2. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
pmtk y f t rnf
jynfcdkif+zdK; odk@r[kwf ppftm%m&Sifpepf. a'gufwdkifrsm;
xk w f a 0onf h c k E S p f / v
2008 ckEp/f rwfv
S
tk y f a &
500/ yxrt}udrf
pmtk y f ' D Zd k i f ; /tjyif t qif
NDD-DRD
a&;om;/ xk w f a 0/ jzef @ csd
okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme
'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
quf o G , f & ef v d y f p m
NDD-DRD
P.O Box 179
Mae Sot, Tak
63110, Thailand
ndddrd07@csloxinfo.com
2
3. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
rmwdum
pmrsufESm
trS m pm
ed ' gef ;
7
tcef ; (1)?
jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;zG@J pnf;yk?
kd f
H
9
9
tcef ; (2)?
toif;om;opf wd;k cs@J paqmif;jcif;enf;AsL[mrsm;ESihf ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
k
use;f rma&;tygt0if tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif toGitrsK;d rsK;d jzifh
f
0ifa&muf pGuzufvm;jcif;?
f
-ynma&;u¾
-pD;yGm;a&;u¾
-tpd;k &Xmersm;
-twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;
k f
12
tcef ; (3)?
jynfwi;f vlrtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; toGitrsK;d rsK;d jzifh xde;f csKyfvmjcif;?
G
_
f
-jynfo@l tusKd ;awmfaqmif
-jrefrmEdiitwGi;f &Sd Ediiwumat*siprsm;
kfH
kfH
fD
-twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;/ vlpva0;yGrsm;ESihf
k
H JG
k l J
qef@usi&wcsyrsm;
f _ f JG
-tusiysuvmbfpm;r_rsm;
hf f
26
26
28
33
tcef ; (4)?
jynfci+f zdK;toif;. Ediia&;t=urf;zufrrsm;?
kd
kfH
_
-pGr;f tm;&Sirsm;
f
-jynfo@l ppfrsm;/ vk+H cKHa&;wyfz@JG rsm;
-axmufvr;f a&;ESihf owif;ay;rsm;
S
-vlom;rqefpm t=urf;zuf&uEurrsm;
G
dk f S f _
-bmoma&;yÉdyuQrsm; ay:ayguvmatmif
f
47
47
49
51
55
58
12
15
16
20
20
35
44
3
4. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
zefw;D vkyaqmifjcif;
f
-a&$0ga&mifawmfvea&;
Sf
-vlra&;ESihf bmoma&;qdi&m tcrf;tem;rsm;/ v_y&m;r_rsm;
_
kf
fS
wGif [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm;
S f_
-a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J csKyf. pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftwGi;f
S hf
[ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm;
S f_
tcef ; (5)?
jynfci+f zdK;toif;. tem*wf Ediia&;pDrcsursm;?
kd
kfH
H f
-Ediia&;tjyiftqif
kfH
-jynfci+f zdK;ESihf Ediiwumtajctae
kd
kfH
-trsK;d om;nDvmcH
4
63
64
68
70
78
78
78
80
81
5. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
trS m pm
e0wppftpdk;&u 1990 arv taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ.&vm'fudk vpfvsL&_
ausmcdi;f cJt+yD; 1993 ckEp/f pufwbFm(15)&ufae@wif jynfci+f zdK; ac: jynfaxmifp}k uH@cif
k h
S
G
kd
kd
a&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;toif;udk pwifz@JG pnf;xlaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf? trsKd ;om;a&;toif;}uD;
hf
tjzpfEihf yGxwxm;aomfvnf; xdtoif;}uD;. A[dem,utzG@J / twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J Eihf
S J k f
k
k
S
A[dtvkytr_aqmif tzG@J 0iftm;vH;k rSm tm%modr;f ppfAvcsKyrsm;jzpfa=umif; awG@&&onf?
k
f
kd f f
Sd
jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;udk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf t"Gef@&Snf=umpGm wnfwef@
cdi+f rJa&;/ wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; csp=f unfa&;/ EdiiawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnf
k
k
kfH
wH@ci+f ra&;/ Ediiawmfz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;ESihf at;csr;f om,maom acwfrEiiawmf}u;D ay:ayguf
kd J
kfH
D kd f H
vma&;twGuf umuG,apmifa&Smuf&ef t"dÏmefjyKv#uf zG@J pnf;xlaxmifxm;onf[k qdk
f
h
aomfvnf; vufawG@wirl jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf ppftm%m&Sipepf t"Ge@f &n=f umpGm wnf
Gf
kd
f
S
wH@ci+f rJa&;twGuf a'guwitjzpfEiom toH;k cscc&onfukd awG@&&ayonf?
kd
f kd f
S hf
H hJ
Sd
jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;ESihf Edii0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if
kd
kfH
vlxvwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;udk rrSeuefaom enf;vrf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh twif;t=uyfor;f oGi;f
k l
f
d
zG@J pnf;xm; toif;tzG@J wpfck jzpfonf@tjyif ppftpd;k &.vky&yfrsm;udk enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh axmufcH
f
0ef; &Hay;a&;/ twdutcHEiia&;orm;rsm;udk t=urf;zufwucurrsm;tygt0if enf;rsKd ;
k f
kd f H
kd f kd f _
pHjk zifh qef@usiwucua&;/ wd@k uom wpdurwfrwf vkyaqmifay;cJ&a=umif; awG@&&ayonf?
f kd f kd f
kd
k f
f
h
Sd
jynfo@l 0efxrf;tm;vH;k ygwEiia&;ESihf uif;&Si;f &rnf[k twif;t=uyf vufrwf
D kd f H
S
a&;xd;k cdi;f cJaom ppftpd;k &onf ,cktcg jynfo@l 0efxrf;trsm;pk yg0ifaeaom jynfci+f zdK;
k h
kd
toif;tm; Ediia&;ygwwcktjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef ajcvSr;f jyifv#u&onf? 2005 ckEpf
kfH
D
f Sd
S
'DZifbm(6)&ufae@wif &efue+f rKd @ wuUov&yomvrf;opf&Sd jynfci+f zKd ;A[dXmecsKyfY usi;f y
G
k
kd f d f
kd
k
jyKvkycaom owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwif jynfci+f zdK;taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; AdvcsKyfaX;OD; u
f hJ
J G
kd
k f
Ediia&;tajctaeESihf vlxqENtay:rlwnf+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk Ediia&;ygwtjzpf ajymif;
kfH
k
kd
kfH
D
vJz@JG pnf;aumif; zG@J pnf;&rnf[k xkwaz:ajymqdconf@tjyif wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wa&;
f
k hJ
k
G f
ygwD (wpn). taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (AdvrLS ;}u;D a[mif;) OD;cifarmif}u;D uvnf; jynfcif
k f
kd
+zdK;toif;onf 2010 ckEpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufywif Ediia&;toGiaqmifaom toif;
S
JG G k f H
f
tzG@J tjzpf ul;ajymif;+y;D yg0if,O+f yKd i&eftpDtpOf&onf[k ,ckEpf azaz:0g&vtwGi;f 'Dyat
S f
Sd
S
D
D
*smrefowif;Xmeod@k xkwaz:ajymqdconfukd awG@&&onf?
f
k hJ
Sd
,ckvnf; etzppftpd;k &u 4if;wd@k . zG@J pnf;yHtajccHOya'(rl=urf;)udk vmrnf@
k
arvwGif jynfv;kH u|wf qENc,yjJG zifh twnfjyKrnf@ausnmcsuEihf 2010 ckEpwif taxGaxG
H l
fS
Sf G
a&G;aumufyopfjyKvkyrnf@ ausnmcsursm;udk xkwjf yefconf@ azaz:0g&v(9)&ufae@rpI
JG
f
f
hJ
D
S
5
6. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf etz. zG@J pnf;yHtajccHOya'(rl=urf;)udk jynfovxwpf&yfv;kH rS
kd
k
l l k
axmufcray;=u&ef wpfjynfv;kH wGif enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh pnf;&H;k v_y&m;v#u&onf? tqdyg Oya'udk
HJ
fS
f Sd
k
qef@usiuef@uurnf@orsm;udvnf; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh +cdr;f ajcmuf[ef@wm;r_rsm; jyKvkyv#u&Sd
f
G f
l
k
f
f
onfuawG@ &onf? 4if;tjyif 2010ckEpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyY 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif&ef t
kd
S
JG
S
wGuf a'ocHjynfovxtay: =oZmanmif;aom jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. trnfpm&if;rsm;udk
l l k
kd
vnf; }uKd wifjyKpkv#u&onf?
f Sd
'Drua&pDEiz@HG +zdK;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk. okawoeESihf rSwwrf;wifXme (NDDkd
S hf
f
DRD) taejzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. v_y&m;aqmif&urrsm;ESiywfoufonf@ rSwwrf;rSw&m
kd
fS
G f_
hf
f
f
rsm;udk pepfwus pkaqmif;+y;D rSwwrf;wifxm;cJonftjyif xl;jcm;csursm;udvnf; tywfpOf
f
h h
f
k
jynfwi;f owif;oH;k oyfcsuf (Weekly Inside News Commentary) rsm;jzifh tcgtm;av#mf
G
pGm oH;k oyfaz: jycJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. twGi;f o&kyrersm;udk EdiiwumrS avhvmod&Eif
h
kd
fSf
kfH
Sd kd
ap&eftwGuf “The White Shirts” trnf&Sd pmwrf;wpfapmifukd 2006 ckEp/f arvwGif
S
t*Fvybmomjzifh xkwa0jzef@csc+hJ yD; jzpfygonf?
d f
f
d
,ckwpf}udrwivnf; “jynfci+f zdK; od@k r[kwf ppftm%m&Sipepf.a'guwirsm;”
f Gf
kd
f
f kd f
trnf&Sd pmwrf;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;jyKpkI jzef@a0vduygonf? &nf&,csurm
k f
G f f S
jynfci+f zdK;toif;wGif ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh yg0ifae=u&olrsm;tygt0if jrefrmjynfol
kd
wpf&yfv;kH taejzifh ppftm%m&Sirsm;u jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; rnfonf@&nf&,csujf zifh
f
kd
G f
zG@J pnf;ay;xm;+yD; rnfo@kd toH;k csaeonfukd trSetwdi;f / t&dtwdi;f / odjrifoabmayguf
f k
S k
em;vnfvm=u+y;D trSm;trSeukd a0befyi;f jcm; qH;k jzwfEiap&ef &nf&,yga=umif; rdwquf
f
kd
kd f
G f
f
wifjytyfygonf?
okawoeESihf rSwwrf;wifXme
f
'Drua&pDEihf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk
kd
S
2008 ckEp/f rwfv (1)&uf
S
6
7. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
ed ' gef ;
1990 jynfEp/f jrefrmEdiitaxGtaxGa&G;aumufywif rJtjywftowfjzifh tEdi&
hS
kfH
JG G
kf
&Scaom trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf. a&G;aumufy&vm'fukd ppftpd;k &u todtrSwf rjyKcJh
d hJ
kd
JG
ay? xd@k tjyif ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k csKyuixm;aomtm%m qufvufwnf+rap&eftwGuf
f kd f
J
jynfovxukd enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh pnf;¶H;k odr;f oGi;f &ef jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifpk }uhcia&;ESihf
l l k
kd
H kd f
zG+H zdK;a&;toif;udk zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifconf? jynfxa&;0ef}uD;XmewGif rSwwrf;wif&mY
hJ
J
f
jynfo@l tusK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&u&ef vlra&;tzG@J tpnf;wpfctaejzifom rSwywifcaomf
G f
_
k
h
f kH hJ
Gf
l l k
_
vnf; vufawG@wir_ jynfovxtm; t=urf;zuf/ +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm;a=umifh emrnfq;kd jzihf
ausm=f um;vmchonf?
J
jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;jcif;jzifh vlxvwef;pm;ESihf t&yfom;v_y&m;r_tm;vk;H ukd
kd
k l
fS
csKyfui+f y;D aemiftem*wf Armjynf.Ekiia&;udk xde;f csKyf&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzJ@G u
kd
dfH
h
kd
OD;aqmif+yD; etzppftpd;k &. vrf;jyajrykaxmufca&;ESihf vlxpnf;¶k;H a&;vkyief;rsm;udk vkyf
H
H
k
f
aqmifconf? wcsewnf;Yyif vlxacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; yk*Kd~ vfa&; ykwf
hJ
d f
k
cwfrrsm;udvnf; vkyaqmifconftjyif *smr%DemZDygw. &Sy!wyfz@JG uo@kd vlru/f vl&rf;
_
k
f
hJ h
D
f dk
hJ
kd
um;tvkyrsm;udyg vkyaqmifconf?
f
k
f
hJ
jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf ppftm%m&Sipepf oufq;kd &Snapa&;twGuf jynfovx.
kd
f
f
l l k
ae@pOfb0rsm;udk enf;trsK;d trsK;d jzifh xde;f csKyf&ef tm;xkw}f udK;yrf;cJonf? jrefrmjynf.
h
ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;e,fy,frsm;tay:wGivnf; ‚if;wd@k . =oZmvGr;f rd;k r_ rsm;pGm
_
f
&Saeonf? jrefrmhvabmiftzG@J tpnf; wpfcv;Hk udvnf; tm%m&SippfAvrsm;. pdwwi;f us
d
l
k
k
f kd f
f kd
jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdiitwGi;f twkutcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf
h
kfH
d f
'Drua&pDa&;v_y&m;olrsm;udk qef@usionfh Ediia&;t=urf;zufrtrsm;pkwif jynfci+f zdK;
kd
f S
f
kfH
_
G
kd
toif;u ud,wiu,us yg0ifywfywfconfukd awG@&onf? TuJo@kd vlruqefqef &rf;
k f kd f kd f
hJ
h
kd f
um;onf@tjyKtr_rsm;onf ,ae@ jrefrmjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f ysE@HS v#u&aeaom t
H
f dS
a=umufw&m;rsm;. t"du tajccHta=umif;w&m;rsm; jzpfayonf?
jrefrmppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k . vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd tok;H jyKI jynfol
kd f k
dk
rsm;t=um; ta=umufw&m;v$r;f rd;k aeatmif rnfo@kd yif pDrzef;wD;xm;cJaomfvnf; jrefrm
H
h
jynfwi;f &Sd 'Drua&pDa&;v_y&m;olrsm;ESihf omrefjynforsm;onf taESmiftzG@J uif;aom vGwf
G
kd
fS
l
vyfrtppftrSeukd &,l&ef qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? 8 av;vk;H vlxta&;awmfy}Hk u;D ESihf 2007 ckEp/f
_
f
k
S
=o*kw/f pufwifbmvrsm;twGi;f ay:ayguconf Ak'bmom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; OD;aqmif
f hJ
<
cJonfh a&$0ga&mifawmfvea&;}uD;onf xif&m;onf@ oufaoom"ursm;jzpfconf?
h
Sf
S
hJ
jynfci+f zdK;toif;}uD;. xdyyi;f &mxl;rsm;udvnf; ppftm%m&Sif etz ppfAvf
kd
f kd
k
kd
7
8. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
csKyfrsm;u &,lxm;onfukd awG@&&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf etz ppftm%m&Sirsm;ESihf
dS
kd
f
wom;wnf; jzpfaeojzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u vkyaqmifaom t=urf;zufrrsm;ESihf vl@tcGihf
dk
f
_
ta&;csKd ;azmufrreor#onf tm%m&Sippftpd;k &rS usL;vGecsK;d azmufjcif;om jzpfayonf?
_Sf
f
f
‘ud,tm;ud,u;kd ud,0efu,xrf;jcif;onf oef@pifrejf rwf+y;D a&&Snwnfwef@
k hf
k f
k hf kd f
G
f
cdi+f rJygonf? xd@k a=umifh toif;.&HyaiGukd toif;om;wd@k . pkaygi;f vkytm;jzifh &SmazGo;Hk pGJ
k
Hk
f
rnf’[k jynfci+f zdK;toif;. tajccHpnf;rsO;f rsm;t& tajccHrY jyXmef;xm;onf? od@k &mwGif
kd
l
vufawG@tm;jzihf ‚if;wd@k . ud,yip;D yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGivnf;aumif;/ toif;&HyaiG &SmazG
k f dk f
f
f
Hk
ok;H pG&mYvnf;aumif;/ wdi;f jynf.b¾maiGrsm;ESihf &ky0wˆKrsm;udk &,lo;Hk pGjJ cif;/ &if;ES;D jrKyfEI
J
k
f
HS
tusK;d tjrwf&mazGjcif;ESihf tqifqifaom ppftpd;k &,E ,m;wd@k . yHy;kd ulnrj_ zifom vkyuif
S
h h
W
h
D h
f kd
aqmif&uv#u&onfukd aw@&ayonf?1
G f
f dS
G
etzppftpd;k &u }uKd ;udixm;onfh trsKd ;om;nDomcHukd ,H=k unfaxmufca=umif;
kf
H
jyo&ef vlpva0;yGrsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;u wpfjynfv;kH Y OD;aqmifusi;f ycJonf? jynfol
k l J
kd
h
vlxtm; twif;t=uyfwufa&mufap&ef +cr;f ajcmufci;f apr_rsm;wGif wufºupmyg0ifconf?
k
d
dk
GG
hJ
rnfo@kd yifjzpfap jynfci+f zdK;toif;udk Ediia&;ygwwpfctoGif ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef tvm;
kd
kfH
D
k
tvmESiywfowfI txl;pd;k &drp&mjzpfae+yD; xdvyaqmifrreor#onf etz ppfAvcsKyf
hf
f
k kf
_Sf
kd f
rsm;twGuf tm%mudk qufvufcsKyuixm;Edi&ef }uKd yrf;tm;xkwjf cif;om jzpfayvdrrnf?
f kd f
kf
hf
trnfcH t&yfom;tpd;k &wpfcukd [efjyzG@J pnf;Edia&;twGuf OD;wnfaejcif;om jzpfayonf?
k
kf
ppftpd;k & oufq;kd &Snaeor#umvywfv;Hk vltcGita&;csK;d azmufrrsm;vnf; qufvuf
f
hf
_
jzpfay:ae+yD; jynforsm;taejzifh tzdEycb0rS vGwajrmuf&mvrf; &Svrrnf r[kway?
l
dS f H
f
d d hf
f
,ckwifjyxm;aom pmwrf;wGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif; zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufy/kH toif;0if
dk
pkaqmif;ykH pkaqmif;enf;rsm;/ jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf EkiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;.tajctae/ jynfci+f zKd ;
kd
dfH
kd
toif;. tem*gwEiia&;&yfwnfcsu/f vlpva0;yGrsm;/ ombma&; yÉdyuQrsm;ESihf t=urf;
f kd f H
k l J
zufwucurrsm;jzpfay:vmatmif zefw;D vkyaqmifaeykrsm;udk vufvr;f rDor# wifjyxm;
kd f dk f _
f
H
S
ygonf? Tpmwrf;udkzwf&_jcif;tm;jzifh jynfolvlxktaejzifh jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh
zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;. Zmwdo&kyreukd ud,wiu,us avhvmod&cihf &&Svrrnfjzpfayonf?
fSf
k f kd f kd f
dS G d d hf
jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; axmufctm;ay;aejcif;onf jynfovxtm; zdEyaeaom etz
kd
H
l l k
dS f
ppftpd;k &udk axmufcaejcif;omjzpfa=umif; od&vmayvdrrnf? wqufwnf;Yyif jynfovl
H
dS
hf
l
xktm;vk;H Ekiia&;tod Ed;k =um;vm+y;D +ir;f csr;f a&;ESihf 'Drua&pDyef;wdiopfqo@kd wnDw!$wf
dfH
d
kd
kf
D
wnf; av#mufvr;f Edi=f urnf jzpfayonf?
S k
8
9. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
tcef ; (1)
jynf a xmif p k } uH @ cd k i f a &;ES i f h z G H @ +zd K ;a&;toif ; zG J @ pnf ; yk H ?
jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uhcia&;ESiz+HG zdK;a&;toif;udk 1993 ckEp/f pufwif
kd
H kd f
hf
S
bmv 15 &ufae@wif toif;tzG@J zG@J pnf;a&;qdi&mOya' Association Law (SLORC Law
G
kf
6/88) atmufwif ppftpk;&u uruxjyKI zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? jynfxa&;
G
d
J
0ef}uD;XmewGif rSwwrf;wif&mY jynfotusK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&urnf@ vlra&;tzG@J wpfck
f
l
G f
_
taejzifom rSwywifcaomfvnf; wu,fvufawG@wirl ppftm%m&Sif oufq;kd &Snapa&;
h
f kH hJ
h
Gf
f
twGuf w&m;0ifygwwpfctoGif zefw;D +yD; Ediia&;avmuxJo@kd 0ifa&muf&ef ajcvSr;f jyif
D
k
kfH
ae+yD jzpfonf? 2005 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (6)&ufae@ eHeufyi;f &efue+f rKd @/ wuUov&yomvrf;&Sd
S
dk
k
kd f d f
jynfci+f zKd ; A[dXmecsKywif jyKvyconfh owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwif jynfci+f zKd ; taxGaxGtwGi;f
kd
k
f G
k f hJ
J G
kd
a&;rSL; OD;aX;OD; (ac: ) AdvcsKyfaX;OD;u Ekiia&;tajctaeESihf vlxqENtay:rlwnf+y;D tzG@J 0if
k f
dfH
k
(22)oef;ausm&aom jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd Ekiia&;ygwwpf&yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;aumif;
f dS
kd
dfH
D
zG@J pnf;rnf[k t&dytjrGuf ajym=um;cJonf?
f
h
wqufwnf;Yyif toif;.pkz@JG y/Hk avhusioif=um;ay;ykEihf v_y&m;r_rsm;t& etz
hf
HS
fS
ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k .tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf jynfci+f zdK;toif;udk Ekiia&;awmifyH
kd
dfH
(Political Wing) wpfctaejzifh tok;cs&ef&nf&,+f yD; zG@J pnf;cJonfrm xif&m;ayonf?
k
H
G
h
S
S
jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; A[dem,uESifh em,utzG@J rsm;/ taxGtaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/
dk
k
wGzuftwGi;f a&;rSL;/ A[ktvkyraqmifaumfrwDEihf t+rJwrf;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;
J
d
f _
S
onf? txl;ojzifh A[dem,utzG@J 0ifrsm;wGif wyfrawmfumuG,a&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kw,wyfr
k
f
d
awmfumuG,a&;OD;pD;csKy/f umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKyf (=unf;)/ umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKy(av)/ umuG,f
f
f
f
f
a&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)/ ppfr[mAsL[m avhvma&;Xme}uD;rSL;/ ppfa&;csKyf/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ ppfO;D pD;
t&m&ScsKy(=unf;)ESihf ppfwi;f rSL;rsm;tm;vk;H yg0ifonfukd awG@&&onf? A[dem,utzG@J 0ifrsm;
d f
kd
Sd
k
jzpf=uonfh ppfwi;f rSL;rsm;onf oufqi&m jynfe,fEiwi;f toif;rsm;wGif em,ursm;
kd
kd f
S hf kd
2
jzpfae=uonfukd awG@&&onf? xd@k tjyif toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ twGi;f a&;rSL;
Sd
tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf A[dtvkytr_aqmifaumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; ppftpd;k & 0ef}uD;rsm;/ 'k
k
f
k
0ef}uD;rsm;ESihf zG@J pnf;xm;onfukd awG@&onf?
jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk wdi;f tqif/h c¶ditqif/h +rKd @e,ftqif/h &yfuutqif/h aus;&Gm
kd
k
kf
G f
tqif[I us,us,jf yef@jyef@ zG@J pnf;xm;+yD; toif;udk txufratmufo@kd qifuqifuJ
h l
f
S
h J h
vkyyicitm%mtyfEi;f xm;aom zG@J pnf;ykrsKd ;jzifh vnfywfaqmif&uonf? od@k aomfvnf;
f kd f G hf
S
H
G f
jynfci+f zdK;toif;. A[kXmecsKyfrS aus;&Gmrsm;&Stoif;cGrsm;txd &mxl;}uD;rsm;udk ppfwyf
dk
d
d
J
9
10. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
xdyyi;f t&m&S}d uD;rsm;uom qkyuixm;onf? xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf jrefrmEdiiH
f kd
f kd f
dk
kf
w0Sr;f vH;k &Sd aus;&Gm&yfuuf &,u OuUXrsm;ESihf +rdK@e,f r,u OuUXrsm;udvnf; vkyyicihf
G
k
k f kd f G
tm%mrsm; ay;tyfxm;onfukd awG@&onf? xdo@kd vkyyicitm%mrsm; ay;tyfxm;jcif;
k
f kd f G hf
onf oufqdkif&mwm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;ESifh
vmbfay;vmbf,rrsm; ydrusL;vGevmap&ef wGe;f tm;ay;ouJo@kd jzpfaeonf?
l _
k kd
f
h
toif;.vkyief;rsm;udk ykrevy&m;aqmif&uEi&eftwGuf etztm%mydirsm;
f
HSf _fS
G f kd f
kf
u &kyyi;f qdi&m taxmuftulypPn;f rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcGitvrf;rsm;udk pDpOfaqmif&uay;
f kd k f
hf
G f
3
kd
k
kf
kd
onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;¶H;k rsm;udvnf; toif;.e,ursm;jzpfaom a'oqdi&m ppfwi;f rSL;
rsm;tjyif oufqi&m jynfe,f/ wdi;f wm0efcH A[dtvkytr_aqmifaumfrwDtzG@J 0if 0ef}u;D
kd f
k
k
f
rsm;. yH@y;kd aqmif&urj_ zihf zG@J pnf;avh&onf? xd@k a=umifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;rsm;ESihf &H;k rsm;onf
G f
Sd
kd
ppftpd;k &. pD;yGm;a&;taxmuftyH@rsm;&&d+S yD; ykrevnfywf aqmif&uaeEdijf cif; jzpfonf?
H S f
G f k
txufazmfjyyg zG@J pnf;ykrsm;udk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf etzppf
H
kd
tm%m&Sirsm;u zG@J pnf;ay;xm;aom vufuiwwtzG@J wpfck taejzifomru etz tm
f
kd f k f
h
%m&Sirsm;ud,wif yg0ifaeaom tm%m&tzG@J tpnf;}u;D wpfck jzpfaeonfukd awG@Eionf?
f
k f dk
kd f
jynfci+f zdK;toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&rSL;jzpfol v,f,mpduysK;d a&;ESihf qnf
kd
k f
ajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; (AdvcsKyf)OD;aX;OD;u jynfci+f zdK;toif;. OD;wnfcsursm;onf EdiiH
k f
dk
f
kf
awmf+ir0yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J (e0w) (1997 ckEptxd ac:a0:ok;H pGcaom ppftpd;k &
df
Sf
J hJ
trnf). OD;wnfcsursm;ESihf tvm;wljzpfa=umif;/ toif; pwifz@JG pnf;wnfaxmif+yD; &uf
f
owWywftenf;i,ftwGi;f Y xkwazmfajymqdconf?4
f
k hJ
jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm;vH;k onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiEihf jrefrmEdiiom;wd@k
dk
kfHS
kfH
tm; opPm&S&ef/ 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;twdi;f vduemusi}hf uH&ef/ at;csr;f om,m+yD; acwfrD
d
k k f
zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufaom Ediiawmfopf}uD;ay:xGe;f vm&ef/ r&yfrem; }udK;yrf;tm;xkw=f u&efEihf
kfH
S
toif;}uD;.usi0wf(Code of Conducts)rsm;udk vduem&ef usr;f opPm useq=kd u&onf?5
hf
k f
df
'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;rSm jynfaxmifpr+ydKuGa&;/ wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wr_ r+ydKuGa&;ESihf
k
J
k
$ f
J
tcsKyftcsmtm%mwnfwci+f rJa&; wd@k jzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/
hH dk
dk
kfH
vlra&; OD;wnfcsu(12)&yf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;udvnf; OD;wnfaqmif&u&onf? jynfci+f zdK;
_
f
k
G f
kd
toif;u csrwxm;aom tqdyg OD;wnfcsu(12)&yfEihf 'd@k wm0efta&; (3)yg;wd@k rm wu,f
S f
k
f
S
S
vufawG@wif tESpom&tm;jzifh uif;rJ+h yD; 0g'jzef@csa&;r#om jzpfayonf?
G
f
d
od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf Ediia&;ygwrsm;udk wduf¶u+f cdr;f ajcmufae
kd
kfH
D
k kd
aom t=urf;zufrrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif toH;k jyKEdionfh tcsu(4)&yfyg jynfo@l oabm
_
kf
f
xm;rsm;udk csrwconf? tqdyg jynfo@l oabmxm;(4)&yfrm jynfytm;ud;k ykqe¶;kd / tqd;k jrif
S f hJ
k
S
df
0g'rsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ Ediiawmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;udk aESmif,uzsuf
D
kfH
h S f
10
11. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
qD;olrsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ Ediiawmf.jynfwi;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpuzuf aESmuf,uaom
kfH
G
G f
S f
jynfyEkiirsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ jynfwi;f jynfy tzsuorm;rsm;tm; bH&efotjzpf owfrwf
dfH
G
f
k l
S
acsre;f =u [lIjzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;.vkyief;onf tqdyg tcsu(4)csuukd udiqI
_
kd
f
k
f
f
k f JG
ppftpd;k &tm; xdyg;vmolreor#ukd tjrpfjywfacsre;f &efyif jzpfonf?
S f
_
jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk ppftm%m&Sioufq;kd &Snap&efEihf ppftpd;k &tm; qef@usivm
kd
f
f
S
f
olrsm;udk wducuacsre;f &ef &nf&,z@JG pnf;xm;onf@tavsmuf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS usL;vGef
k f kd f _
G f
kd
aom vky&yftm;vk;H twGuf etzppftpd;k &xHwiom vH;k 0 wm0ef&ayonf? jynfci+f zdK;
f
Gf
dS
dk
toif;tm; tm%mv$ajymif;ay;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &taejzifh omreft&yfom; tpd;k &
J
wpf&yfukd trnfcwpfctaejzifom zG@J pnf;ay;+y;D ‚if;wd@k .tm%mudk qufvufcsKyfuixm;
H k
h
kd f
Edia&;twGuf }udK;yrf;r_wpfcyifjzpfayonf?
kf
k
-----------------------------
11
12. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
tcef ; (2)
jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. toif;om;opf wdk;csJ@pkaqmif;jcif;enf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh ynm
tjcm;u
a&;/ pD ; yG m ;a&;/ usef ; rma&;ES i f h tjcm; u ¾rsm;wG i f 0if a &muf p G u f z uf a er_ r sm;?
jrefrmEdiiwif jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if ta&twGuonf ae@csi;f ncsi;f w[kex;kd
kfH G
kd
f
f
wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJonf? 1996 ckEpf aESmif;ydi;f umvrsm;wGif toif;0ifaygi;f (5) oef;ausmf
h
S
k
6
r#om &Sconf? od@k aomfvnf; 2007 ckEpwif jynfe,f/ wki;f tqifh toif;aygi;f 17 oif;/
d hJ
S f G
d
c&kitqifh toif;aygi;f 66 oif;/ +rdK@e,ftqifh toif;aygi;f 320/ &yfuuaus;&Gm tqifh
df
G f
toif;aygi;f 15334 oif; zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD;/ toif;0iftjzpf todtrSwjf yK+yD;ol 24 'r 5
oef;txd tqrwef wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJonf?7 jrefrmjynfvO;D a& pkpaygi;f (55) oef;ausmf
h
l
k
&Sonfteuf (24) oef;ausmonf jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJonf? tb,fa=umifh
d h
f
dk
h
Tod@k wd;k wufrsm;jym;vm&oenf;?
jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;toif;. zG@J pnf;ykY toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif
kd f
hf
H
qEN&orsm;udom pkaqmif;a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? toif;om;rsm;udk t&G,a&muf+y;D onfh
Sd l
k
f
ouf}u;D toif;om;ESihf t&G,ra&mufao;onfh oufi,ftoif;om;[lI (2)rsK;d cGxm;onf?
f
J
touf (10) rS touf (18)ESpt=um; &Sorsm;udk oufi,ftoif;om;rsm;/ touf (18)ESpf
f
d l
txuf&orsm;udk ouf}u;D toif;om;rsm;tjzpf owfrwxm;onf?8
dS l
S f
jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf toif;om;opfpaqmif;&mwGif qENtavsmuf[k
kd
kf
k
ok;H E_e;f xm;aomfvnf; wu,fvufawG@wirl toif;0ifjzpf&efqENr&Saom tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;/
h
Gf
d
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm;yg0ifonfh jrefrmjynfovxukd toif;
f
f
l l k
0ifrsm;jzpfvmatmif pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif enf;rsK;d
_
pkjH zifh rufv;kH ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H jcif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? xd@k jyif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuf
J
f hJ
t=uyfuiI twif;t"rRpaqmif;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvyconf? Tonfrm jynfci+f zKd ;toif;
kd f
k
k f hJ
S
kd
. t"du toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;enf;AsL[m tppftrSersm;jzpf+yD; jrefrmhv@l tzG@J tpnf;.
f
t"dutcef;u¾rsm;wGif wjznf;jznf; ae&m,lvmcJonf? vlxtwGi;f Yvnf; ta=umufw
h
k
&m;rsm;ESihf pd;k &drpwrsm; ydrw;kd yGm;vmapcJonf?
fd f
k kd
h
jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf jynfovxukd enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf vdrvnfvnjhf zm;I
kd
kf
l l k
f
S
ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufapcJonf? toif;om;opfrsm; pkaqmif;
kd f k
kd
h
&mwGif jynfovx. tdraxmifpk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk =unfI touf(15) ESprS (30)ESpf
l l k
f
h
f
twGi;f &Sorsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ touf (30)ESihf (40)t=um;
d l
kd
&Sorsm;udk pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J 0ifrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif; twif;t"rR pm&if;xnfoi;f cJonf?
d l
f
h G h
12
13. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
touf(18)ESptxuf trsK;d orD;rsm;udvnf; ppfAvcsKyuawmfrsm; OD;aqmifonfh trsK;d orD;
f
k
kd f f
9
d
a&;&mtzG@J wif twif;t"rR 0ifa&mufapcJonf? xd@k jyif rdom;pktzG@J 0ifrsm; jyefvnfpppfay;
G
h
onf[qI &Gmol&mom; trsm;tjym;udvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0if av#mufvmrsm;udjk znfh
k kd
G
k
dk
$
&ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJ=h uonf? tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrm a&G;aumufyrsm;twGuf
S
JG
oef;acgipm&if; aumufconf[qI jynfovxukd jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k vdrvnfowoi;f
f
H
k kd
l l k
dk
f
G f G
10
cJjh cif;jzpfonf?
txl;ojzifh toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef wpfenf;wzHtm;jzifh ysuuuf (od@k )jiif;qef
k
f G
olrsm;udk ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf vlra&;udprsm;wGif trsK;d rsK;d taESmuft,Suf
_
P
ay;+y;D tcGitvrf;rsm; enf;yg;atmif jyKvyconf? om"uwpfctaejzifh yJc;l wki;f / ausmuf
hf
k f hJ
k
d
}u;D +rKd @e,f&dS vufeufuiu&ifwi;f &if;om;rsm; xde;f csKyf&me,fajrrsm;wGif v,f,mvkyief;
kd f
dk
f
jzifh toufarG;ae=uaom &Gmom;rsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u 1993 ckEpwif vufeufuioyef
kf
Sf G
kd f l k
rsm;ESihf tquftoG,vyonf[pypum twif;t"rR a&G@ajymif;cJ+h yD; ‚if;wd@k v,f,majr
f kf
k G f JG
rsm;wGif v,f,mvkyuiciuyg wm;jrpfywyifconf? od@k aomfvnf; tm%mydirsm;u tqdk
f kd f G hf kd
d f hJ
kf
ygv,form;tcsK@d ukd ‚if;wd@k taejzifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufygu qk;H &_;H oGm;cJaom
kd
h
11
v,f,majrrsm;udk jyefvnfvyuiciay;rnf[k pnf;&k;H qGaqmifconf? tm%mydirsm;
k f kd f G hf
J
hJ
kf
taejzifh &d;k om;r_r&Sonfrm odomxif&m;vSayonf?
d
S
S
jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;r_ trsm;qH;k cH&olrsm;rSm ausmif;ol
kd
ausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;/ tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;eSihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm; jzpfonf? ausmif;ol
f
f
ausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k r0ifrae& twif;tusyf 0ifa&mufae&jcif;
kd
a=umifh tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpfae=uonf? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if tpd;k &twGuf tvkyvyuif
f k f kd
aeonfh rnforqdk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k wm0efwpfctaejzihf 0ifa&muf&ef owfrwjf yXmef;
l
dk
k
S
xm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; xlaxmifvyuivorsm;taejzihvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k
f
k f kd f kd l
f
dk
0ifa&mufygu tudsK;tjrwf tcGitvrf;rsm; &&Srnf[k ar#mvifxm;=uonf? xd@k a=umif@
hf
d
f h
pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qENr&Saomfvnf; ‚if;wk@d .vkyief;
dk
d
f
rsm; tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;ESihf ae@pOf&ioef &yfwnfa&;wd@k twGuf toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef
Sf
qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . ae@pOf vkyief;cGif
kd
f
f
f
rsm;wGif txl;tcGita&;rsm;taejzihf tcGeuif;vGwci&&Sjd cif;ESihf tm%mydirsm;. tquf
hf
f
f G hf
kf
rjywf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm;rS uif;vGw=f uonf? xd@k jyif twdutcH Ediia&;ygw0ifrsm;
S f_
k f
kfH
D
kd
kd f
f G f
kd
uvnf; oufqi&mygw/D tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS E_wxuapI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef
zdtm;ay;jcif;/ +cr;f ajcmuft=uyfuijf cif;/ rufv;Hk ay;jcif; pojzifh enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d udk toH;k jyK
d
kd
I qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf?
J
h
jrefrmEdiiwif ppftpd;k &ESihf wdi;f &if;om;vufeufuitzG@J rsm;t=um; tqufrjywf
kfH G
k
kd f
13
14. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
jzpfym;aeaom jynfwi;f ppfrsm;a=umifh jynfovxrsm;onf jrefrmppfwyf. twif;t"rR
G
G
l l k
ay:wmqJjG cif;udk r=umc% &ifqiae&onf? aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd vli,fv&,rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ;
kd f
lG f
kd
tzG@J 0ifjzpfygu(od@k ) jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufygu a&S@wef;ppfrsuEmrsm;wGif ay:wmxrf;
dk
fS
aqmif&jcif;rS vGw+f ir;f cGihf &&S=d uonf? xd@k a=umifh vli,ftrsm;pkonf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifjzpf&ef
d
kd
pdwtm;xufoefc=hJ uonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf weoFm&Dwi;f / avmif;vHòk rd@e,f/ a&csr;f / awmif
f
kd
wGi;f arSm/f jyif;awmponfh aus;&Gmrsm;wGif jrefrmppfwyf cr& (401)u ay:wmzrf;qD;pOf
jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if 12 OD;/ trsK;d orD; 37 OD;ESihf usetrsK;d om; 17 OD;/ pkpaygi;f 66 OD;udk zrf;
kd
f
k
qD;rdconf? xdupukd òr@d e,fjynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u c&dijf ynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J xH wdi=f um;awmif;qdk
hJ
k dP
kd
k
kd
k
ojzifh jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0iftm;vH;k ESihf trsK;d orD; 37 OD;udk jyefvway;cJonf?12
kd
$ f h
xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifuwfjym;&Sv#if rnforqdk EdiitwGi;f vGwvyfpm c&D;
kd
d
l
kfH
f
G
oGm;vmEdionf? toif;0ifu'fjym;udk Ekiiom;rSwywifwckuo@kd tok;H jyKEionf? rdom;pk
kf
kd f H
f Hk
hJ
kd f
tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf rdwaqGtaygi;f toif;rsm;. aetdrrsm;wGif ntdywnf;ckv#ivnf; vGwf
f
f
f
d f
13
vGwvyfvyf wnf;cdEionf? txl;ojzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifu'fjym; udiaqmifxm;jcif;
f
k kd f
dk
kf
a=umifh tusKd ;tjrwf&&Sorsm;rSm jrefrm¶d[if*smrsm; jzpfonf? jrefrm¶d[if*smrsm;taejzifh
d l
k
k
jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifuwfjym;rsm;udk jyoEdiygu jrefrmEdiitwGi;f wGif vGyvyfpm c&D;oGm;
kd
kf
kfH
f
G
vmEdionf? tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfonfh ¶d[if*smvlrsKd ;rsm;onf jynfwi;f c&D;oGm;vm
kf
k
G
a&;wGif jrefrmEdiiom; pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm; r&Saoma=umifh tcuftcJrsm; r=umc% awG@
kfH
d
}uKH &onf? xda=umifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifuwfjym; vuf0,f&jdS cif;onf ‚if;wd@k twGuf c&D;oGm;
k
dk
vma&;udk ydrv,ul acsmarG@apcJonf?14
k kd G f
h
jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd tdr,mjcHajrrsm;udvnf; t
kd
f
k
15
hf
zd;k tcenf;enf;jzifh aqmufvyaexdicihf &&S=d uonf? txl;tcGita&;rsm;taejzifh jynf
kf kfG
cki+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;. aetdrrsm;wGif w,fvze;f v_i;f rsm;wyfqifay;jcif;/ (um;r&Saomf
d
f
Dk d
d
vnf;)wpfvv#if "gwq*gvH (60) xkway;jcif;/ EkiijH cm;c&D;pOfrsm;apvGwjf cif;/ pojzifh
f D
f
df
tzG@J 0ifr[kworsm;ESihf tcGitvrf;rsm;pGm uGmjcm;aeonfukd awG@&onf?16 +rdK@e,fjynfcif
f l
hf
kd
+zdK; tr_aqmifrsm; e,fajrpnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;xGu&mwGivnf; jynfe,frS pufb;D rsm;ESihf
f
f
17
qdiu,frsm; axmufyay;cJonf? EkiijH cm;c&D;pOfrsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zdK;tqifqifrS t
kf
hH h
df
f
kd
h h
vkytr_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;/ toif;0ifrsm;tm; vli,fa&;&mudp&yfrsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f Iaomf
f
P
vnf;aumif;/ EdiiwumtawG@t}uHK &&Sa&;twGuaomfvnf;aumif; jynfyEdiirsm;od@k
kfH
d
f
kfH
apv$way;cJonf? 1995 ckEprS 1997 ckEptwGi;f jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS toif;om; OD;a&(160)
f h
Sf
Sf
kd
OD;udk tm&SEihf Oa&my&Sd Ekiiaygi;f (20)ausmo@kd tacguta&twGutm;jzifh (65)acguf
S
dfH
f
f
f
18
yd@k aqmifapv$wconf?
f hJ
jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;taejzifh toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/
dk
kf
14
15. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
vlra&;e,fy,frsm;/ tpd;k &Xmersm;ESihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf
_
k f
0ifa&mufpuzufaeykrsm;udvnf; qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
G f
H
k
ynma&;
,ae@jrefrmjynf. ynma&;pepfukd avhvm=u!frnfqv#if jynfci+f zdK;toif;.
h
kd
kd
=oZmvGr;f rd;k r_ rsm;pGm&Saeonfukd awG@&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEkiiwif tajccHynmtqifjh zpf
d
dfH G
aom pmoifausmif; pkpaygi;f (40521)ausmif;ESihf tqifjh rifynmtqifjh zpfaom wuUovf
k
h
kd
ESihf aumvdyaygi;f (64)ck &Sonf? tajccHynmtqifwif q&m/ q&mraygi;f (240878)OD;ESihf
f
d
h G
ausmif;om; ausmif;olaygi;f (7783400)OD; &S+d y;D / tqifjh rihynmtqifwif q&m/ q&mraygi;f
f
h G
(10232)OD; ESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olta&twGuf (705784)OD; &Sonf?19 tpk;d &0efxrf;
d
rsm;jzpfonfh ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k wm0efwpfctaejzihf r0if
kd
k
rae& 0ifa&muf&ef owfrwjf yXmef;xm;onf? txl;ojzihf ausmif;om;vli,ftrsm;pkonf
S
ud,yiqENrygyJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf zdtm;ay;cHc&olrsm;
k f kd f
kd
hJ
jzpfonf? ‚if;wk@d taejzihf toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef jiif;qefcygu ausmif;rSxwypf&ef +cdr;f
hJ
k f
ajcmufjcif;/ pmar;yGrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufajzqdcihf rjyKjcif;/ pmar;yGatmifrwf jynfratmif
J
kG
J
S
h DS
20
ray;jcif;/ pojzifh enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuft=uyfuijf cif;rsm; jyKvkyconf?
kd
f hJ
Oyrmtm;jzifh 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwv (3)&ufae@wif jrefrmEdiitv,fyi;f jrif;+cH
S
f
G
kfH
kd
tpd;k &enf;ynmaumvdyrS ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef
f
kd
tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;+cdr;f ajcmufconf? c&kif jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;. trde@f t&
kf
hJ
d
kd
kf
[kqum tqdygaumvdyrS enf;jyq&m/ q&mrrsm;u jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifyprsm;udk wapmif
kd
k
f
kd
Hk H
v#if (200)usyEe;f jzifh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk twif;t"rRa&mif;csconf? tu,fI
f_
hJ
jynfci;f +zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdygu pmar;yG0ifa&mufajzqdcirjyK[kvnf; +cdr;f
kd
k
J
k G hf
21
ajcmufajymqdconf? tcsK@d aom ausmif;om;rsm;.tqdt& jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k r0if
k hJ
k
kd
a&mufv#if jynfwi;f jynfy avhvma&;c&D;rsm;/ pm=unfwuo;Hk pGcirsm;/ um,avhusicef;
G
h kd f J G hf
hf
22
oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufjcif;/ ponftcGita&;rsm; qk;H &_;H onf[k qdonf?
h hf
k
xd@k jyif 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwv (15) &ufpjJG zifh xkwjf yefaom ArmEdiiv;Hk qdi&m ausmif;
S
f
kfH kf
om;or*~tzG@J csKyf (EdiijH cm;a&;&maumfrwD) owif;xkwjf yefcsuwivnf; jrif;+cH+rdK@ tpd;k &
kf
f Gf
enf;ynmaumvdyf (*swp)rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk rjzpfrae jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef
D DD
dk
c&kdifat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpD (c,u)ESifh +rdK@e,fjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u
ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;rSwqifh zdtm;aycJonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef
h
vufrwrxd;k onfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;ac:csef rSwwrf;ray;[kqI ausmif;om;rsm;
S f
d
f
kd
rSm ausmif;ac:cserjynfv#if pmar;yG0ifa&mufajzqdci@f r&rnfup;kd &draoma=umifh qENr&SyJ
df
h
J
kG
kd f
d
15
16. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
rausreyfjzifh vufrwx;kd cJ&onf?
S f h
&Hzef&cg ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufap&ef }udK
H
dk
wifaqG;aEG; wdiyifjcif;r&SyJ tjcm;vkyief;wpfcukd ta=umif;jyum jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k
kf
d
f
k
kd
oGwoi;f cJonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh rE av;+rKd @wif touf(12)ESptxuf&dS ausmif;ol/ ausmif;
f G h
W
G
f
om;rsm;tm;vk;H udk Ediiom;pdppfa&;uwfjym; xkway;&eftwGu[aom ta=umif;jycsujf zifh
kfH
f
f l
yufpyd@k p"mwfyrsm;udk a'ocHtm%mydirsm;xH ay;tyf&ef q&m/ q&mrrsm;rS awmif;cHchJ
f
kH
kf
onf? ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k xH jynfci+f zdK; toif;0ifu'fjym;rsm; a&mufvm
kd
aomtcseusrS ‚if;wd@k ."gwyrsm;udtoH;k csI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tjzpf t"rRowoi;f
df
f kH
k
dk
G f G
cHvu&a=umif; od=u&onf?23
kd f
ausmif;om;vli,fwpfO;D csi;f pD. ynma&;qdi&m tcGitvrf;rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ;
kf
hf
kd
toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:wGif rlwnfae+y;D toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif ynma&;tcGihf
tvrf;rsm;udk rufv;kH wpfctaejzifh toH;k jyKcJonf? ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk toif;
k
h
0ifrsm;tjzpf pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f &mwGif ynma&;ESihf c&D;oGm;vma&udprsm;Y vG,ul acsmarG@
P
f
ap&ef pDpOfay;rnf[k jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;u rufv;Hk rsm;ay;cJonf? txl;tcGita&;
kd
kf
h
hf
wcktaejzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;wGif wufwufºuºG uG yg0ifaqmif&uaeonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;
kd
G f
kd
0if ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk Edii&yfjcm;od@k ynmawmfoiftjzpf oGm;cGijhf yKrnf[k ynm
kfH
a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu trde@f xwjf yefconf?24 ausmif;om;/ ausmif;ol trsm;pkonf toif;0if
k
hJ
jzpf&ef qENr&Saomfvnf; ynma&;ESihf tjcm;tcGitvrf;rsm;a=umifh toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh
d
hf
=uonf?
xd@k jyif wmcsvw+f rKd @rS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D .tqdt& toif;od@k 0ifa&mufaom
D d
kd
k
ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;onf oufqi&m bmom&yfrsm;wGif tenf;qk;H trSwf (20)cef@
kd f
25
tydaqmif; &&da=umif; od&onf? toif;vkyief;rsm;wGif tcseueI ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm;
k
S
f
df kf
udk rvduEicaomfvnf; tcsewefv#if vktyfonftrSwrsm;udk jznfay;cJonf? jynfwi;f
k f kd f hJ
df
d
h
f
h h
G
c&D;oGm;vma&;udprsm;wGivnf; Ediiom;pdppfa&;u'fjym;rvdtyfyJ jynfci+f zdK; toif;0if
P
f
kfH
k
dk
26
u'fjym;jzihf vGwvyfpm oGm;vmcGi&&donf? xd@k jyif xl;c|eaom toif;0ifausmif;ol/
f
G
hf S
f
ausmif;om;rsm;udk vl&nfc|efrsm;tjzpf jynfcdkif+zdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;u todtrSwfjyKI
*k%jf yKqkcs;D jrSic@J onf? Tod@k jzifh tjcm;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udyg jynfci+f zdK;
hf
k
kd
toif;od@k 0ifa&mufvmatmif qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJ=h uonf?
J
pD ; yG m ;a&;
jynfaxmifp}k uHcia&;ESihf zG@+H zdK;a&;toif; tm%myditqifqifonf oufqi&m
h kd f
kf
h h
kd f
jynfe,f/ wdi;f em,ursm;ESihf jynfe,f/ wdi;f wm0efcH A[dtvkytr_aqmifrsm;. oabmwl
k
k
k
f
16
17. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
cGijhf yKcsur&bJ rnfonfp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;udr# vkyuijf cif;rjyK&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f
f
h
f
k
f kd
S
Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSw-5§}u@H cia&;§95 (061) jzifvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifp}k u@H
D
JG
f
kd f
h
cdia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;/ &yfuu§aus;&Gmrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;tvk@d im rnfonfp;D yGm;a&;
kf
G f
S
h
vkyief;udr# vkyuicirjyKa=umif; XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSwf
k
f kd f G hf
S
D
JG
f
5§}uH@cia&; §95 (547)jzifvnf;aumif; !$e=f um;xm;onfukd awG@&onf?
kd f
h
od@k aomfvnf; 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 9 &ufae@wif jyKvyonfh jynfci+f zKd ; A[dtvkyf
S
dk_ f
G
kf
kd
k
tr_aqmiftzG@J (11§95)tpnf;ta0;rS jynfe,f§wdi;f §c&ki§+rKd @e,f jynfaxmifpk }u@H cia&;
k
df
kd f
ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rsm;onf toif;.&HyaiGtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyuicijhf yK&ef
Hk
f
f kd f G
qk;H jzwfconf? tqdygp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&mwGivnf; pnfrsO;f / pnf;urf;rsm;ufkd
hJ
k
f
f
f
txl;owdjyK vkuemaqmif&uom;&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 27 &ufae@pyg pm
d f
G f G
S
d_ f
JG
trSwf 5§}uH@cia&;§95 (547)jzifh !$e=f um;cJonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; vkyaqmif&mwGif
kd f
h
f
f
vkuem&rnfh pnf;urf;csursm;rSmd f
f
(u) EkiiEivrsK;d twGuf tusK;d ,kwaprnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; jyKvkyjf cif;rjyK&ef?
d f H S hf l
f
f
(c) toif;tqifqif. pnf;&k;H a&;udk xdcuaprnfh tjcm; pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aqmif
h h
kd f
&Guaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKifaqmif&ur_ rjyK&ef?
f
f
S
G f
(*) toif;tqifqif. *k%oumudk !_;d EGr;f ao;odrapaom/ toif;0ifrsm;. tusipm&dwW
h h
f d Q
f
hf
ysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforsm;.tjrifwif rwifw,faom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; aqmif
l
G
h
f
&Gujf cif; rjyK&ef? (Oyrm-t&ufqivyief;/ om;owfvyief;) ponfw@dk jzpfonf?27
kd f k f
kf
trSewu,fvufawG@wirl jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif
f
Gf
dk
f
f
&mwGif azmfjyygtcsursm;ESihf qef@usiaeayonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u jrefrmEdii. pD;yGm;a&;
f
f
dk
kfH
tcef;uÀwpfck &,lxm;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &tm; aps;uGup;D yGm;a&;pepftwGi;f &Sd
f
pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;rsm;udk tvG,wul xde;f csKyfEiatmif vrf;zGiay;cJonf?28
f
kd f
hf h
jref*%jf rifur%onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyief;jzpfonf? 1995
k
h k` D
dk
f
ckEpqef;rSpI e0w(,ck etz). yHy;kd r_jzifh usyf 68 oef; &if;ES;D jrKyfEI “jref*%jf rif” ukr%D
Sf
h
HS
k
h
`
udk wnfaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? e0w (etz)u v$ay;onfh '*Hòk r@d opfajrmufyi;f yifv&wem
J
kd
kH
aps;}uD;&Sd qdicef; 382 cef; a&mif;&aiG usyf 39 oef;ESihf vpOfim;&rf;c usyf 6 aomif;cGEihf
kf
S
J S
e0w (,ck tez)u v$ay;onfh ajreDue;f aps;rSvnf; usyoef; 200 &&Sconf? xd@k a=umifh
J
k
f
d hJ
jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;onf EdkifiHydkift&if;tjrpfrsm;udktoHk;ðy+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&uc&m wpfEptwGi;f usyaiG 36 ukaÉausmEihf qdicef;iSm;crsm;vnf; vpOfoef;csI
G f hJ
Sf
f
fS kf
D
29
&&Sconf? 1995 ckEp/f pufwifbmv jynfci+f zKd ;ESpywfvnf tpnf;ta0;od@k wifoi;f aom
d hJ
S
dk
f
G
17
18. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
tpD&ifcpmt& jynfci+f zKd ;taejzihf EdiiawmfyiypPn;f rsm;udk tok;H jyKI pD;yGm;a&;vkyuic&m
H
kd
kfH
kd f
f kd f hJ
30
tjrwfaiGppaygi;f 362 oef; &&Sconf?
k k
d hJ
xd@k jyif jrefrmhausmufrsu&wemaps;uGuEihf jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;OD;ydivrwuftygt0if
f
fS
kf DD
pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;pGmudvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u xde;f csKyfxm;onf?31 jynfci+f zdK;toif;
f
k
kd
kd
onf &efuewi;f / vdi+f rdK@e,f ajrwdi;f &yfuuf trSwf (24)&Sd ajr{&d,m{u (15.507)udk vGJ
k f kd
_
k
G
ajymif;&,lxm;+y;D ‚if;ajruGursm;udk cswywwif'gpepfjzihf a'ocHv,form;rsm;tm; tiSm;
f
d fd f
32
csay;cJonf? ppfui;f wdi;f / rif;uif;òr@d e,fwivnf; tqifjh rifh v,f,majrazmfxwa&;rsm;
h
kd k
Gf
k f
twGuf a'ocHjynfovxk axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmudk t"rRvytm;ay; apcdi;f cJ+h yD; tEdiusir_
l l
kf
k
k f hf
rsm; ðyvkyconf? ‚if;v,f{uopf (3000) teuf armfvuwif tajcpduonfh cr& 364
f hJ
kd f G
k f
ESihf cr& 366 wyf&if;rsm;u {u (1000) pD/ rif;uif;òrd@e,f jynfci+f zdK;toif;u {u (500)
dk
cGa0,l+yD; useonfh {u (500) udom a'ocHjynforsm; &&Sconf?33
J
f
k
l
d hJ
etzppftpd;k &. axmufytm;ay;r_ od@k r[kwf Ediiawmfyif b¾maiGrsm;ESihf ypPn;f
hH
kfH
kd
rsm;udk toH;k jyKI vkyuiaqmif&uaeaom vkyief;rsm;pGmvnf; &Sonf? Oyrmtm;jziff kd f
G f
f
d
h
&xm;/ vdi;f um; ponfh c&D;onfo,f,y@kd aqmifa&;vkyief;rsm;/ tiSm;um;vkyief;/ tcGeaiG
k
l
f
f
f
aumufcjH cif;vkyief;/ Ediiu;l vufrwrsm;xkway;jcif;vkyief;/ pduysL;d a&;ESihf igarG;jrLa&;
f
kfH
S f
f
f
k f
vkyief;rsm;/ ajruGursm;ESiaps;qkicef;rsm;tiSm;cspm;jcif;/ bdvyfajrtdyrsm; o,f,y@kd aqmif
f
f
hf
df
f
l
a&;vkyief;/ aomufo;Hk a&jzef@a0jcif;vkyief;/ ausmufxwvyief;/ tkwzwvyief;/ za,mif;
f
f
k f kf
fk f kf
wdif a&mif;csonfvyief;/ tif;vkyief;/ ul;wd@k vyief;/ pyg;oD;pm;csjcif;vkyief;/ yJ/ESr;f 0,f,l
k
h kf
f
kf
f
odavSmifjzef@jzL;jcif;vkyief;/ jynfyrS armfawmfum;rsm;/ armfawmfqiu,frsm;ESihf wm,mrsm;
k
f
kd f
udk tcGeuif;vGwpmjzifh wifoi;f jcif;vkyief;/ pojzifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;
f
fG
G
f
f
34
jzpf=uonf?
xk@d tjyif jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;onf tEkynmvkyief;rsm;wGif
kd f
f
vnf; wjznf;jznf;csi;f v$r;f rd;k csKyfuivmcJonf? ,cifu AdvcsKyfcif!e@f OD;aqmifaom
kd f
h
k f
$
ppfaxmufve;f a&;rsm; vkyuiconfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;enf;wl“ a&$pif” AD',kd &kuu;l
S
f kd f hJ
f
GD d f
xkwvya&;ukr%D zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif+y;D pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;udk pwifvyuiconf? ,cif
f kf
`
f
k f kd f hJ
ppfaxmufve;f a&;tzG@J &pOfu“ apwref ”emrnfEihf AD',/kd pD'/D ADp'D aw;pD;&D;xkwvya&;
S
dS
S GD
GD
f kf
rsm;omru/ &ky&ixwvya&;vkyief;rsm;udyg pD;yGm;jzpf us,jf yef@pm vkyaqmifconf?
f Sf k f k f
f
k
G
f
hJ
AdvcsKyfcif!e@f OD;aqmifonfh ppfaxmufve;f a&;rsm;udk acsre;f +yD;onfaemufyi;f umvwGif
k f
$
S
_
h
kd
xdapwrefur%ukd vuf&ppftpd;k &u odr;f ,lum ,ckjynfci+f zKd ; (ac: ) jynfaxmif}u@H cia&;
k
k` D
dS
dk
kd f
35
ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;u a&$pif trnfjzifh jyefvnfz@JG pnf;I vkyaqmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif
f
pma&;q&mrsm;/ ¶kyf&Sifo¶kyfaqmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;tEkynmvkyfief;rsm;tay:wGifvnf;
toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:r_wnfI uef@owfcsKyfcs,rrsm; &Sconf? om"utm;jzifh
f_
d hJ
18
19. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if tEkynm&Sirsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k . tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk a&mif;cs&m
kd
f
wGivnf;aumif;/ yHEyxwa0&mwGivnf;aumif; atmifjrifr&&S&ef tcGitvrf; ydrsm;onf?
f
k dS f k f
f
_ d
hf
k
jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdaom tEkynm&Sirsm;udk 4if;wd@k . tEkynmvkyief;
dk
k
f
f
36
rsm; ydwyifc&rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm; jyKvkyconf?
f H
_
f hJ
jrefrmEdiitwGi;f pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;opfrsm; xlaxmifvyui&ef vkyief;cGijhf yKcsuf
kfH
f
k f kd f
f
trde@f rsm; csay;jcif;udvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u OD;pD;csKyuiconf? xdvyief;rsm;udk ,cifu
k
kd
f kd f hJ
k kf
37
f
k G
k f
ppfaxmufvr;f a&;a[mif;rsm;rS OD;pD;vkyuiconf? vkyief;Xmewpfcwif twdutcHtif
S
f kd f hJ
tm;pktzG@J rsm;rS tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tvkycef@tyfxm;onfukd awG@&ygu vkyief;&Sitaejzifh
f
dS
f
f
vkyief;cGijhf yKcsuf vdipif&yor;f jcif; cH&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u &efue+f rKd @&dS um;ydi&irsm;udk
f
kf kf d
dk
k
kfSf
trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKy0ifrsm;tm; ,mOfarmif; (od@k r[kw) um;py,f,mtvkyrsm;wGif
kd
f
f
f
cef@xm;jcif;rjyK&ef/ tu,fIvkuem&ef ysuuucygu ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk ydwyifjcif;
d f
f G f hJ
f
f
(od@k r[kw) axmif'%f tjypfay;jcif;rsm;udk &ifqirnf[k +cdr;f ajcmuf!e=f um;cJonf?38
f
kd f
$
h
toif;.pnf;urf;csut& toif;tqifqifh *k%oumudk !S;d EGr;f ao;odrapaom
f
h
f d Q
f
toif;0ifrsm;. tusipm&dwysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforsm;.tjrifrm rwifw,faom/
hf
W
l
S
h
pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; aqmif&ujf cif;rjyK&[k !$e=f um;xm;aomfvnf; vufawG@wif jynfci+f zKd ;
f
G
G
dk
tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf t&ufqirsm; zGivpa&mif;csI pD;yGm;&Smaeonfukd awG@&&onf? Oyrm
kd f
hf S f
dS
tm;jzifh rE av;+rKd @/ r[matmifajr+rKd @e,f/ oDwmat;&yfuu&dS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvnf;jzpf/
W
G f
kd
&yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u)vnf;jzpfonfh OD;at;az qkou
G f
d l
t&ufqiukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; zGivpa&mif;csI pD;yGm;&SmcJonf?39
kd f
hf S f
h
jrefrmjynfwi;f &Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;. +cdr;f
G
f
dk
ajcmufrrsm;/ taESmift,Suf ay;r_rsm;udk r=umc% &ifqi&onf? 2005 ckepf/ Ed0ifbmv
_
h
kd f
k
(4)&ufae@wif jrefrmEkiitv,fyi;f yckuL+rKd @e,frS e,fajrcH jynfci+f zKd ;twGi;f a&;rSL; wpfO;D
G
dfH
kd
U
dk
jzpfol udausmwifu 4if;.wynf@rsm;udtoH;k jyKI +yKd ifbufp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;&SiwpfO;D jzpfol
k
f h
k
f
f
ud&e0if;.vkyief;rsm;wGif rqDrqdif 0ifa&mufpuzuf+y;D touftE &m,fuyg +cr;f ajcmuf
k dS f
f
k
G f
W
kd d
&ef&mcJonf? tqdygtwGi;f a&;rSL;onf {&m0wDjrpfavSqy. ukewifuecsvyief;rsm;udk
S h
k
df
f
kf kf
vnf; csKyfuixm;cJonf? r=umc%qkovkd toif;&HyaiGtwGu[ta=umif;jyI pD;yGm;a&;
kd f
h
d
kH
f k
orm;rsm;xHrS aiGa=u;aumufc+H y;D rdru,usKd ;twGuf ok;H pGconf?40 Ttcsuonf tjcm;
d kd f
J hJ
f
pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS vkyaqmifaeaom pD;yGma&;vkyief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif
f
f
S
aqmif&ujf cif;rjyK& [kqonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS jyXmef;xm;onfh pnf;urf;csursm;ESihf zDvm
G
kd
kd
f
qef@usif jzpfaecJonf?
h
19
20. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
tpd k ; &Xmersm;
tpd;k &0efxrf;rSev#if tvdtavsmuf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifjzpfonf[k jyXmef;xm;
f
k
kd
aoma=umifh jrefrmEkii&dS tpd;k &XmetoD;oD;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom Xmeqdi&m
dfH
kf
0efxrf;rsm;tm;vk;H onf toif;0ifciav#mufvmykprsm;udk rjznfpu&yJ tvdtavsmuf
G hf
$ HH
hG f
k
jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfae=uonf? tcsK@d tpd;k &tr_xrf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k tm; today;
kd
jcif; od@k r[kwf ‚if;wd@k .oabmwlnrr&SbJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvm&jcif;a=umifh
D _ d
kd
rnfonfae@&ufwif toif;od@k 0ifa&mufconfukd owdrrlrc=hJ uacs?41
h
G
hJ h
d
2007 ckEpwif u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd qufo,a&;XmetoD;oD;wGif wm0efxrf;
Sf G
G f
aqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;udvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef !$e=f um;vmcJonf?
k
kd
h
tvm;wlpm tm%mydirsm;u 1998 ckEprpI todtrSwjf yKxm;onfh Zlviv (3) &uf
G
kf
S f S
kd f
jrefrmEdiitrsK;d orD;rsm;ae@ukd *k%jf yKonfh taejzih[qum u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd 0efxrf;
kfH
f k kd
rsm;tm;vk;H udk jynfci+f zdK;/ trsKd ;orD;a&;&mtzG@J Eihf rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&;toif;od@k
kd
S
S hf
h
tjrefq;Hk 0ifa&muf=u&ef jynfe,f at;csr;f om,ma&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;aumifp(y,u)u !$e=f um;
hf
D
csuwpfapmif xkwjf yefconf? jrefrmEdii&wyfz@JG &JcsKyf&;kH uvnf; jrefrmEkii&dS &Jwyfz@JG 0if
f
hJ
kfH J
dfH
tm;vk;H udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf+yD;jzpfa&; tav;xm;=uyfrwf aqmif&uom;&ef
kd
G f G
oufqi&m+rdK@e,frsm;tm; !$e=f um;cJonf? xd@k jyif av#mufvmrwif&ao;onfh wyfz@JG 0if
kd f
h
$
rdom;pkrsm;udvnf; wpfvtwGi;f tm;vH;k av#mufxm;&ef trde@f xw!e=f um;cJonf?42
k
k f $
h
tpd;k &Xmersm;Y tvkyvyui&ef qEN&orsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifr[kwygu
f k f kd f
dS l
dk
f
oufqi&m +rKd @e,fjynfci+f zKd ; OuUXESifh twGi;f a&;rSL;wk@d xrS axmufca=umif; vufrwa&;xd;k
kd f
kd
H
H
S f
xm;onfh axmufcpmrsm; wygwnf; ,laqmifvm&onf? tqdygaxmufcpmrsm;&&S&ef
H
k
H
d
twGuf +rKd @e,fjynfci+f zKd ;OuUXESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;udk tenf;qH;k aiGusywpfaomif;cef@ ay;&
kd
f
onf? axmufccsuryg&ygu tpd;k &tvkywpfck &&S&eftwGuf tcGitvrf; tvGeenf;
H f dS
f
d
hf
f
43
yg;onf? wpkwpfa,mufonf tpd;k &0efxrf;wpfO;D jzpfvmygu tvkyukd ab;tE &m,f
H
f
W
uif;&Si;f pGm a&&SnvyaqmifEi&eftwGuf Ediia&;ESiuif;&Si;f &onf? tjzpftysuwpfct&
f kf
kd f
kfH
hf
f k
tpd;k &0efxrf;wpfO;D onf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyu pDpOfcaom toem;cHpm (Petition)
kd
f
hJ
wpfctm; vufrwa&;xd;k cJjh cif;ESiywfoufI jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;u etzppftm%m
k
S f
fh
kd
ydirsm;xH wdi=f um;cJojzifh tvkyrS xkwy,fjcif;cHc&onf?44
kf
k
h
f
f
hJ
twd k u f t cH t if t m;pk r sm;
jrefrmjynf&dS twkutcHygwrsm; txl;ojzifh trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD)
d f
D
kd
onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;. toif;om;pkaqmifa&; enf;AsL[mrsm;ESihf xdywuf &ifqiae&
dk
f kd
kd f
onf? txl;ojzifh NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ygwrS E_wxu&ef rufv;Hk ay;qGaqmifjcif;/ zdtm;
D
f G f
J
20
21. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
ay;+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;udk ae@pOf&ifqdkifcJh&onf? jrefrmppftpdk;&owif;pmrsm;wGif NLD
tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ygwukd qef@usiEwxuaeonf[k r=umc%qdovdk a&;om;azmfjycJonf?
D
f_ f G f
k
h
trSewu,ftm;jzifh ygw0iftrsm;pkonf ygwukd qef@usiI Ekwxu=f ujcif;r[kwyJ tm%m
f
D
D
f
f G
f
ydirsm;. zdtm;rsm;ESihf rufv;Hk ay;qGaqmif pnf;&k;H jcif;rsm;a=umifh Ekwxuc&jcif;jzpfonf?
kf
J
f G f hJ
tzG@J 0iftrsm;pkonf ynma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcGitvrf;rsm; ydr&&Srnf[aom ar#mvifcsuf
hf
k kd d
l
f h
rsm;jzifh tzG@J csKyfrS E_wxu=f uonf? tjcm;wbufwium; tm%mydirsm;. qENrsm;udk
f G
Gf
kf
r vduavsmygu rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf a&&Sn&yfwnfa&;udyg +cr;f ajcmufvmEkionfh
k f
f
k d
df
twGuf tzG@J csKyfrEwxuc&ol trsm;tjym;&Sconf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap tm%mykirsm;.
S k f G f hJ
d hJ
df
twm;tqD; taESmuft,Sursm;=um;xJuyif }uH@}uH@c+H yD; tzG@J csKyfvyief;rsm;udk wpkuf
f
k f
d
rwfrwf vkyaqmifaeolrsm;vnf; &Sconf?
f
d hJ
jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygwtm; tiftm;cse@J ap+yD; aemufq;kH wGif ygwtm;
kd
D
d
D
vk;H 0zsuor;f ypfEi&eftxd xdywef;ppft&m&Srsm;. ulnyy;kd r_jzifh pepfwus pDrue;f a&;qGJ
f d
kd f
f
d
D hH
H d
vkyaqmifconf? xd@k enf;wlpm jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf ppftpd;k &u csrwxm;aom tao;
f
hJ
G
kd
S f
pdwprcsursm;twdi;f toif;om;opfrsm;udvnf; pepfwus pkaqmif;cJonf? toif;0ifopf
fDH f
k
k
h
rsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif tESmuft,Suay;jcif;/ +cr;f ajcmufjcif; po!fh enf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k jyK
f
d
vkyaqmifaeaomfvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. xkwjf yefa=unmcsursm;ESihf tpD&ifcpm trsm;
f
kd
f
H
tjym;wGir_ toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;udk ydrorarG@aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&uae
f
k kd d f
G f
a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf?
2003 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pjJG zifh jynfci+f zdK;em,u/ vkyief;aumfrwDEihf
S
kd
f
S
qyfaumfrwDrsm;tm;vk;H od@k jzef@a0aom awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f. vsKd @0uprcsuwpfcwif
S fDH f k G
jrefrmjynfwi;f &Sd trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyEihf tjcm; twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;. pdw"gwf
G
kd
fS
k f
f
a&;&mESihf v_y&m;r_e,fajrrsm; usO;f ajrmif;vmap&efEihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;rS omref
fS
S
k f
tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufvmap&ef pnf;&k;H vkyaqmif&r!fh jynfci+f zdK;
dk
f
kd
toif;. pDrcsursm;udk &Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onf? wcsewnf;Yyif ‚if;OD;wnfcsursm;udk
H f
df
f
taumiftxnfazmfEi&eftwGuf jynfci+f zdK;toif;u vkyenf;vky[ef trsKd ;rsKd ;udk pepf
kd f
kd
f
f
wus yHpcs pDpOfconf? Oyrmtm;jzifh pnf&;Hk a&;vkyief;pOfrsm;ESiywfoufI jynfci+f zdK;
k H
hJ
f
hf
dk
toif;0ifrjzpfao;olrsm;tm; toif;0ifrsm;jzpfvmatmif pnf;&k;H &efEihf toif;0iftjzpf
S
ryg0ifEiorsm;udk twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f od@k r0ifa&mufom;Ekiatmif pnf;&k;H &ef
kd f l
k f
G df
wd@k jzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qef@usibuftzG@J tpnf;rsm;.e,fajrrsm; usO;f ajrmif;vm
f
ap+y;D wjznf;jznf; yaysmufom;atmif; vkyaqmif&efjzpfonf? xd@k jyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;ESihf
G
f
f
ywfoufI twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm; OD;armhrvmEdiatmif ‚if;wd@k vyaqmifaeaom
k f
kf
k f
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvm+yD; tvm;o¾mefwl pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
21
22. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
xlaxmifI ,SOòf ydivyaqmif&ef jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif omreftwdutcHtzG@J 0ifrsm;. pD;yGm;
f kf
k f
a&;vkyief;onf jynfponft&if;tES;D r&Sygu jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if trmcHrsm;rSwqifh yk*Kd~ va&;
f
h Hk h
d
kd
f
cifrifatmif aygi;f oif;+yD; &if;ES;D aiGaxmufyI ‚if;wd@k tm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k yg0ifvm
Hh
kd
45
atmif qGaqmifpnf&;Hk &efw@kd jzpfonf?
J
2007 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f Y jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@e,f trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f
S
kd
a&;rSL; OD;bxl;udk tzG@J csKyfuae E_wxuay;&ef +rdK@e,fjynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;
f G f
kd f
toif;rS OD;cifarmifat;u rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? OD;bxl;.tqdt& ygw0if
J
h
k
D
rsm;udk tzG@J csKyfrEwxu&ef vduvpnf;&k;H &mwGif tm%mydirsm;u aiGa=u;rsm;/ *stufpf
Sk f G f
k f H
kf
D
trf w,fvze;f rsm;ESihf vkyief;vkyyiciuefx&kursm; ay;urf;I pnf;&H;k cJonf? od@k aomfvnf;
Dk
f
f kd f G hf
d f
h
jyifO;D vGif tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;u tm%mydirsm;. rufv;Hk rsm;udk *&krpduyJ tzG@J csKyfvyief;rsm;udk
kf
k f
kf
46
t&Set[kerysuf qufvufvyuiom;rnf[k qk;H jzwfcsucsconf?
df
f
k f kd f G
f hJ
1998 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvwGif jrefrmEkiiawmifyi;f urf;&k;d wef;wdi;f ppfXmecsKyfwif
S k
dfH
dk
k
G
jyKvkyaom tpnf;ta0;wpfcwif wufa&mufvmaom trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J
f
k G
kd
0ifrsm;udk trSw(19) ppfaxmufvr;f a&;Xmet}uD;tuJ AdvrL;jrifO;D u “rdrw@kd taejzifh
f
S
k f S h
d
Ekiiw0Sr;f jyKvyaom jynfo@l qENazmfxwyrsm;wGif azmfxwjf yocJ=h uaom jynfow@kd .qEN
dfH
kf
k f JG
k
l
udk av;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfovxtaejzifh NLD ygwukd w&m;r0iftoif;tjzpf wm;
l l k
D
jrpfywyifay;&ef arwWm&yfcxm;a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh +rw+f rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd ygw0ifrsm;taejzifh
d f
H
d
D
,ckvrukecif tzG@J csKyrEwxuay;=u&ef ajym=um;vda=umif;/ owfrw&uftwGi;f tzG@J csKyf
f
fSk f G f
k
S f
rS Ekwxuay;&ef ysuuuorsm;udk ta&;,laqmif&uom;rnfjzpfa=umif;” xkwazmf ajym
f G f
f G f l
G f G
f
=um;oGm;cJonf? tqdygowday;csuonf trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0if 1000 ausmf
h
k
f
kd
ESihf jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,f 200 OD;udk zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f +y;D r=umcif xGuay:vmjcif;jzpf
$ f
kd f
f
47
onf?
jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygw0ifrsm;udk +cdr;f ajcmufI ygwrEwxuapjcif;/
kd
D
D S _ f G f
ygwtm; qef@usi¶@H_ csjcif;ESihf ygwtm; zsuor;f ay;&ef awmif;qdaejcif;rsm;udk enf;vrf;rsKd ;
D
f
D
f d
k
pHk toH;k jyKI vkyaqmifconf? ppftpd;k &ydir',mrsm;ESihf owif;pmrsm;wGivnf; NLD ygwD
f
hJ
kfDD
f
0ifrsm; Ekwxuaeonfta=umif;udk r=umc% tus,cs@J I azmfjycJonf? 2006 ckepf/
f G f
h
f
h
{+yvukeyi;f wGif NLD tzG@J 0if 130 eD;yg;cef@ ygwrS E_wxuca=umif; ppftpd;k &rD',mrsm;u
D
f kd
D
f G f hJ
D
48
a=unmcJonf? od@k &mwGif NLD ygwonf tzG@J 0if (4)OD;. w&m;0ifEwxupmrsm;udom
h
D
_ f G f
k
&&Sconf?49 Ttcsuukd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh tjcm;E_wxurrsm;onf twif;tusyf apcdi;f
d hJ
f
f G f_
k
cHc&jcif;om jzpfEiz,&I ygw0if(4)OD;omv#if pdwrvHaoma=umifh ygwo@kd ‚if;wd@k vy&yf
hJ
kd f G f dS
D
f k
D
kf
rsm;udk 0efccjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
H
2006 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif jrefrmEdiitv,fyi;f ppfui;f wdi;f / a&$b+kd rdK@e,fwif
S
f
kfH
kd
kd k
G
22
23. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKytzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; +cr;f ajcmufI ygwrEwxuf
kd
kd
f
d
DSk f G
cdi;f cJonf? 2007 ckEp/f ZGev(11)&ufae@wivnf; rE av;wdi;f / jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@ om,muke;f
k h
S
f
Gf
W
k
aus;&GmrS tzG@J csKyf pnf;tzG@J 0if udaersKd ;atmif.aetdro@kd &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf
k
f
G f
zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u) tzG@J 0ifrsm;/ e,fxr;f &Jrsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm; a&muf&Sd
d
kd
f
vm+yD; tzGJ@csKyfrS E_wfxGufay;&ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif jyifOD;vGif
aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&GmrS tzG@J csKyfpnf;tzG@J 0if ud0if;Advf udvnf; ZGev(17) &ufae@Y &,urS
k k
k
f
ac:,l+cdr;f ajcmuf+yD; owif;ay;tjzpfwm0efay;tyfrukd ud0if;Advu jiif;qdconf?50
_
k k f
k hJ
ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf tzG@J csKyfygwtzG@J 0ifrsm;udk rufv;Hk
kd f k
kd
D
trsK;d rsK;d ay;I tzG@J 0iftjzpfrS Ekwxu&ef qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? a&$b+kd rdK@e,f trsK;d om;
f G f
J
h
'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf wGzuftwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;atmifrsK;d . tqdt& a'ocHtm%mydirsm;ESihf
kd
J
k
kf
D
jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'o&Sd NLD ygwtzG@J 0if v,form;rsm;udk
kd
ygwrS Ekwxuygu twd;k vGwf pduysK;d a&;acs;aiGrsm; xkway;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay;um ygw0if
D
f G f
k f
f
D
tjzpfrS Ekwxuci;f cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; tzG@J 0ifrsm;rSm ygw0iftjzpfrS Ekwxu&ef qENr&Sd
f G f kd h
D
f G f
51
S k
dk
ojzifh xdurf;vSr;f csuukd vufrcHc=hJ uay? 2005 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvtwGi;f u jynfci+f zdK;
k
f
toif;0ifrsm;onf rE av;wdi;f twGi;f &Sd NLD ygwtzG@J 0ifrsm;.aetdrrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI
W
k
D
f
ygw0ifrsm;tm; jzpfay:vmrnfh rnfonfjh yemrsK;d udrqdk umuG,ay;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym
D
k
f
52
qdc+hJ yD; ygwrEwxuci;f cJonf? xd@k tjyif jrif;+cH+rdK@e,f v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f OD;armif
k
D S _ f G f dk h
f
kd f
armif0if;udvnf; ygwrEwxuI pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;wpfck xlaxmif&ef usyaiG oef;aygi;f rsm;
k
DSk f G f
f
f
pGmudk twk;d vGwf tcsetuef@towfr&Sd acs;iSm;I pnf;&k;H cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;armif
d f
h
53
armif0if;onf ygwrS Ekwxu&ef jiif;qdconf?
D
f G f
k hJ
jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tjcm;enf;
kd
kd
vrf;trsK;d rsK;d ok;H Ivnf; taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? 1999 ckEp/f azazmf0g&v 20/21 wGif
f h
S
D
&efuewi;f tif;pde+f rKd @e,frS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (3)OD;onf ayguuaus;&GmrS a'ocH&mom;(20)
k f kd
dk
f H
G
ausmw@kd tm; trnfpm&if;rsm;ESiwuG oGm;a&mufI NLD ygwrS E_wxua=umif; twif;
f
hf
D
f G f
t"rR vufrwa&;xd;k cki;f cJonf? tqdyg&mom;rsm;onf trSewu,f NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;
S f
d h
k G
f
r[kw=f uacs? od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf tqdyg&mom;rsm;tm; t}urf;zuf
kd
k G
vky&yfrsm;wGif NLD ygwEihf ylaygi;f }upnfonf[k pGypum twif;t"rRvufrwf a&;xd;k cki;f
f
DS
H
f JG
S
d
jcif;jzpfonf? 1999 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvwGivnf; ppfui;f wki;f / uav;0+rKd @e,f NLD jrKd @e,fpnf;
S k
f
kd d
&ka&;aumfrwD vli,fpnf&;Hk a&;wm0efcH a':cifEi;f =unftm; vuf&&mxl;rS Ekwxuay;&ef
H
S
dS
f G f
twif;t"rR zdtm;ay; vufrwa&;xd;k cdi;f cJonf? tu,fI rE_wxuv#if 4if;.cifye;f jzpfol
S f
k h
f G f
G
tvkyjf yKwfrnf[k twif;t"rR zdtm;ay;I vufrwa&;xk;d cdi;f cJjh cif; jzpfonf? olrtaejzifh
S f
k
vufrwx;kd &ef jiif;qdcjhJ cif;a=umifh tusK;d quftaejzifh vifr,m;uGm&Si;f jywfpay;&onfh
S f
k
J
23
24. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
taetxm;od@k qdua&mufconf?54
k f
hJ
xd@k jyif jrefrmEkiitv,fyi;f rE av;wdi;f twGi;f &Sd rwW&mESihf wHwm;OD;+rKd @e,frsm;&Sd
dfH
dk
W
k
trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; ygwrS Ekwxu&ef ppftpd;k & vufuiwwf
kd
k
D
f G f
kd f k
jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? rE av;wki;f trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dk
kd
h
W
d
kd
aumfrwDtzG@J 0if a':0if;jrjr.tqdt& wHwm;OD;+rdK@e,f jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpfaom udk
k
kd
atmifjrif/h ud0if;pdeEihf udwif!e@f w@kd OD;aqmifaomtzG@J onf aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vSn@f vnfI
k
fS k
$
NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; tzJ@G csKyfrS Ekwxuap&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? wHwm;OD; +rdK@e,ftwGi;&Sd
D
f G f
h
f
ZD;yif&yaus;&GmrS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKy0ifrsm;udk wpftrv#if wpfa,mufEe;f qifac:I
df
kd
f
df
_
h
ygw0iftjzpfrS ,cktcseEwxuygu jzpfvmrnfjh yemrsm;udk umuG,ay;rnfjzpf+yD;/
D
d f k f G f
f
tu,fI rE_wxuygu anmifEpyiftrsK;d om;nDvmcHt+yD; tzG@J csKyftm; w&m;r0iftzG@J
f G f
Sf
tpnf;wcktjzpf ausnmonftcseusrS jzpfay:vmonfh jyemrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;taejzifh
h df
kd
55
wm0ef,Eivrrnfr[kwa=umif; ajymqdI Ekwxuci;f cJonf?
l dk f d hf
f
k
f G f kd h
&Sr;f jynfe,fta&S@yi;f / usKi;f wk+H rdK@e,f&dS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk
kd
d
kd
vnf; ygwrS EkwxuI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? ppftpd;k & vufuif
D
f G f
kd
h
kd
wkwf a'ocHjynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;.aetdrrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnf
kd
f
ywf+yD; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifu'fjym;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@xHay;tyfI jynfcdkif+zdK;
toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdconf? emcH&efjiif;qeforsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh
k hJ
l
+cdr;f ajcmufconf? tzG@J 0iftcsK@d rm jynfci+f zdK;tvdus vkyaqmif&ef qufvufjiif;qdc+hJ yD;/
hJ
S
kd
k
f
k
tcsK@d rm jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u tkypz@JG +y;D wkucuvmrnfup;kd &draoma=umifh qENr&SyEihf
S
kd
fk
d f kd f
kd f
dJS
56
vufcc=hJ uonf?
H
NLD ygw0iftjzpf qufvuf&yfwnf+y; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qef
D
D
dk
cJjh cif;. tusKd ;quftaejzifh tzG@J csKyygw0ifrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk &ifqi}f uKH
f D
dk
awG@=u&+y;D ynma&;qdi&mtcGitvrf;rsm;vnf; enf;yg;apcJonf? 2004 ckEpwif weoFm&D
kf
hf
h
Sf G
wdi;f / +rdw+f rdK@e,frS a'ocHtm%mydirsm;u NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif
k
kf
D
ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;tjzpf tvkyvyuijf cif;ud&yfqi;f &ef trde@f ay;wm;jrpfconf?
f k f kd
k
kd
hJ
+rw+f rKd @e,f trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tvkytr_aqmif wpfO;D jzpfol OD;vSxe;f (ac: ) OD;qef;
d
kd
f
G
v_itm; u|e;f pk+rdK@e,f aus;&Gmwpf&m&Sd ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf
df
G
cef@ tyfjcif;udk jiif;qdcc&onf? a'ocHtm%mydiOuUXESihf jynfci+f zdK;OuUXrsm;u OD;vSxe;f
k H hJ
kf
kd
G
tm; ac:,lawG@qum a'ocHppfaxmufvr;f a&;rsm;. !$e=f um;csut& trsK;d om;'Drua&pD
Hk
S
f
kd
tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;udk pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcirjyKEdi[k ajymqdconf?57
G hf k f
k hJ
rE av;wdi;f anmif;OD;+rdK@e,f&dS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@JG 0if usL&Siq&m
W
k
kd
f
OD;aZmfaZmfuvnf; tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? OD;aZmfaZmfonf a':atmifqef;
kd
kf
h
24
25. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
pk=unfEihf OD;wifO;D tygt0if Ekiia&;tusO;f om;v$wajrmufa&; v_y&m;r_wif wufwuf
S
dfH
f
f S
G
ºuGºuG yg0ifaqmif&ucowpfa,muf jzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u ‚if;tm; tzG@J csKyfrS
G f hJ l
dk
Ekwxuv#if vufuize;f ESihf tjcm;tcGitvrf;rsm;ay;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifconf?
f G f
kd f k
hf
J
hJ
od@k aomfvnf; OD;aZmfaZmf u tzG@J csKyrS Ekwxu&ef jiif;qdaomtcg ‚if;w&m;0ifzivpxm;
f
f G f
k
G hf S f
aom usL&Siausmif;ukd jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;u ydwyifc+hJ y;D / wynfrsm;udyg tqkygusL&Sif
f
kd
kf
f
h
k
d
58
ausmif;rS Ekwxu&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf?
f G f
h
jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J o@kd 0ifa&mufvm
kd
D
kd
atmif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh vkyaqmifconf? awG@qar;jref;cJaom NLD ygw0iftcsK@d . tqdk
f
hJ
Hk
h
D
t& tcsK@d aomygw0ifrsm;udk a'ocHjynfci+f zdK;&k;H cGrsm;od@k ac:aqmifI ygwrEwxuci;f cJh
D
kd
J
D S k f G f kd
onf? tcsK@d ygw0ifrsm;udk ygwrEwxuygu w,fvze;f wpfv;Hk tygt0if &mxl;}uD;}uD;ESihf
D
DSk f G f
Dk
aiGusywpfoe;f ay;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifjzpf&ef jiif;
f
d
J
h
kd
qefaeonfh ygw0ifrsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif taESmuft,Suay;jcif;/
D
f
f
uef@owfcsKyfcs,jf cif;rsm;udk cH=u&onf? xd@k a=umifh tqdyg ygw0ifrsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . rdom;pk
k
D
pm;0wfaea&;uda&S;&_+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k qENr&SyJ 0ifc&onf? om"utm;jzifh pwd;k qdif
k
dk
d
hJ
k
(2)ck ydiqiaom trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D onf ‚if;.rdom;pkrsm;tygt0if
k f kd f
kd
tm%mydirsm;. enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aESmuf,u+f cdr;f ajcmufjcif;udk cH&onf? a'ocHjynfci+f zdK;
kf
S
kd
twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf tjcm;+rdK@e,frS jynfci+f zdK;t&m&Sd (2) OD;onf tqdyg ygw0ifaetdro@kd oGm;
kd
k
D
f
a&mufI tu,fIygwrS Ekwxu+f yD; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qufvufjiif;qdk
D
f G
kd
aev#if pwd;k qditwGuf wESpwpf}urf xkway;aeonfh cGijhf yKcsuygrpfukd xkway;awmhrnf
kf
f
d
f
f
f
r[kw[k +cr;f ajcmufajymqdconf? xd@k a=umifh ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pk a&&Snpm;0wfaea&;udk xnfh
f d
k hJ
f
oGi;f pOf;pm;+yD; ygwrEwxuI jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufc&onf?59
DSk f G f
kd
hJ
-------------------------
25
26. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
tcef ; (3)
jynf w G i f ; vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;tm; toG i f t rsKd ; rsKd ; jzih f xd e f ; csKyf v mjcif ; ?
jrefrmEdiionf vlxtajcjyK vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm; wjznf;jznf;uif;rJaeaom EkiiH
kfH
k
h
df
wpfcjk zpfonf? vlra&;qdi&mvl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ vlrtoif;tzG@J rsm;udk zefw;D wnfaxmifxe;f
_
kf
_
d
odr;f &efEihf vlxt=um; yGivif;¶d;k om;r_Eihf vGyvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm; xGeum;vmapa&;
S
k
hf
S
f
f
twGuf }uKd ;yrf;csursm;onf ppftm%m&SitycsKyfa&;pepfq;kd wpfca=umifh t&mrxifcay?
f
f kf
k
hJ
ppftm%mydirsm;onf xdvra&;qdi&m vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . =oZmatmufo@kd
kf
k l _
kf
enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh oGwoi;f vd=k uonf? vlrqi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf Ekii.ta&;ygaom
f G
_ kd f
fd f H
Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;qdi&may:vpDrsm;ESihf rnfo@kd r# qufE,ywfoufrr&S=d uay? ‚if;wd@k
kfH
kf
G f
_
onf vlxtusK;d jyKvyief;rsm;/ vlxoufomacsmifcsa&;ESihf tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;twGuf
k
kf
k
d
yHy;kd ay;onfvyief;rsm;om jzpf=uonf? xdvra&;qdi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drua&pD
h
h k f
k l _
kf
kd
tajccHtwjf rpfrsm;jzpfouJo@kd 'Drua&pDw;kd wufz@G +H zKd ;a&;twGuf ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾rS
k
h
kd
wpdwwa'otm;jzifh yg0ifywfoufae=uonf?
f
vlrqi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k pwyg0ifpm;aom ta=umif;t&mwpf&yfukd
_ kd f
d f
om tm&kxm; tav;ay;aqmif&ujf cif;a=umifvnf;aumif;/ ao;i,faom tzG@J tpnf;
H
G
h
rsm;jzpfjcif;a=umifvnf;aumif; rdrw@kd . &nfre;f csursm;udk xda&mufayguajrmufap&ef pGr;f
h
d
S
f
f
aqmifEi=f uayonf? TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drua&pDv@l abmif wnfaxmif&mwGif r&Srjzpf
kd
kd
d
vdtyfaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif vlxutajcjyKaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh
k
k kd
tm;avsmpm ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mwGif vlx.yl;aygi;f yg0ifr_
fG
f
k
udk &&S=d uonf? Tonfum; vlxtm; trsm;ESiy;l aygi;f aqmif&uwwfonfh tavhtusiukd
k
hf
G f
hf
&&Saponf? xdtavhtusionf tem*wfjrefrmEdiiwif 'Drua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;t
d
k
hf
k f H G kd
wGuf taxmuftuljyKaponf@t&mrsm; jzpfayonf?
od@k aomf tm%mudk &moufyefcsKyfui&ef &nf&,csuxm;&Sonfh ppftm%m&Sif
kd f
G f f
d
AdvcsKyf}uD;rsm;onf xd@k uo@kd tajccdif wd;k wufatmifjrifvmaeaom vlra&;qdi&mtzG@J
k f
hJ
k
_
kf
tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . =oZmatmufwixm;&S&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? T}uKd ;yrf;csursm;onf
Gf
d
f
ppftm%m&Sirsm;u aºu;G a=umfaeaom “acwfrz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufaom 'Drua&pDEiiawmfopf
f
SD
kd
kd f H
}u;D xlaxmifa&;”[lonfh aqmify'Eihf zDvmqef@usiaecJonf? tpd;k &r[kwaom vlrtzG@J
kfS
f h
f
_
tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh omoema&;tzG@J rsm;/ vlr0efaqmiftzG@J rsm;/ use;f rma&;jyKpapmifa&Smuf
_
k
h
aomtzGJ@rsm;/ ynma&;tzGJ@rsm; ponfh atmufajctqifh vlr_a&;qdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;onf
'Drua&pDv@l abmiftwGuf a'guwirsm;jzpf=uonf? xdtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ppftm%m&Sirsm;
kd
f kd f
k
f
26
27. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
u ‚if;wd@k . =oZmcHtjzpf }udK;yrf;aejcif;/ zsuor;f z,f&m;jcif; od@k r[kwf xde;f csKyfaejcif;
f d
S
rsm;onf tem*wf'rua&pDxaxmifa&;twGuf tajccHtwjf rpfrsm;udk +zdKvSaejcif;jzpf+yD;/
D kd
l
k
J
‚if;wd@k .tm%m qufvufwnf+rJa&;twGuf OD;wnf}udK;yrf;aejcif;om jzpfayonf?60
ppftm%m&Sirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwjf zpfonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;tm;tok;H
f
kd f k
kd
jyKI rdru,ukd jynfo@l tusKd ;awmfaqmif apwem&SitzG@J tpnf;wpfctoGijf zifh ‚if;wd@k xe;f
d kd f
f
k
d
csKyfxm;aom rD',mrsm;wGif r=umc% azmfjycJonf? pmoifausmif;rsm;ESihf aq;¶Hrsm;tm;
D
h
k
taxmuftyHypPn;f rsm; vSL'ge;f jcif;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif qyfjym/ aq;0g;ypPn;f rsm;ESihf
h
vlo;Hk ukeypPn;f rsm; vSL'ge;f jcif;/ a'ozG@H +zKd ;a&;pDrue;f rsm;wGif apwemh0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf tul
f
H d
tnDay;jcif;/ toif;0ifrsm;tm; ynma&;ESihf enf;ynmqki&m oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;tygt0if
df
v,f,mpduysK;d a&; po!fvy&m;r_trsKd ;rsKd ;wGif yg0ifvyaqmifconf? vlxu ,k=H unftm;
k f
h _fS
kf
hJ
k
xm;&aom apwem&Sivra&;tzJ@G tpnf;wpfctjzpf jynfovx.axmufcrukd &,l&ef
f l _
k
l l k
H _
}udK;yrf;cJonf? wcsewnf;rSmyif vGyvyf+yD; tpd;k &r[kwaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (NGOs).
h
d f
f
f
tcef;u¾rsm;wGiyg 0ifa&mufpuzufvm+yD; ‚if;wd@k tm; wjznf;jznf;csi;f xde;f csKyfEi&ef
f
G f
kd f
}uKd ;yrf;vmcJonf? Ediiwum ulnaxmufya&;at*siprsm;onf jynfovxtwGi;f ‚if;wd@k
h
kfH
D
Hh
fD
l l k
tultnDrsm; jzef@a0&mwGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. uef@owfxe;f csKyrrsm;udk r=umc% &ifqif
kd
d
f_
kd
cJ&onf? tusK;d quftaejzihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &tm; tE &,fjyKEionf
h
k f
W
kd f
[k ,lqxm;olrsm;twGuf tultnDtaxmuftyHrsm;&&S&ef tcGitvrf; enf;yg;apcJonf?
h
d
hf
h
tcsu(7)csuyg Ediia&;vrf;jyajrykEihf trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd axmufctm;ay;o!fh
f
f kfH
HS
H
vlpva0;yGrsm;tygt0if etzppftpd;k &tm; axmufctm;ay;onfh twkta,mif vlpvl
k l J
H
k
a0;yGrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u wm0ef,usi;f ycJonf? xd@k tjyif 1990 a&G;aumufytEdi&
J
dk
l
h
JG k f
ygvreftrwfrsm;tm; a0zef¶wcsjcif;/ jrefrmjynfEiia&;tajctaeESiywfoufI a0zef
D
_ f
kd f H
hf
ok;H oyfxm;aom EdiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS xkwjf yefo!fh tpD&ifcpmrsm;/ xkwjf yefa=unm
kfH
H
csursm;ESihf EdiiwumrD',mrsm;udk wefjyefqef@usif &_wcsjcif;rsm;tygt0if/ trsK;d om;
f
kfH
D
f
'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfEihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vk;H udk qef@usix;kd ESuonfh twkt
kd
S
k f
f
f
a,mif vlpva0;yGrsm;udvnf; pepfwus pDpOfusi;f ycJonf? tqdyg vlpva0;yGrsm;wGif
k l J
k
h
k
k l J
wufa&mufvmolrsm;rSm jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;ESihf aus;&Gmrsm;/ +rdK@e,frsm;rS cGwrf;us
kd
J
pepfjzifh tdraxmifpwpfpv#if tenf;qH;k rdom;pk0ifwpfO;D usEe;f rwufrae& wufa&muf
f
k
k
_
&ef zdtm;ay;cH&olrsm; jzpf=uonf? jynfovxtaejzihf xdvpva0;yGrsm;od@k wufa&muf
l l k
k lk l J
ae&jcif;onf ‚if;wd@k tay: usa&mufvmEdionfh ab;tE &m,fq;kd usK;d rsm;udk a=umuf&@HG ae&
kf
W
aoma=umifh jzpfayonf?
27
28. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
jynf o l @ tusd K ;awmf a qmif
ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ; ac: jynfaxmifp}k u@H cia&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;toif;onf
kd f k
dk
kd f
hf
jynfovxukd tusK;d jyKaeaom vlra&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; ponfh vkyief;rsm;wGif 0if
l l k
_
f
a&mufcs,v,c=hJ uonf? xde,fy,frsm;wGif v_y&m;vkyuiaeaom jynfwi;f / jynfy tpd;k &
f S f
k
fS
f kd f
G
r[kwaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udvnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkycs,v,&ef enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf }udK;pm;
f
k
f f S f
vmcJonf? wcsewnf;wGif ‚if;wd@k u,wif jynfovx.u,fwif&i}f u;D rsm;ozG,f ykazmfvm
h
df
kd f kd
l l k
S
H
cJonf? txl;ojzihf 2005 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (5)&ufae@ &efuef jynfci+f zdK; A[dXmecsKyf&;kH wGif
h
S
k
kd
k
usi;f yjyKvkyaom owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwckwif jynfci+f zdK;taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; AdvcsKyf
f
J
G
kd
k f
aX;OD;u tu,fI jynfovxu awmif;qdvmcJv#if jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd Ekiia&;ygwwpfck
l l k
k h
kd
dfH
D
tjzpf ajymif;vJaumif; ajymif;vJrnf[k t&dytjrGuf ajym=um;cJ+h yD;aemufyi;f wGif jrefrm
f
kd
Ediiv@l tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaomtzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f toGio¾mef trsKd ;
kfH
f
f
rsKd ;jzifh xd;k azgu0ifa&muf csKyfuivmcJonf?
f
kd f
h
jrefrmjynfovx. tusKd ;pD;yGm;tm; apwemxufoefpmjzifh ulnaqmif&uae
l l k
G
D
G f
onfh toGiazmfaqmif&ef tESpom&uif;rJonfh twkta,mif z@+HG zdK;wd;k wufa&;pDrue;f
f
f
h
H d
rsm;udom jynfci+f zdK;toif;u taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&uconf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;
k
kd
G f hJ
kd
uJo@kd tvm;wl zG@J pnf;xm;aom jrefrmEdiiH rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&;tzG@J / jrefrmEdiiH
h
kf
S hf
h
kf
trsKd ;orD;a&;&mtzG@J / jrefrmEdiiH =uufajceDtzG@J rsm;ESivnf; twlwuGy;l aygi;f I toif;tm;
kf
hf
ESpvz,&maumif;atmif jynfo@l tusKd ;jyKtzG@J tpnf;wpfctjzpf vlxrS ,k=H unfvufcH
f kd G f
k
k
vmatmif }uKd ;yrf;tm;xkwconf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. twkta,mif zG@H +zKd ;
f hJ
dk
wd;k wufa&; pDrue;f rsm;twGuf &HyaiGEihf vkytm;&&S&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf jynfovxk
H d
kH S
f
d
l l
xHryif jzpfaeonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;taejzifh jynfovx. aiGa=u;rsm;ESivytm;rsm;udk
S
kd
l l k
hf k f
toH;k jyKI twkta,mif zG@H +zdK;a&;pDrue;f rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u+f yD; emrnf
H d
G
aumif;&atmif }uKd ;pm;jcif;onf “ig;=uif;qDjzihf ig;=uif;a=umf”aejcif;omjzpfI jrefrmEdii.
kfH
a&&Snz@HG +zdK;a&;ESihf wnf+idra&;twGuf rsm;pGm pd;k &drp&mjzpfayonf?
f
f
f
jynfci+f zdK;toif;twGuf &HyaiGrsm;&&S&m ae&mtcsK@d ukd avhvm=unfrnfqv#if
kd
Hk
d
h
kd
vlxxrS enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aumufcpaqmif;cJonfukd awG@&onf? xd@k jyif omreftoif;0if
k H
Hk
h
rsm;taejzifvnf; toif;twGuf aiGa=u;rsm;udk tvSLaiGtaejzifxnf0if&ef apcdi;f jcif;
h
h h
k
cHc&ouJo@kd vlxxrtvSLaiGrsm;udvnf; ud,wif vduvaumufcay;&onfrsm;vnf;
hJ
h
k HS
k
k f kd k f H
H
&Sconf? cGwrf;pepft& wpfEpv#if ok;H }ur/f av;}urcef@ aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd jynforsm;xHrS tvSL
d hJ
J
Sf
d
df
l
aiGrsm; aumufc&onf? tcsK@d a'ocH jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifyi;f rsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k u,wif
H
kd
kd
kd f kd
tvSLaiGrsm; ray;aqmif&aomfvnf; a'ocHpnf;&k;H a&;rSL;rsm;udk w&m;0if&;Hk pmrsm; xkway;
f
+y;D &yfuu/f aus;&Gmrsm;twGi;f tvSLaiGrsm; vduvpaqmif;&ef wm0efay;avh&onf? tvSL
G
k f Hk
Sd
28
29. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
aiG aumufc&mwGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;&k;H rsm; jyKjyif&efEihf tok;H taqmify&dabm*rsm; 0,f,&ef
H
f
kd
S
l
twGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ toif;0ifav#mufv$mykHpHtwGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ jynfcdkif+zdK;
wki;f tqifacgi;f aqmifrsm; vma&mufvnfywf&ef {nfcpm;&dwtwGu[k vnf;aumif;
d
h
hH
f
f
ta=umif;trsKd ;rsK;d jyI omrefjynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tygt0if jynfovxxrS aumufcH
kd
l l k H
pkaqmif;=uonf? tcsK@d aom tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;xHrS tvSLaiGrsm;udk wdu&uaumufcjH cif;
k f dk f
r&Saomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;rS OD;pD;usi;f yaom vlra&;v_y&m;r_rsm;ESihf jynfci+f zdK;toif;om;
d
kd
_
f S
kd
0wfpz;kd rsm;twGu[k ta=umif;jyI vukev#if ‚if;wd@k .vpmaiGrsm;xJrS jzwfawmuf,jl cif;
Hk
f
f
udk cH=u&onf? jynfci+f zKd ; toif;rSaumufcaom aiGa=u;yrm%udk rvSL'ge;f Ediorsm;onf
kd
H
kf l
vkytm;ay; vdu=f u&onf? vkytm;ay; ud,wirvduEiorsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .ae&mwGif
f
k
f
k f kd f k f kd f l
tjcm;wpHwa,mufukd iSm;&rf;I tpm;xd;k ay;&onf?61
k
ppftpd;k &rS wki;f jynfukd pwiftycsKyfcaom 1962 ckEprpI tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wGif
d
k f hJ
SfS
rGebmom&yfrsm;udk oif=um;cGihf rjyKcJay? od@k aomfvnf; aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd rGevxu
f
h
f l k
aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd bkeawmf}u;D ausmif;rsm;wGif rGepmayudk }uKd ;pm;oif,conf? xd@k aemuf aus;
f
f
l hJ
&Gmrsm;wGif rGepmayESihf Ak'bmom,Ofaus;r_toif;rsm; wnfaxmifI rGepmoifausmif;rsm;
f
<
f
zGivp+f y;D rGepmwwfajrmufa&; oifwef;rsm;ay;&ef }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&uconf? od@k aomfvnf;
hf S
f
G f hJ
2004 ckepf/ ZlvivtwGi;f u etz AdvcsKyfarmifbu a&;+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd rGebmompum;
kd f
k f
kd
f
oif=um;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;udk ydwypf&efEihf tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wnfaxmif&ef a'ocH
f
S
tm%mydirsm;udk !$e=f um;cJonf? 2005 ckEp/f azazmf0g&v usKura&m+rd@k wif jyKvkyaom
kf
h
S
D
d f
G
f
tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGifvnf; jynfcdkif+zdK; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u rGefbmompum;
oif=um;jcif;onf Ekiiawmfz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;ESihf pnf;vk;H nD!wa&;twGuf twm;tqD;wpf
dfH
$ f
ckjzpfonf[k ajymqdom;cJonf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; rGeausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;
k G h
dk
k
f
tm; taESmuft,Suay;&efEihf qufvufzixm;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;tm;ydwyif&ef
f
S
G hf
f
62
apcdi;f cJonf? Tod@k jzifh jrefrmtm%mydirsm;onf ae&mwdi;f / vltzG@J tpnf;wki;f wGif tpk
k h
kf
k
d
tzG@J wpfck ay:ayguvmrnfukd tvGetrif; pd;k &drc=hJ uonf?
f
f
f
NLD ygwrS vkyaqmifaeaom vlra&;vkyief;rsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;.
D
f
_
f
f
kd
wm;qD;[ef@wm;aer_rsm; &Sconf? jrefrmjynftES@H wif zG@J pnf;xm;aom Ediia&;tusO;f om;
d hJ
G
kfH
rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pkrsm;tm; tultnDay;aeonfh vlruna&;tzG@J rsm;uJo@kd tvm;wl
_ l D
h
tzG@J wpfcukd NLD ygwu wrl;a'owGiz@JG pnf;&ef 2004 ckepf/ {+yvtwGi;f u }uKd ;yrf;cJonf?
k
D
f
D
h
od@k aomfvnf; wrl;c¶dijf ynfci+f zKd ;toif;OuUXu tqdygvruna&;tzG@J zG@J pnf;olrsm;tm;
k
kd
k l_ l D
‚if;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif wefjyef*,uf¶urrsm;ESihf awG@}uKH &vdrrnf[k +cr;f ajcmuf
f
kd f _
hf
d
63
ajymqdI taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? 2004 ckepfwivnf; jrefrmjynfatmufyi;f &Sd a&ab;
k
f h
Gf
kd
'kuonfrsm;tm; NLD ygwrS qefvLS 'ge;f &ef }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? xdtcseY jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u
Q
D
h
k df
kd
29
30. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
NLD ygwtm; rdrw@kd u,pm; aumif;r_uovjf yKvky&eftwGuf
D
d
kd f
k kd
f
tvSLypPn;f rsm; ay;tyfchJ
k f
D
_
f
f
onf[k rrSeruef ajymqdconf? xd@k jyif twdutcHygwrsm;. vlra&;vkyaqmifcsursm;
f
k hJ
udvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;rS tjcm;enf;vrf;trsKd ;rsK;d jzifh [ef@wm;aESmuf,uconf? Oyrm
k
kd
S f hJ
tm;jzihf twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;u vlxtusK;d jyK vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&ef aus;&Gmvlxk
k f
k
f
f
rsm;udk pnf;&k;H onftcgwi;f jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u jynfovxtm; rvkyaqmif&ef
h
kd
kd
l l k
f
65
avmfpyDumrsm;ESihf atmf[pfI [ef@wm;aESmuf,uconf?
S f hJ
jynfcdkif+zdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmjynfwGif;Y wnf&Sdaeaom vlr_a&;tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;udk wcsewif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;}u;D . +yKd ibufjzpfvmEkionf[k ,lqxm;+y;D [ef@
df G
dk
f
fd f
wm;aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvyvmcJonf? jrefrmjynfovx. txl; tm;ud;k ,k=H unfrukd &&Sae
S f_
kf h
l l k
_
d
onfh &ky&io&kyaqmif udausmol OD;pD;aom ema&;ulnrtoif;(&efue)tygt0if vlra&;/
fSf f
k
f
D_
kf
_
bmoma&;/ ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&; toif;tzG@J (24)ckukd tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf?
kf
h
TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; vkyief;vkyyicioufwrf; xyfw;kd ay;awmhrnf r[kwa=umif; 2007
f
f kd f G hf
f
ckEptwGi;f Y w&m;0ifta=umif;=um;cJonf? xd@k jyif 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGivnf; ema&;
Sf
h
S
f
f
ulnrtoif;(&efue). a=umfjimcGi/hf tvSLaiGvufccirsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u wm;jrpf
D _
k f
H G hf
kf
ydwyifrrsm; jyKvyc+hJ y;D toif;.tr_aqmiftcsK@d ukd ac:,laqG;aEG;ar;jref;r_rsm; jyKvyconf?
f _
kf
k f hJ
udausmol OD;pDonfh ema&;ulnrtoif; (&efue) udk 2001 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v (1)
k
f
D _
k f
S
D
&ufae@wif rwnfaiG usy(5)ode;f jzifh ud,xu,x pwifz@JG pnf; xlaxmifconf? toif;
G
f
k f l kd f
hJ
pwifz@JG pnf;+y;D uwnf;u o+*Kd vp&dwf rwwfEionfh axmifaomif;csaom jynfovxukd
F f
kd f
D
l l k
tultnDay;cJonf? toif;. (5)ESpwm oufwrf;umvtwGi;f vl (4)aomif;eD;yg;. ema&;
h
f
udprsm;udk ulnaxmufyay;Ediconf? wpfjynfv;Hk &Sd +rKd @e,ftawmfrsm;rsm;wGivnf; tvm;
P
D
Hh k f hJ
f
wl ema&;toif;rsm;udk vduvz@JG pnfay;cJonfh apwem&Sivra&;toif; wpfcjk zpfonf?66
k f H
h
f l_
jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf apwem&SivrtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk jyifyrS [ef@wm;
kd
kf
f l_
aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvkyconftjyif tvm;wlpif+ydKiftzG@J tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifI taESmuf
S f_
f hJ h
t,Suay;jcif;/ apwem&SivrtzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f od@k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0iftrmcHrsm; t
f
f l _
kd
wif;t"rRxnfoi;f I taESmuft,Suay;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyconf? om"utaejzifh
h G
f
f hJ
&ky&io&kyaqmif ausmol OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;ay;cJaom oma&;ema&;toif;rsm;xJrS wpfctyg
fSf f
f
h
k
t0ifjzpfonfh rauG;wki;f / atmifv+H rdK@e,f arwWmrGef oma&;/ema&;toif;tzG@J twGi;f od@k
d
jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (2)OD;udk A[daumfrwDtjzpf twif;t"rRxnfoi;f cJonf? vlra&;toif;
kd
k
h G h
_
rsm;wGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm; wdu&uyg0ifywfoufvmjcif;onf toif;rsm;taejzifh
dk
k f kd f
tvSL&Sirsm;xHrS tvSLaiGrsm; qufvuf&&Sa&;twGuf twm;tqD;wpfck jzpfapcJonf?67
f
d
h
2006 ckEp/f ZlvivwGif pwifz@JG pnf;cJ+h y;D rauG;wdi;f / acsmuf+rKd @e,f&dS ema&;vkyief;
S
kd f
k
f
rsm;udk tcrJaqmif&uay;aeaom raemjzL ema&;ulnrtoif;rS jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifwcsK@d
h
G f
D _
dk
64
30
31. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
cGxuI tvm;wltzG@J wckukd pif+yKd if zG@J pnf;xlaxmifconf? wcsewnf;Yyif tqdyg jynfcif
J G f
hJ
df
k
kd
+zKd ;rS zG@J pnf;xm;aom ema&;toif;onf aopm&if;xkw,onftcgwi;f pnfyifom,ma&;
f l h
kd
ESihf tay;t,lvy+f y;D raemjzLema&;toif;. vkyief;rsm;udk aESmifaES;atmif vkyaqmifc=hJ u
k
f
h
f
onf? acsmuf+rdK@wif e,fajr(16)ck&+dS yD; tcsK@d e,fajrrsm;onf &yfuuf (2)ck/ (3)ck pkaygi;f xm;
G
G
onf? ,cifu acsmuf+rKd @&dS ema&;vkyief;rsm;. av;yko;Hk ykukd raemjzLema&;ulnrtoif;u
f
H H
D_
tcrJh ulnaqmif&uay;cJonf? ,ckaemufyi;f umvrsm;wGif jynfci;f +zdK;ema&;toif;u
D
G f h
kd
kd
68
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfuivmcJonf?
kd f h
tm%mydirsm;onf qif;&Jom;jynforsm;udk tultnDay;aeaom ema&;ulnr_
kf
l
D
tzG@J rsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; ay;aeaomfvnf; &efue&dS wyfr
S f _
k f
awmfEihf &Jwyfz@JG t&m&Srsm;. rdom;pkrsm;. oma&;/ ema&;udprsm;udrl Ekiiawmfpm;&dwEihf
S
d
P
k dfH
fS
pDpOfaqmif&uay;&ef !$e=f um;cJonf?
G f
h
jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf jynfwi;f &Sd tcrJaq;ukay;aeaom aq;cef;rsm;
kd
kf
G
h
enf;wl pif+yKd iaq;ukcef;rsm; zGivpIvnf; taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ema&;
f
hf S f
f h
ulnrtoif; (&efue)onf aq;0g;rukoEkionfh qif;&Jom;vlxtwGuf 2007 ckEp/f rwfv
D_
kf
df
k
S
rSpI &efuewi;f / oCFe;f u|e;f +rdK@e,f ynmy&d,wWpmoifwuf bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;wGif
k f kd
d
kd
okcukovjf zpfaq;cef;udk pwifzivpf ukoay;cJonf? okcaq;cef;onf ae@pOfvem 40
kd
G hf S
h
l
OD;txdvufc+H yD; q&m0ef 7 OD;jzifh tcrJuoay;aeonftjyif a&m*gEihf vlemtajctae
h k
h
S
tvduf aq;&kwifuoa&;twGuf aqmif&uay;onfh tcrJaq;cef;wckvnf; jzpfonf?69
k
H
k
G f
h
xdaq;cef;zGivp+f y;D 2 vcef@t=umwGif &efuewi;f / jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J uvnf; oCFe;f u|e;f +rKd @e,f
k
hf S
k f kd
kd
i§u &yfuuf pHcseopfvrf;&Sd &yfuujf ynfci+f zKd ;&k;H wGif +zKd ;apwemaq;ukcef; [kqum pif+yKd if
G
df
G
kd
kd
aq;ukcef;rsm;udk zGivpconf? jynfci+f zdK;ydif +zdK;apwemaq;ukcef;zGiywif &efuewi;f
hf S f hJ
kd
k
hf JG G
k f kd
jynfci;f +zKd ;wm0efcH AdvrLS ;}u;D armifyg ud,wiwufa&mufc+hJ y;D rnfourqdk tcrJuoay;
kd
k f
k f kd f
l kd
h k
rnf[k ajymqdconf?
k hJ
jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf jrefrmEdiitwGi;f &Sd tjcm;aomvlra&;toif;rsm;.
kd
kf
kfH
_
vkyief;rsm;wGif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; ay;aeaomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k . [efjy
f
S f_
vkyaqmifrEiywfoufI *k%,0ºhH uGm;pGm xkwazmfajymqdavh&onf? 2005 ckEp/f jynf
f
_ S hf
f l
f
k
dS
S
axmifp}k u@H cia&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;toif; ESpywfvnf oif;vku|wf tpnf;ta0;wpfcwif &Sr;f jynf
kd f
hf
f
H
k G
e,f (ta&S@yi;f ) rdi;f ysO;f +rdK@e,f jynfci+f zdK;tvkytr_aqmifwpfO;D u jynfovxuse;f rma&;
kd k
kd
f
l l k
twGuf tjcm;vlra&;toif;tzG@J rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f uGi;f qif;ukocJ&m (2586)OD;tm; jyKpkuo
_
h
k
ay;Edica=umif;/ aus;vufvxk use;f rma&;apmifa&Smufr_ ydrjkd riwifEia&;twGuf aus;vuf
k f hJ
l
h
k S hf dk f
aq;ay;cef; (6)ckukd aiGusyf ode;f (90)ESihf jynfovxxnf0ifaiG (62)ode;f / pkpaygi;f (152)
l l k h
k
ode;f jzifh ulnyy;kd wnfaqmufEica=umif; ajym=um;cJonf? xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;tvkytr_
D hH
kd f hJ
h
kd
f
31
32. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
aqmif q&m0ef (12)OD; OD;aqmifaom tcrJe,fvnhf ukoa&;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;+y;D ae&maygi;f
h
S
(155)ae&mwGif vlem (25498)OD;tm; aq;0g;ukoay;Edic+hJ yD; aq;0g;wefz;kd aiGusyoe;f
kf
f d
70
(30)ausmf tcrJunay;Edica=umif;udvnf; *k%,0=hH uGm;pGm ajymqdconf?
h l D k f hJ
k
f l
k hJ
jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;u pif+ydKifaq;cef;rsm;zGivp+f yD; jynfovxukd tcrJh
dk
kf
hf S
l l k
ukoay;aeonf[k ajymqdaejcif;onf vdrvnfvnjhf zm;r_ wpfcomjzpfonf? tb,fa=umihf
k
f
S
k
qdaomf &efuewi;f / oHvsi+f rKd @e,f&dS jynfci+f zKd ;ydiaq;cef;wpfcu vma&mufuoaom vlem
k
k f kd
kd k f
k
k
71
rsm;xHrS wpfO;D v#if usyaiG(300) aumufc,conf? tjcm;aom +rKd @e,frsm;wGivnf; vm
f
H l hJ
f
a&mufuoaom vlemrsm;xHrS tvSLaiG[ta=umif;jyI aiGa=u;rsm; aumufcconf?
k
k
H hJ
xd@k jyif2005 ckEp/f pufwifbmv (8)&ufae@ etz0ef}u;D wpfO;D vnf;jzpf jynfci+f zKd ;
S
kd
acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D vnf;jzpfol OD;atmifaomif;u a'oqdi&m jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;
kf
kd
xHo@kd xkwjf yefaom !$e=f um;csuwif tdycstiA§attki'tufpf umuG,a&;vkyief;pDrH
f G
f f kd f DG
dfD
f
f
ude;f rsm;udk tvsi;f oifovdk pwifxe;f csKyfom;&ef !$e=f um;cJonf? xljcm;onfrm rif;udEif
h
d
G
h
S
k dk
acgi;f aqmifaom 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;u jynfwi;f &Sd tdycstiA§attdi'tufpf
G
f f kd f GD
kf D
a0'em&Sirsm;/ wDbEihf iSuzsm;a&m*g a0'em&Sirsm;twGuf vlom;csi;f qdi&m tultnD
f
D S
f
f
kf
rsm; ay;=u&ef/ tpd;k &r[kwaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &
f
k f
wd@k tm; ylaygi;f aqmif&uom;&ef awmif;qdc+hJ yD;aemuf odyr=umcif tqdyg!e=f um;csuukd
G f G
k
f
k $
f
72
xkwjf yefvujf cif;jzpfonf?
kd
jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf tusO;f axmifuprsm;udvnf; 0ifa&mufcs,v,chJ
kd
kf
dP
k
f S f
onf? ICRC tzG@J rsm;udk tusO;f axmif/ tusO;f pcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufcihf vk;H 0ray;awmhyJ
G
jynfci+f zdK;/ jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;a&;&m/ rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&; ponfh trsK;d om;a&;ESihf
kd
S hf
h
vlra&;toif;tzG@J trnfcH rqDrqditzG@J tpnf;rsm;udom tusO;f axmifrsm;eSihf tusO;f
_
kf
k
pcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufpnf;&k;H jcif;rsm; vkyaqmifapcJonf? xd@k jyif jynfo@l qufqa&;trnf
f
h
H
jzifh tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk "gwy&uu;l um oufqif
kfH
f Hk dk f
kd
&mrdom;pkrsm;udk vduvpnf;&k;H cJ+h y;D rjzpfpavmuf aiGa=u;rsm;udvnf; axmufyay;cJonf?
k f H
k
hH h
jrefrmjynf&bufpcef;rsm;ESihf tusO;f pcef;rsm;. 50 &mcdi;f E_e;f udk axmufyay;aeaom
J
k
hH
Ediiwum=uufajceDtzG@J ukd tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfciray;bJ jynfci+f zKd ;
kfH
G hf
kd
toif;u 0ifa&mufcs,v,aejcif;onf ‚if;wd@k u,wif jynfovx.u,fwif&if jzpfvkd
f S f
kd f kd
l l k
S
jcif;ESihf axmifwi;f tajctaersm;ESiywfoufI Ediiwumudk vdrvnfvnjhf zm;vdjk cif;
G
hf
kfH
f
S
twGuom jzpfonf?73
f
2006 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmv 2 &ufae@wif usi;f yjyKvyconfh etzowif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ
S k
G
k f hJ
(7§2006)wGif &JcsKyf AdvrLS ;csKycif&u jrefrmhvra&;toif;tzG@J rsm;onf 2005 ckEp/f atmuf
k f
f D
l_
S
wdbmvrS 2006 ckEp/f atmufwbmvtwGi;f tusO;f axmif (42)ckEihf tvkypcef;(7)ckw@kd ukd
k
S
kd
S
f
32
33. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
0ifa&muf =unf&avhvmcJ+h y;D tusO;f om;/ tcsKyfom;rsm;ESihf awG@qum pm;aomufz,&m/
h_
Hk
G f
aq;0g;ESihf vlo;Hk ypPn;f usyoe;f (700)ausmz;kd vSL'ge;f axmufyEiconf[k xnfoi;f ajymqdk
f d
f
hH dk f hJ
h G
oGm;cJonf? Tod@k tm%mydirsm;u tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k om;a&mufI tusO;f om;rsm;udk
h
kf
G
ulnaxmufyay;aeonf[k ajymqdaeaomfvnf; vufawG@wir_ tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif
D
hH
k
Gf
use;f rma&;apmifa&SmufrtwGuf aq;0g;rsm;csK@d wae+y;D Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. rdom;pk0if
h
_
hJ
kfH
Srsm;udkyg e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh jynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u rsufajcrjywfapmifh=unfhI
taESmuft,Suay;cJonf?74
f h
jref r mEd k i f i H t wG i f ; &S d Ed k i f i H w umat*sif p D r sm;
jrefrmEdiitwGi;f Y vlom;csi;f qdi&mtaxmuftyHrsm; ulnay;aeaom EdiiH
kfH
kf
h
D
kf
wumtzGJ@tpnf; rsm;pGm&Sdonf? ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.vlom;csif;qdkif&m
axmufy@H unonf@vyief;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm v_y&m;aqmif&ucihf r&&S=d uay? jrefrm
l D
k f
f
G
f S
G fG
ppftpd;k &onf Ediiwumat*siprsm;tay: wif;usyaom vrf;!$ecsursm;udk xkwjf yef
kfH
f D
f
f f
xm;+y;D xdvrf;!$ecsursm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef &S/d r&Sd avhvmqef;ppf&ef ppftpd;k &
k
f f
vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;toif; tygt0if 0ef}uD;tqifh aumfrwDwpf&yfukd zG@pnf;cJonf?
kd f k
kd
J
h
xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdiio@kd vma&muf=uaom ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qi&m
kfH
_
kd f
avhvma&;tzG@J rsm;taejzihf jrefrmEkiio@kd a&mufv#ia&mufcsi;f jynfci+f zdK;toif; twGi;f
dfH
f
kd
a&;rSL; OD;aX;OD;xHo@kd OD;pGmoGm;a&muf *g&0jyK&rnf[k pnf;urf;xkwjf yefconf? xduo@kd jyKr_
hJ
k hJ
aqmif&uae&jcif;onf jrefrmjynforsm;tm; vGyvyfpm tultnDtaxmuftyHrsm; ay;
G f
l
f G
h
tyf&ef}udK;yrf;aeonfh EkiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; rsm;pGm pdwtaESmuft,Sujf zpfapcJh
dfH
f
onf?
2005 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif a'ocH jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;tm; jrefrmjynf
S
kd
w0Sr;f vH;k &Sd ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf vlra&;v_y&m;r_rsm;udk xde;f csKyf&eftwGuf !$e=f um;csuf
_
fS
wpf&yf xkwjf yefconf? tqdyg!e=f um;csut& jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf &efuewi;f twGi;f &Sd
hJ
k $
f
kd
k f kd
75
HIV/ AIDS umuG,a&;pDrue;rsm;udk OD;pGm v$ajymif;&,lconf? Ediiwumat*siprsm;udk
f
H df
J
hJ
kfH
fD
jrefrmjynfrS xkwy,fjcif;/ ‚if;wd@k u,wif xGucmjcif;ESihf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. xde;f csKyfrrsm;
f
kd f kd
fG
kd
_
onf pdwtaESmift,Sujf zpfp&m tusKd ;qufrsm;udom jzpfay:apcJonf? tultnD t
f
h
k
h
axmuftyHrsm; a0iS&mwGivnf; Ediia&;yg yg0ifI ‚if;wd@k rvdvm;aomolrsm;tm; cGjJ cm;quf
h
f
kfH
k
qHc=hJ uonf?
jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf Ediiwumat*siprsm;ay:wGif jzpfEiajcr&Saom
dk
kf
kfH
f D
kd f
d
pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyXmef;owfrwI [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvkyconf? urBmh
S f
S f_
f hJ
&HyaiGtzG@J }uD;ESihf Ediiwumat*sipD trsm;tjym;onf vufawG@rusaom jynfci+f zdK; tm
kH
kfH
f
kd
33
34. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
%mydirsm;. vkyief;qdi&m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;tm; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u&ef jiif;qef+yD;
kf
f
kf
G f
76
kd f
G
jrefrmjynfrS xGucmoGm;cJonf? txl;ojzifh vufeufuiyÉdyuQrsm; tqufrjywf jzpfym;
fG
h
aeaom a'orsm;wGif vlom;csi;f qdi&m ulnaxmufyrrsm; vkyaqmifaeaom Ekiiwum
kf
D
hH _
f
dfH
at*siprsm;udvnf; qufvufrvkyaqmifEiatmif wif;usyaom pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;
fD
k
f
kd f
f
csrwf jyXmef;cJonf? xd@k a=umifh u&ifjynfe,fEihf rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f Y 2001 ckEprS pwifI
S
h
S
S f
use;f rma&;qdi&mtultnDrsm; vkyaqmifaeaom jyifopftajcpduf e,fjcm;rJq&m0efrsm;
kf
f
k
h
tzG@J onf 2006 ckEp/f rwfvwGif tm%mydirsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u&ef jiif;qef+yD; jrefrm
S
kf
G f
77
jynfrS xGucmoGm;cJonf?
fG
h
tvm;wlpm jrefrmEkiiwi;f &Sd tusO;f om;rsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&muf
G
dfH G
um Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk awG@qjHk cif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdtyfaomypPn;f rsm;udk axmuf
kfH
k
yHay;aeaom *seAmtajcpduf tdiptmpD (ac: ) urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J }uD;udvnf; tm%m
h
D D
k
kf D
k
ydirsm;u r=umc% [ef@wm;aESmuf,ujf cif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? ,if;tzG@J }uD;onf jrefrm
kf
S
f hJ
jynfwi;f &Sd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm vkyuiEi&eftwGuf
G
f
f
G
f kd f kd f
1999 ckEpwif jrefrmEdiiH jynfxa&;0ef}uD;XmerS cGijhf yKcsuf &&dconf? xdcserpI jynfwi;f
Sf G
kf
J
S hJ
k dfS
G
tusO;f axmifrsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k vpOfyreom;a&mufum Ekiia&;tusO;f om;rsm;
Hk S f G
dfH
ESihf awG@qaqG;aEG;jcif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdtyfaomypPn;f rsm;udk ulnaxmufyay;cJonf?
Hk
k
D
Hh h
1999 ckEprS 2005 ckEptwGi;f tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k (435)}udrf oGm;a&mufc+hJ yD;jzpfonf?
S f
S f
use;f rma&;vkyief;rsm;/ oifwef;rsm;ESihf ajcwkvyief;rsm;tjyif Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;.
f
k f
kfH
rdom;pkrsm;udvnf; aiGa=u;axmufyrrsm; ulnaqmif&uay;cJonf?78
k
Hh _
D
G f h
od@k aomfvnf; 2005 ESpueyi;f rSpI jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&muf
f k f kd
vnfywfaer_rsm; &kww&ufqi;f ihom;ojzifh axmifwi;f &Sd Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. tajc
f
kd H G
G kfH
tae qd;k 0g;vmcJonf? 2006 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv 21 &ufae@ ICRC . xkwjf yefausnmcsut&
h
S
f
ICRC tzG@J onf jrefrmjynf tusO;axmifrsm;wGif Ekiia&;tusO;om;rsm;. tajctaersm;
f
dfH
f
udk avhvm&eftwGuf om,m0wDtusO;f axmifo@kd oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef pDpOfconf?
hJ
xdc&D;pOfwif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u tdiptmpDtzG@J Eitwl vduygcijhf yK&rnf[k twif;tusyf
k
G
kd
kf D
S hf
k f G
awmif;qdconftwGuf ICRC taejzifh tqdygc&D;pOfukd zsuor;f cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tm%m
k hJ h
k
f d h
dk
ydkifrsm;onf tusOf;axmifrsm;twGif;&Sd qdk;&Gm;aeaomtajctaersm;udk urBmhrdom;pk
todi;f t0di;f tm; vdrnmzk;H uG,&eftwGuf urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J . tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k
k
k
f
f
vGyvyfpm oGm;a&mufvnfywfcirsm;udk wjznf;jznf; +cdr;f ajcmuf xde;f csKyfvmcJonf?
f
G
G hf
h
xd@k a=umifh Ediiwum=uufajceDtzG@J rsm;taejzifh jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k
kfH
jyefvnfom;a&mufEi&ef cGijhf yKcsu&&Sa&;twGuf tvm;tvm tvGeenf;yg;cJonf? tm
G
kd f
f d
f
h
%mydirsm;onf 2005 ckEprpI urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J rsm;udk enf;vrf;aygi;f pHo;kH I tusO;f
kf
S f S
k
34
35. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
axmifrsm;od@k 0ifa&muf rppfaq;Ekiatmif [ef@wm;xm;cJonf?79 2006 ckEpf Ed0ifbmv
df
h
S k
aESmif;ydi;f wGif rE av;/ armfv+rdKif/ bm;tH/ awmif}uD;ESihf usKi;f wkH ponfh +rdK@}uD; (5)+rdK@wif
k
W
d
G
zGivpxm;onf Ediiwum=uufajceDaumfrwD&;Hk rsm;udk ydwypf&ef jrefrmtm%mydirsm;u
hf S f
kfH
f
kf
80
trde@f xwconf? tqdyg&;Hk rsm;udk 'DZifbmv tv,favmufwif tm%mykirsm;u jyef
k f hJ
k
G
df
f
vnfzivpcihf ay;cJaomfvnf; tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;ukr_ cGirjyK
G hf S f G
h
d hf
81
cJhay?
tusK;d quftaejzifh tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k vdtyfaomaq;0g;rsm;udk urBmh =uuf
k
ajceDtzG@J }u;D rS qufvufaxmufyEijf cif; r&SawmhonftwGuf tusO;f om;rsm;onf iSuzsm;
hH dk
d
h
f
a&m*g/ ESv;Hk a&m*g/ qD;csKa&m*g tygt0if tjcm;a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d twGuf aq;0g;jywfvyfrrsm;
d
_
ESihf &ifqic&+yD; use;f rma&;tajctae qd;k 0g;vmcJonf? tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f aq;0g;
dk f hJ
h
jywfvyfrrsm;ESihf tm%mydirsm;. tcseruoay;jcif;r&Srrsm;a=umifh Ekiia&;tusO;f om;
_
kf
dfD k
d_
dfH
82
aoqk;H r_rsm;vnf; &Sconf? jrefrmEdiiwif 1988 ppftm%modr;f +y;D uwnf;u 2006 ckEpf
d hJ
kfH G
S
83
txd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif aoqk;H cJonfh Ekiia&;tusO;f om; 127 OD;ausmf &Sconf?
h
dfH
d hJ
twk t a,mif vl x k a xmuf c H y G J r sm;/ vl p k v l a 0;yG J r sm;ES i f h qef @ usif & _ w f c syG J r sm;
jrefrmppftpd;k &onf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;/ jynfyowif;rD',mrsm;ESihf EdiiH
k f
D
kf
jcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS ta&;,lydwfqdk@r_rsm;udk qef@usif&_wfcs&eftwGuf vlpkvla0;yGJrsm;udk
jrefrmEdiiw0Sr;f wGif usi;f ycJonf? ppftpd;k &u wzufowf usi;f yjyKvkyonfh trsK;d om;
kfH
h
f
nDvmcHEihf vrf;jyajrykH axmufcyrsm;udvnf; jrefrmEkiiw0Sr;f &Sd jynfe,fEiwi;f toD;
S
H JG
k
dfH
S hf kd
oD;wGif qufwuf usi;f yjyKvkyconf? jynfovxtm; rufv;Hk rsm;/ tca=u;aiGrsm; ay;I
kd
f hJ
l l k
vnf;aumif;/ enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cr;f ajcmufIvnf;aumif; ppftpd;k &u pdwwi;f us pDraqmif
d
f kd
H
&Guxm;onfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udk wufa&mufapcJonf? ,if;vlpva0;yGrsm; usi;f y&mwGif
f
k l J
h
k l J
ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rS trmcH
kd f k
kd
kd f
toif;0ifrsm;u wm0eftoD;oD;cG,I twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm;udk usi;f ycJjh cif; jzpfonf?
J l
H JG
ppfwyfxyyi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;rS OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKaeaom jynfci+f zdK;toif; pwifz@JG pnf;+yD;
d f kd
kd
cserpwifI qef@usi&wcsyrsm;/ twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;udk vlx.qENrygyJ t
dfS
f _ f JG
k
H JG
k
wif;t"rRac:,l pkaqmif;I Ekiiw0Sr;f vk;H wGif tqufrjywf usi;f ycJonf? 1994 ckEp/f
dfH
h
S
Zefe0g&DvrS pwifI 2005 ckESpftxd trsKd;om;nDvmcHatmifjrifa&; twkta,mif
axmufcyrsm;udk wdi;f ESijhf ynfe,ftES@H (77)ae&mwGif usi;f ycJonf?84 xd@k jyif2005 ckEpf aemuf
H JG
k
h
S
ydi;f umvrsm;rSpI 2007 ckEpumvrsm;txd jynfci+f zdK;toif;u OD;aqmifI rsm;jym;vS
k
S f
kd
aom twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;/ qef@usi&wcsyrsm;ESihf vlpva0;yGrsm;udk Ediiwpf
k
H JG
f _ f JG
k l J
kfH
0Sr;f usi;f yjyKvkyconf?
f hJ
35
36. jynf c d k i f ò zd ;
od k Œ r[k w f
ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm;
jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;taejzihf ,if;twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm;ESihf vlpva0;
kd
kf
H JG
k l
yGrsm;od@k jynfovxtm; rnfo@kdrnfyHk zdtm;ay;I wufa&mufapcJonfukd qufvuf avhvm
J
l l k
h
=urnfjzpfonf?
2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif ppftpd;k &. vrf;jyajryktm; axmufcqENjy&ef
S
H
H
+rdwc&kitwGi;f &Sfd jynforsm;udk wpftraxmifv#if 2 a,mufEe;f jr{&mabmvk;H uGi;f wGif
f df
l
d f
_
vma&mufp&;Hk &ef urf&;dk wef;wdi;f ppfXmecsKyfwi;f rSL;u trde@f ay;cJonf? wufa&muf&ef ysuf
k
k
dk
h
uGuygu '%fa=u;aiG (500)usyf ay;aqmif&onf? ,if;vlpva0;yGrsm;od@k ppfwyfrom;pkt
f
k l J
d
odi;f t0di;f rsm;ygrusef wufa&muf&ef apcdi;f jcif;cH&onf? 2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmvtwGi;f Y
k
k
k
S
etzppf&;kH csKyf tajrmufwyfz@JG !$e=f um;a&;rSL; AdvrLS ;csKyfjr0if;onf weoFm&Dwi;f / xm;0,f
k f
kd
+rdK@Eihf +rdw+f rdK@rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI tajrmufwyf&if; trSwf (201)/ (301)/ (302)/ (304)/
S
(306)/ (307)/ (309)/ (501)ESihf (401)wd@k rS rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; AdvcsKyf
k f
85
cif!e@f . tcsu(7)csuyg vrf;jyajrykukd axmufcqENjy&ef pnf;&k;H v_@H aqmfconf?
$
f
f
H
H
hJ
2007 ckEp/f pufwifbmv ucsijf ynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@ axmufcyrsm;twGuf
S
H JG
jynfovxukd wpftrwpfa,mufEe;f wufa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? wufa&muf&ef
l l k
d f
_
h
ysuuuf ygu jyif;xef;pGmta&;,lrnf[k ajrmufyi;f wdi;f ppfXmecsKywi;f rSL; AdvcsKyte;f jrifu
f G
kd k
f kd
k f f k h
86
trde@f xkwconf? Aef;armf+rdK@&dS Xmeqdi&maygi;f pkrS 0efxrf;rsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf
f hJ
kf
H
kd
pGr;f tm; &Sif pkpaygi;f tiftm; 200 cef@ukd Aef;armf-rE av; ajy;qGaeonfh rSevbwfpum;
k
W
J
f Hk
f
5 pD;jzifh jzpf}uD;em;od@k ac:aqmifvmI twkta,mif axmufcyrsm;udk usi;f ycJonf?87
H JG
h
xdaxmufcH yGrsm;wGif autditkd ac: ucsivwajrmufa&;tzG@J vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf?
k
J
kf
f G f
od@k aomf ucsivi,f (200)ausmcef@onf ppftpd;k &.axmufcyrsm;tay: autdit.
f l
f
H JG
k f kd
&yfwnfcsuEiywf owfI tcsu(7)csuuawmif;qdum qef@usi&wcsconf? awmif;qdk
f S hf
f
f kd
k
f _ f hJ
csu(7)csuwif ppfreonfh 'Drua&pDEiiawmf/ wef;wltcGita&;/ ucsivrsK;d pkrsm;tm;vk;H
f
f G
Sf
kd
kd f H
hf
f l
tjrefpnf;vH;k nD!wr&&da&;/ etzppftpd;k &. trsK;d om;nDvmcH }udKqdaxmufcrukd qef@
$ f_ S
k
H_
usi+f y;D axmufcaeonfh ucsivrsK;d rsm;tm;vk;H udvnf; rvdvm;a=umif;/ trsK;d om;nDvm
H
f l
k
k
cHukd }udKqdaxmufcjH cif;tm;jzifh urBmtjrif/ trsm;tjrifwif us&;H_ oGm;onfh *k%oumudk
k
h
G
f d Q
jyefvnf&yor;f &efEihf trsm;.,k=H unfr&&Sa&; jyKvy&ef tcsejf zpfonf[k azmfjyyg&conf?88
kf d
S
_ d
kf
d
dS hJ
jynfci+f zdK;onf ppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k . ay:vpDrsm;udk axmufctm;ay;onfh twk
kd
H
ta,mifaxmufcyrsm;udk usi;f yjyKvkyconftjyif twkutcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usif
H JG
f hJ h
d f
&_wcsonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udvnf; usi;f ycJonf? ,if;onf jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;.
f
k l J
k
h
kd
kf
&nf&,csursm;xJrS wpfctygt0ifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh tm%mydirsm;. txl;ypfrwxm;
G f f
k
kf
S f
wducuc&onfh tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrm +idr;f csr;f a&; Edb,fvq&if a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;
k f kd f H
k S
k
f k S
aqmifaom jrefrmEdiiwif t}uD;rm;qk;H twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonfh 1990 a&G;
kfH G
k f
36
37. m;pk
'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk
aumufytEdi& trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfyifjzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf
JG k f
kd
kd
kf
tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf olr. tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; uef@uuqENjy
S
G f
&ef wpftrv#iwpfa,mufEe;f rvmrae& vma&muf&ef trde@f xwconf? rvma&mufygu
df f
_
k f hJ
vkytm;ay; apcki;f cH&rnfjzpfa=umif; +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdk I twif;t"rR vlpaqmif;cJonf?
f
d
k
h
wpf&mv#if tenf;qk;H vl(4)OD;rS (20)OD;txd &,u (&yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&;
G
G f
aumifp)rS rvmrae& twif;t"rR qifac:ojzifh vma&muf=u&onf? xd@k jyif a':atmifqef;
D
h
pk=unftm; }uKd qdv#if axmif'%f (7)ESpf jypf'%fcsrnf[vnf; &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;
k
k
G f
ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifprsm;u w&m;vGef +cdr;f ajcmufconf? ,if;&_wcsyrsm;twGuf vl (200)
D
hJ
f JG
cef@ukd t&ufwuIvnf;aumif;/ aiGay;Ivnf;aumif; pnf;&k;H ac:aqmifconf?89
kd f
hJ
vGwvyfpm pk&;Hk cGi/hf vGwvyfpm qENjyydicionf vlom;tm;vk;H .,k=H unfcsuf
f
G
f
G
k f G hf
jzpfonf? rnforqdk rdrw@kd qENukd xkwazmfjyoEkici&onf? txl;tcGita&;wpfctaejzifh
l
d
f
d f G hf dS
hf
k
jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd qENjyydiciay;jcif;udk vufcEiaomfvnf; tcsK@d jynforsm;udk twif;t
kd
k f G hf
H kd f
l
usyf rvdurae& qENjycdi;f aejcif;onf vufcEiz,&mr&Sa=umif; 2003 ckEp/f arv (29)&uf
k f
k
H kd f G f
d
S
rkH&Gm+rdK@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmufjycJonf?90
h
1998 ckEp/f atmufwbmv rS 1999 ckEp/f Zefe0gvtxd tifet,fv'ygwukd
S
kd
S
f
f D D
qef@usiaom vlpva0;yGrsm;udk Ekiiw0Sr;f vk;H &Sd +rKd @}u;D (19)ckwif usi;f yjyKvyconf? jynfo@l
f
k l J
dfH
G
k f hJ
qENazmfxwy[k ppftpd;k &u trnfwyfxm;aom tqdyg qef@usi&wcsyrsm;udk Ekiiwpf0r;f
k f JG
k
f _ f JG
dfH S
wGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifusi;f yjyKvkyconf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynforsm;udk
kd
f hJ
l
a'ocHtm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay; wufa&mufapcJ+h y;D / wufa&mufvmoltrsm;pkrm jynfcif
kf
S
kd
91
+zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uHcia&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf? txl;ojzifh 2007
kd f
hf
ckEp/f pufwifbmvESihf atmufwbmvrsm;wGif jyKvkycaom tifet,fv'ygwD qef@usif
S
kd
f hJ
f
fD
a&; twkta,mif vlpva0;rsm;onf ppftm%mydirsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k . vufuiwwf jynfcif
k l
kf
kd f k
kd
+zdK;toif;. tm%m&Sio&kyreukd ydryjD yifpm ay:vGiapcJonf?
f
f S f k kd
G
f h
Ediia&;twkutcHygwrsm;udk qef@usiuef@uuonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;wGif tm%m
kfH
d f
D
f
G f
k l J
ykirsm;bufrS vkyavhvyx&Sonfh tcsuwpfcrm ‚if;wd@k u toifa&;I,laqmifvmaom
df
f
kf d
f kS
h
pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;udk y&dwowfxrS vlwcsKd @tm; wufa&mufI zwf=um;jycdi;f jcif; jzpfonf?
f
f
J
k
aeylususJ uGi;f jyif}uD;xJwif t"rRac:,lpaqmif;xm;aom vlx}k uD;u qENrygaomfvnf;
J
G
k
tm%mydirsm;tvdus axmufca=umif; vufcyw;D ay;&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfci+f zdK;
kf
k
H
k f
kd
acgi;f aqmifrsm;u “tifet,fv'ygwu wdi;f jynfe@J vli,fawGukd zsuq;D aew,f/ ud,hf
f
f D D
k
f
k
wdi;f jynfukd jynfyvufxa&mufatmif vJay;aew,f/ wki;f jynfukd pGe@f ypfxm;wJh opPmazmuf
k
J
$
d
awGjzpfw,f” pojzifh &_wcsaecsewif jynfovu “ NLD ygw/D a':atmifqef;pk=unfEi/hf
f
d f G
l l
S
37