇÃO NO BRASIL AO LONGO DA HISTÓRIA E OS REQUISITOS PARA SE...Faga1939
Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a evolução da educação do Brasil ao longo da história e os requisitos para seu futuro desenvolvimento. De 1500 até o século XIX, a educação brasileira voltou-se exclusivamente à formação das camadas superiores, no intuito de prepará-las para as atividades político-burocráticas e das profissões liberais quase sempre a cargo ou sob a influência da iniciativa privada religiosa. A relação umbilical entre a Igreja Católica e o poder colonial português foi mantido no Brasil mesmo após sua independência ocorrida em 1822 durante o período imperial e chegou ao fim com a Proclamação da República quando houve o divórcio oficial entre Igreja e Estado. Ao nível das políticas públicas, houve várias tentativas de reforma educacional por parte do governo central republicano que acabaram por perpetuar o modelo educacional herdado do período colonial. A primeira LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Brasileira) da história da educação brasileira não rompeu o binômio do elitismo e da exclusão que se manifestava na educação brasileira desde o período colonial. A LDB de 1961 possibilitou a coabitação da escola pública e da particular. Esta situação educacional vigente no Brasil da segunda metade do século XX teve em Paulo Freire um crítico contundente. Em 1982, surgiram projetos educacionais alternativos ao ensino tecnicista imposto pela ditadura militar, como o que ocorreu no Rio de Janeiro durante o governo de Leonel Brizola que implementou os chamados CIEPs (Centros Integrados de Educação Pública) que eram escolas de período integral. Mas essas experiências educacionais adotadas de forma autônoma e de acordo com as correlações de forças que se estabeleciam entre as tendências pedagógicas existentes estavam fadadas a ter vida curta como de fato aconteceu. Com o fim da ditadura militar no Brasil, a última década do século XX ficou marcada pela adoção do modelo econômico neoliberal que prejudicou as políticas públicas, em particular a educação, pois permitiu o crescimento do setor privado, principalmente no âmbito do ensino superior, enquanto na escola pública o ensino ficou ainda mais ineficiente, situação esta que se mantem até hoje. Agora, porém, a exclusão das classes populares se realizava porque a escola de Estado não garante a aprendizagem efetiva dos conhecimentos essenciais exigidos pela sociedade brasileira. Pelo exposto, conclui-se que ainda existe uma grande tarefa a ser resolvida pela sociedade brasileira contemporânea: a efetiva consolidação da escola de Estado, pública, laica e de qualidade para todos. Na era contemporânea, urge promover uma revolução no sistema de educação do Brasil, que se tornou necessária porque o péssimo desempenho do sistema de educação do Brasil resulta, entre outros fatores, sobretudo da insuficiência de investimentos na educação brasileira quando comparado com os investimentos em educação dos melhores sistemas de educação do mundo.
LA MONTÉE DE L'ÉDUCATION DANS LE MONDE DE LA PRÉHISTOIRE À L'ÈRE CONTEMPORAIN...Faga1939
Cet article vise à présenter l’évolution de l’éducation dans le monde du XVIIIe siècle au XXIe siècle. Cet article représente la suite de la Partie 1 de l'article qui aborde l'évolution de l'éducation dans le monde de la Préhistoire au XVIIIe siècle. Le XVIIIe siècle a été un moment marquant dans l'histoire de l'humanité car c'est à cette époque que l'éducation était considérée comme un droit pour tous, qu'il y avait l'obligation de l'État de maintenir les écoles, le droit à l'enseignement public gratuit et la garantie que l'école publique n'était sous la domination d'aucune croyance religieuse (laïcité). La première révolution industrielle et la naissance des usines ont créé un espace pour l’émergence d’une institution scolaire publique moderne. L'influence catholique dans l'éducation a commencé à décliner. Au XVIIIe siècle, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, considéré comme le père de la pédagogie moderne, a contribué à l'éducation. La Révolution française de 1789 signifiait que l’intervention de l’État dans l’éducation traditionnellement confiée à l’Église catholique. La politique expansionniste de Napoléon a imposé en Europe des lignes directrices laïques, étatiques et civiles dans la réorganisation des systèmes éducatifs à partir de 1794. Au XIXe siècle naissent les pédagogies de Pestalozzi, ainsi que les pédagogies positiviste et socialiste. Au XXe siècle, le débat pédagogique impliquait deux courants théoriques majeurs : la Nouvelle École et la conception marxiste, la première identifiée au capitalisme et la seconde au socialisme. L'Escola Nova a été le mouvement pédagogique qui a eu la plus grande influence sur l'éducation au XXe siècle. Au XXe siècle, plusieurs innovations pédagogiques originales ont eu lieu dans les pays en développement, comme celle menée par Paulo Freire au Brésil. Au 21ème siècle, à l'ère contemporaine, l'enseignement ne se résume plus seulement en présentiel pour devenir également du non-présentiel ou partiellement en présentiel avec l'enseignement à distance (EAD). Le grand défi éducatif de l’avenir est de réaliser une vaste révolution dans l’enseignement, y compris la qualification des enseignants et la structuration des unités d’enseignement pour s’adapter aux besoins imposés par les progrès technologiques.
The Biggest Threat to Western Civilization _ Andy Blumenthal _ The Blogs.pdfAndy (Avraham) Blumenthal
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: China and Russia are commonly considered the biggest military threats to Western civilization, but I believe that is incorrect. The biggest strategic threat is a terrorist Jihadi Caliphate.
Your Go-To Press Release Newswire for Maximum Visibility and Impact.pdfPressReleasePower4
This downloadable guide explains why press releases are still important for businesses today and the challenges you might face with traditional distribution methods. Learn how [Your Website Name] offers a comprehensive solution for crafting compelling press releases, targeting the right media outlets, and maximizing visibility.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
THE UN RESTRUCTURED TO DEFEND HUMANITY AGAINST THREATS TO ITS EXTINCTION.pdf
1. 1
THE UN RESTRUCTURED TO DEFEND HUMANITY AGAINST THREATS TO
ITS EXTINCTION
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article aims to present a synthesis of the final conclusions on how to defend humanity
against threats to its extinction caused by human beings, by the forces of nature existing
on planet Earth and those coming from outer space. This objective will only be able to be
achieved if there is a supranational organization capable of bringing together all of
humanity in its achievement. This supranational organization would be the UN (United
Nations) if it is properly restructured to act to avoid threats to the extinction of humanity
caused by human beings themselves [1], which relate to global climate change, pandemics
and the outbreak of the 3rd World War, to avoid the threats caused by the forces of nature
existing on planet Earth [2] that concern the cooling of the core of planet Earth, the
catastrophic eruptions of volcanoes and the reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles, the
process of which would lead to the loss of the Earth's magnetic field, and to avoid the
threats coming from the outer space [3] that concern the collision on planet Earth of
asteroids, comets or pieces of comets, collision on planet Earth of planets of the solar
system, collision on planet Earth of orphan planets that roam in outer space, emission of
cosmic rays, especially the gamma rays emitted by supernova stars, catastrophic
consequences on the Earth's environment resulting from the continuous distancing of the
Moon from the Earth, death of the Sun, collision of the Andromeda and Milky Way
galaxies where the Earth is located, and the end of the Universe.
At the current time, the UN acts in a very limited and ineffective way in tackling issues
related to the environment, fundamentally dealing with climate change issues through the
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). The UN also acts in a limited and
ineffective manner in tackling pandemics through the WHO (World Health Organization)
and also in a limited and ineffective manner in tackling issues related to war and world
peace with the Security Council composed by the winning countries of the Second World
War (United States, Russia, China, United Kingdom and France) all of them with veto
power. These structures have been unable to deal with the threats described above. The
objective of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is limited only to
combating climate change, not pursuing, for example, changing the current model of
society in order to transform it into a sustainable society. The WHO's objective is only to
deal with one of the dimensions of the issue of pandemics, which is public health and the
production of vaccines, not dealing with combating the vectors that cause pandemics that
are found in the environment. The ineffectiveness of the UN Security Council in ensuring
world peace has been confirmed since its creation after the 2nd World War in view of the
multiplicity of wars that have occurred since the end of the 2nd World War, a fact that
requires the creation of a new structure that be able to mediate and avoid international
conflicts and, above all, the outbreak of the 3rd World War.
The UN needs to be restructured in order to coordinate actions aimed at preventing the
extinction of humanity from threats caused by human beings, by the forces of nature
originating from planet Earth and those coming from outer space. To achieve these
objectives, the UN should acquire the status of world government. Neither the current UN
nor any country, no matter how powerful, will be able to carry out this task. The existence
of a democratic world government would represent the most advanced stage of humanity's
evolution by creating the conditions for true political, economic, social, scientific,
2. 2
technological and environmental integration of all countries in the world based on a
planetary social contract approved by all the people of the world. The democratic world
government is absolutely necessary to coordinate the action of all countries in the world
at the levels of the global economy, the environment, science and technology and, above
all, to ensure world peace on our planet and avoid the extinction of humanity. The new
international system should work based on a Planetary Social Contract. The Planetary
Social Contract would be the Magna Carta of the people of planet Earth.
To draw up the Planetary Social Contract, the UN General Assembly should convene a
Constituent World Assembly with the participation of representatives from all countries
in the world elected for this purpose. The Planetary Social Contract should establish the
foundations that would serve as the basis for the union of the peoples of the world and
the existence of a world Government whose president should be elected with more than
50% of the votes of the world Parliament and also be democratically constituted. To
ensure democratic practice and governance on planet Earth, world power should be
exercised by the world Parliament that, in addition to electing the President of the world
Government, should draft and approve international laws based on the Planetary Social
Contract. The world Parliament should be composed of a determined and equal number
of representatives from each country democratically elected for this purpose. The
President of the World Government will only exercise command of the World
Government as long as he has the support of the majority of the World Parliament. The
world Government must have an organizational structure that is capable of dealing with
international relations, military issues, the global economy, the global environment,
education, health, infrastructure, science and technology, among others, to dialogue with
the world Parliament and the countries that are part of the international system.
Parliamentarians should elect the board of directors of the world Parliament, which would
have an appropriate organizational structure. The World Supreme Court should be
composed of high-level jurists from around the world approved by the world Parliament
who would act for a fixed period of time and should elect the President of the Court to
serve a mandate for a determined period of time. The World Supreme Court should judge
cases involving disputes between countries, crimes against humanity and nature
committed by national states and rulers in light of the Planetary Social Contract, judge
conflicts that exist between the world government and the world parliament and act as
guardian of the Planetary Social Contract. The world government will not have its own
Armed Forces and must rely on the support of the Armed Forces of the countries that
would be called upon when necessary. Therefore, the new rule of international law would
be executed by the three constituted powers: World Government, World Parliament and
World Supreme Court. World power would rest in the world Government, the world
Parliament and the world Supreme Court. World government, world Parliament and
world Supreme Court would act as checks and balances aimed at the efficiency and
effectiveness of the international system.
A democratic world government would not transform the governments of each nation into
its vassals because national governments would maintain their autonomy in their
territories and be governed in accordance with the interests of their people, while the
world democratic government would aim to defend the general interests of the nations of
the planet expressed in the Planetary Social Contract. What would not be acceptable is
for any national government to adopt measures that are dissonant with decisions of
general interest taken by the world parliament that would reflect the will of the majority
3. 3
of people around the world. The fact is that a democratic world government would avoid
the empire of a single country, as has occurred throughout history, and the anarchy of all
countries, as is currently the case. The construction of a global democratic government is
necessary to face major systemic disasters such as an extreme ecological crisis resulting
from global warming, a large-scale economic crisis such as the one currently occurring
and likely to worsen in the future, the globalization of organized crime, threats to life on
planet Earth caused by planet Earth and those coming from outer space and the advance
of terrorism. The defense of humanity against threats to its existence existing on planet
Earth and coming from outer space and the preservation of international peace would be
the great missions of the new UN restructured as a democratic world government.
It is necessary to understand that there will not be world peace nor will the world market
function properly without the Rule of International Law, which can only be applied and
respected with the presence of a world government that is accepted by all countries. A
world government will only be sustainable if it is truly democratic. Humanity must
understand that it has everything to gain by uniting around a democratic world
government that would be established with the restructuring of the UN. The new world
order must be built not only to organize relationships between men on the face of the
Earth, but also their relationships with nature. The UN must coordinate global actions to
ensure that humanity is provided as urgently as possible with the instruments necessary
to control its destiny. The new UN to be restructured as a world government should pursue
five major objectives: 1) avoid the threats of extinction of humanity caused by global
climate change; 2) avoid the threats of extinction of humanity caused by pandemics; 3)
avoid the threats of extinction of humanity caused by international conflicts; 4) avoid the
threats of extinction of humanity caused by the forces of nature originating from planet
Earth; and 5) prevent threats to the extinction of humanity coming from outer space. The
new UN to be restructured as a world government should set up an organizational
structure capable of proposing to the world government the measures necessary to achieve
the objectives described above, such as those presented below:
• To avoid the extinction of humanity with global climate change [1], the new UN to
be restructured as a world government should coordinate global actions to make
environmental progress in each country and globally based on the sustainable
development model to ensure that the needs current generations occur without
compromising the needs of future generations, putting an end to the constant
environmental degradation that is characterized by the depletion of the planet's natural
resources and climate change that threaten the future of humanity. The
unsustainability of the current model of capitalist development is evident, as it has
been extremely destructive of living conditions on the planet. In view of this, it is
imperative to replace the current capitalist economic model dominant throughout the
world with another that takes into account man integrated with the environment, with
nature, that is, the model of sustainable development that can only be achieved with
the celebration of a Planetary Social Contract that would establish the foundations of
relations between countries in terms of the environment and relations between human
beings and nature.
• To avoid the extinction of humanity with the occurrence of pandemics [1], the new
UN to be restructured as a world government should coordinate global actions to make
each country make profound changes in its relationship with nature to prevent new
pandemics that threaten the existence of human beings and invest massively in R&D
aimed at developing vaccines to combat current and new viruses and new bacteria.
4. 4
Human beings need to start living in harmony with nature, without which their
survival will be threatened. The facts of reality demonstrate that the health of human
beings depends on the health of the planet. There must be a mobilization of civil
society across the planet to build a new world order in which there is a radical change
in the concept of development as that which has been practiced for centuries. The UN
must coordinate global actions to change the economic matrix in general (agricultural,
industrial and services) so that the need to preserve nature, respect the limits of the
environment and its recovery time and stop producing so much rubbish. The UN must
coordinate global actions to immediately stop the degradation and deforestation of
forests and strengthen the health surveillance systems of all countries and the World
Health Organization (WHO), reduce social inequities between and within nations,
remove subsidies that favor deforestation and offer more support to indigenous
peoples, to contain deforestation, among other measures.
• To avoid the extinction of humanity with the outbreak of the 3rd World War [1], the
new UN to be restructured as a world government needs to avoid the proliferation of
wars in the world and, above all, those that contribute to the outbreak of the 3rd World
War which could result the use of nuclear weapons by the contenders that could lead
to the extinction of the human species. The new UN to be restructured as a world
government must coordinate global actions to ensure that humanity is provided as
urgently as possible with the instruments necessary to build world peace and control
its destiny. The new UN to be restructured as a world government must act to achieve
perpetual peace on our planet, as the great Austrian philosopher Immanuel Kant
desired. The new international system should work based on a Planetary Social
Contract that would be the Magna Carta of the people of planet Earth. The new UN
to be restructured as a world government should mediate international conflicts based
on the Planetary Social Contract approved by all countries in the world. All
international conflicts should be mediated by the world government, which would
prepare a proposal or proposals for resolving the conflicts in common agreement with
the disputing parties, which would be analyzed by the World Parliament, which would
approve the proposal or proposals for resolving the conflicts and then be analyzed by
the World Supreme Court to assess whether they would be in compliance with the
Planetary Social Contract. The conflict resolution proposals approved by the World
Supreme Court would then be implemented by the World Government in agreement
with the disputing parties through a resolution based on the decisions of the World
Supreme Court.
• To avoid the extinction of humanity with the threats caused by forces of nature
originating from planet Earth [2], which concern the cooling of the core of planet
Earth, the catastrophic eruption of volcanoes and the reversal of the Earth's magnetic
poles, the process of which would lead to the loss of the field magnetic of the Earth,
the new UN to be restructured as a world government should coordinate global
actions, bringing together all the essential competencies that exist around the world
with the implementation of a World Organization for the Defense of Humanity
Against Forces of Nature Originating from Planet Earth that has the capacity to
technically coordinate actions around the world to face these threats originating from
planet Earth. It is important that, faced with the threat of extinction of the human
species, strategies for escaping human beings to places such as Mars or other places
in the solar system or outside capable of sheltering human life are drawn up well in
advance, before the loss of the magnetic field of the Earth and the imbalance in the
planet's food chain resulting from the cooling of the Earth's core, adopt necessary
measures to evacuate human beings to safe locations and, even, if necessary, off
5. 5
planet Earth in places likely to be inhabited in the solar system or outside it in the
event that the eruption of volcanoes as has already occurred in the past could lead to
the threat of extinction of human beings and protect human beings by building
underground dwellings and underground cities throughout the planet capable of
sheltering human life by protecting them of cosmic and solar radiation during the
reversal of the Earth's magnetic poles.
• To avoid the extinction of humanity with threats coming from outer space [3] that
concern the collision of asteroids, comets or pieces of comets on planet Earth,
collision of planets in the solar system on planet Earth, collision of planets on planet
Earth orphans roaming outer space, emission of cosmic rays, especially gamma rays
emitted by supernova stars, catastrophic consequences on the Earth's environment
resulting from the continued distancing of the Moon from Earth, death of the Sun,
collision of the Andromeda and Via Milky Way galaxies where the Earth is located,
and the end of the Universe, the new UN to be restructured as a world government
should coordinate global actions to bring together all the essential competencies
existing around the world with the implementation of a World Organization for the
Defense of Humanity Against Threats Coming from Outer Space that has the capacity
to technically coordinate actions around the world in confronting these threats from
outer space. It is important that, faced with the threat of extinction of the human
species, strategies for escaping human beings to other locations in the solar system
such as Mars, Titan (Saturn's moon) and Callisto (Jupiter's moon) with the possibility
of to be inhabited by human beings, the escape of human beings from Earth to places
with the possibility of being inhabited in other star systems, such as the exoplanet
"Proxima b" orbiting the star closest to the Sun, part of the Alpha Centauri system,
the escape of human beings to places with the possibility of being inhabited in other
galaxies such as the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy located 25 thousand light years from
Earth, or the Large Magellanic Cloud which is located 163 thousand light years from
Earth, and the escape of human beings from Earth to places with the possibility of
being inhabited in other parallel universes whose existence needs to be scientifically
proven.
REFERENCES
1. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. The threats of extinction to humanity by human
beings themselves and how to avoid them. Available on the website
<https://www.academia.edu/114871091/THE_THREATS_OF_EXTINCTION_TO_
HUMANITY_BY_HUMAN_BEINGS_THEMSELVES_AND_HOW_TO_AVOID
_THEM>.
2. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. The threats of extinction to humanity caused by
planet earth, how to deal with them and how to avoid them. Available on the
website <https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/threats-extinction-humanity-caused-
planet-earth-how-deal-alcoforado-fnwif/?trk=article-ssr-frontend-pulse_more-
articles_related-content-card>.
3. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. The threats of extinction to humanity coming from
outer space, how to deal with them and how to avoid them. Available on the
website <https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/threats-extinction-humanity-coming-
from-outer-space-how-alcoforado-
0bymf/?trackingId=no%2FuzVE3323TtSmNs6BcKg%3D%3D>.
* Fernando Alcoforado, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member
of the Bahia Academy of Education, of the SBPC- Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and of
6. 6
IPB- Polytechnic Institute of Bahia, engineer from the UFBA Polytechnic School and doctor in Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, college professor (Engineering,
Economy and Administration) and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional
planning, urban planning and energy systems, was Advisor to the Vice President of Engineering and
Technology at LIGHT S.A. Electric power distribution company from Rio de Janeiro, Strategic Planning
Coordinator of CEPED- Bahia Research and Development Center, Undersecretary of Energy of the State
of Bahia, Secretary of Planning of Salvador, is the author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998),
Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do
Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no
Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o
mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019), A humanidade ameaçada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência
(Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021), A escalada da ciência e da tecnologia e sua contribuição ao progresso
e à sobrevivência da humanidade (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2022), a chapter in the book Flood Handbook
(CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida United States, 2022), How to protect human beings from threats to their
existence and avoid the extinction of humanity (Generis Publishing, Europe, Republic of Moldova,
Chișinău, 2023) and A revolução da educação necessária ao Brasil na era contemporânea (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2023).