Methodology of Systems Concepts Research (SCR)

Engineering
EThICS Technology, Intelligence
ENGINEERING
Consulting & Systems

EThICS 039.CE06E.O4
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION

SYSTEMS CONCEPTS RESEARCH
- Methodology -
PURPOSES OF THE MODULE NRA - NEEDS AND REQ ANALYSIS SCD - SYST CONCEPT DEFINITION:
Purposes ,Main Questions , Scope of NRA Purposes, Main Question, Scope of SCD
INTRODUCTION NRA1: Vision of Problem SCD1: New System Concept Selection
Acronyms for SCR NRA2: Needs Analysis SCD2: New System Concept Definition
Main Concept of SCR NRA3: Operational Analysis SCD3: New System Development Planning
Highlights of the SCR Method NRA4: Functional Analysis
Tactics of SCR NRA5: Feasibility Definitions
SRAA - SYST RISKS & ASSUR ANALYSIS
Purposes of SCR NRA6: Needs Validation
Purposes, Main Questions , Scope of SRAA
Scope of SCR NRA7: Operational Requirements Definition
SRAA1: SRAA during NRA
Benefits of SCR SRAA2: SRAA during SCE
Motivations of SCR SCE - SYST CONCEPTS EXPLORATION SRAA3: SRAA during SCD
Factors of Influence to SCR Purposes , Main Questions , Scope of SCE
SCE1: Performance Req Formulation
APPENDICES
ORGANIZATION OF SCR SCE2: Basic New System Architecture
References
Elements of the SCR Method SCE3: Alternative Concepts Exploration
Main Phases of RDI of Systems and Products SCE4: Alternative Concepts Evaluation
Initial Steps of RDI of Systems and Products SCE5: Alternative Concepts Validation
Acronyms of RDI
Sequence of Steps of New Projects Engineering
Technologies of RDI
Integrated Steps and Tasks of SCR
Flux of Steps and Tasks of SCR
Steps of SCR - Finalities and Main Questions

Antonio Sallum Librelato - Director – EThICS Engineering - December - 2011

9/12/2011 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 1

EThICS
ENGINEERING SCR - SYSTEMS CONCEPTS RESEARCH - METHODOLOGY
EThICS 039.CE06E.04 Ref.: [LIBR_01]

Purposes of the Module
Introduce the methodology of SCR - Systems Concepts Research, in
the context of the RDI methodology.
Describe the main steps and tasks of SCR:
NRA - Needs and Requirements Analysis.
SCE - Systems Concepts Exploration.
SCD - System Concept Definition.
SRAA - Systems Risks and Assurance Analysis.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04

INTRODUCTION


EThICS
EThICS 039.CE06E.04 INTRODUCTION

Acronyms of SCR

ACRONYM MEANING
CONOPS Concept of Operations
COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf
NRA Needs and Requirements Analysis
RDI Research, Development and Innovation
SCD System Concept Definition
SCE Systems Concepts Exploration
SCR Systems Concepts Research
SOS System-Of-Systems
SPA Systems and Products Assurance
SRAA Systems Risks and Assurance Analysis
TCO Total Cost of Ownership


EThICS
EThICS 039.CE06E.04 INTRODUCTION Ref.: [LIBR_01]

Main Concept of SCR
The SCR is an organized complex of management and engineering activities,
starting from needs and requirements, to obtain the most adequate system
concept solution to attain those needs and requirements, considered all the
life cycle extent.
The SCR method is structured on steps and interactive tasks.
It requires the integration of management and engineering activities,
during research, development and product assurance, and
comprising specialized knowledge and skills on systems,
requirements, risks, product assurance, costs and project planning
and product development.
Depending on the specific conditions of procurement and supply of
systems, the work-share between client and manufacturer (or
supplier) will vary. Anyway, the complete composition of tasks is
practically the same.


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Highlights of the SCR Method
The SCR phase, steps and tasks are organized and planned to:
Occur in advance to the phase of Development of Systems and Products.
Permit to understand the problem to be solved and to consolidate and
validate the needs and requirements.
Integrate and execute, simultaneously, the management and engineering
specialized tasks of:
Systems
Requirements and
Systems and Products Assurance
Explore multiple alternative solutions to the problem, viable, valid and
assured.
Select the most appropriate system concept to attain the needs,
requirements and constraints.
Argue if each possible solution is valid and assured.
Anticipate, control and mitigate the risks of hazards and uncertainties and
the cost-effectiveness.


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Tactics of SCR
By acting in advance to the Development of Systems and Products,
the SCR create opportunities for:
Consolidating the requirements, since the beginning of the project
studies.
Active participation of the main stakeholders on the project.
Reduction of the future life cycle costs of the system.
Reduction of hazard and uncertainty risks.
Improvement of the effectiveness of solutions.
Analysis and evaluation of the available knowledge and technologies for
the execution of the project.
Conscious and comparative selection of the most adequate solution, from
distinct alternatives.
Reduction of the management and engineering efforts to develop the
system.
Direction and recommendation of actions to mitigate and control of risks,
costs, and systems assurance.


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Purposes of SCR
Create a clear definition about which system concept shall be
developed, according to which plans and conditions, to well attain
the needs, requirements and cost-effectiveness established for the
project and system.
Assure that a real and valid need exists, with at least one feasible
solution to attain it.
Define a valid set of operational, functional and performance
requirements to be attained by the concept.
Explore technologies and systems capable to fulfill the needs and
requirements.
Select the system concept that best accomplish the established
needs, requirements, restrictions, assurances, and balance of cost-
effectiveness.
Plan the phases of development, production, support, usage and
discard of the selected concept.


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Scope of SCR
The SCR method will comprise the following subjects:
Needs.
Operational, functional and performance requirements.
Systems and products.
Technologies.
Risks.
Costs.
Effectiveness.
Systems and products assurance.
Management and engineering specialties applied to systems,
requirements, risks, assurance and projects.
New projects of systems and products, specially those based on
unprecedented, complex, critical and advanced technologies and
problems.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 INTRODUCTION Ref.: [BLAN_01][KOSS_01][RAHE_01][WASS_01]

Benefits of SCR
There is a consensus that, by using the SCR method, it is possible to
obtain great benefits on time and cost-effectiveness. [BLAN_01]
[KOSS_01][RAHE_01][WASS_01]
The following natures of benefits can be obtained:
The most adequate operational, functional and performance solution for
the needs.
High degree of validation of attainment to the requirements.
Increase of the system assurance benefits.
Reduced risks of hazards and uncertainties.
Reduced time-to-market.
Reduced life cycle costs.
Adequate balance of the cost-effectiveness.
Better satisfaction of customers, users, supporters and producers.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 INTRODUCTION Ref.: [BLAN_01]

Motivations for SCR
The motivations for SCE are associated to conditions of the current
overall environment that exert influence to the RDI activities, mainly
when applied to complex and critical systems and products.
[BLAN_01].
The factors of influence are trends that will represent challenges to
the design and development of new systems. They are represented
in the diagram of Fig. 1.
Those factors are inter-related and shall be considered in total, as an
integrated set, that may determine the requirements for projects and
systems.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 INTRODUCTION Ref.: [BLAN_01]

Fig. 1: Factors of Influence to SCR

Constantly changing
requirements

More emphasis on systems Increasing globalization
(versus components)
Greater international
Increasing system competition
complexities (Evolving
technology changes) More outsourcing
THE CURRENT
(Multiple prime / supplier
Extended system life cycles ENVIRONMENT
teams)
(Shorter technology life
cycles)
Eroding industrial base
28/11/11
(Dwindling resources)
Greater utilization of
commercial off-the shelf
(COTS) products Higher overall life cycle costs


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04

ORGANIZATION OF SCR


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 ORGANIZATION OF SCR

Elements of the SCR Method
In the context of the RDI activities, the SCR phase and method is
integrated with TSR - Technology and Systems Research, MRP -
Management of RDI Programs and DSP - Development of Systems
and Products phases, from the needs and requirements to the
resultant systems and products, as in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
The SCR here applied comprises the following steps:
NRA - Needs and Requirements Analysis. [BLAN_01] [JONE_01]
[KOSS_01] [WASS_01]
SCE - Systems Concepts Exploration. [BLAN_01] [JONE_01] [KOSS_01]
[WASS_01]
SCD - System Concept Definition. [BLAN_01] [JONE_01] [KOSS_01]
[WASS_01]
SRAA - Systems Risks and Assurance Analysis. [RAHE_01]
The integration and flux of steps and tasks of SCR are presented in
Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 ORGANIZATION OF SCR

Fig. 2: Main Phases of RDI of Systems and Products

SOURCES OF
INFO &
KNOWLEDGE RDI

TSR MRP
TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
& SYSTEMS OF RDI
RESEARCH PROGRAMS

SCR DSP
Needs SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
SYST
& &
CONCEPTS OF SYSTEMS PROD
Req RESEARCH AND PRODUCTS
22/11/11


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 ORGANIZATION OF SCR Ref: [EE_039.BE01.08]

Fig. 3: Initial Steps of RDI of Systems and Products

SOURCES OF INFO &
KNOWLEDGE
RDI

TCI SAT TTA
TSR TECHNOLOGY & SYST RESEARCH MRP MANAG RDI PROGR
NSD STE TPP STE TME OME

SCR SYSTEMS CONCEPTS RESEARCH DSP DEVELOP SYST AND PROD SYST
Needs
NRA SCE SCD PPSP DPSP CISP &
&
PROD
Req

SRAA PRAA
26/11/11


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Acronyms of RDI
MRP Management of RDI Programs
SMR Strategic Management of RDI
TMR Tactical Management of RDI
OMR Operational Management of RDI
TSR Technology and Systems Research
TCI Technological and Competitive Intelligence
SAT Strategic Analysis of Technologies
STE Special Technical Studies
NSD New Systems Development
TPP Technical Presentations of Projects
TTA Technology Transfer and Absorption
SCR Systems Concepts Research
NRA Needs and Requirements Analysis
SCE Systems Concepts Exploration
SCD System Concept Definition
SRAA Systems Risks and Assurance Analysis
DSP Development of Systems and Products
PPSP Preliminary Project of Systems and Products
DPSP Definitive Project of Systems and Products
CIPS Construction and Integration of Systems and Products
IPSP Installation Project of Systems and Products
PRAA Products Risks and Assurance Analysis


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Fig. 4: Sequence of Steps of New Projects Engineering

26/11/11 RDI
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT & INNOVATION
SCR - SYSTEMS CONCEPTS RESEARCH DSP - DEVELOP OF SYSTEMS & PRODUCTS
NRA SCE SCD PPSP DPSP CISP
PRELIMINARY DEFINITIVE CONST AND
NEEDS AND SYSTEMS SYSTEM PROJECT OF PROJECT OF INTEGRATION
REQUIREMENTS CONCEPTS CONCEPT SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS AND OF SYSTEMS
ANALYSIS EXPLORATION DEFINITION PRODUCTS PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTS
SRAA PRAA
SYSTEMS RISKS AND ASSURANCE ANALYSIS PRODUCTS RISKS AND ASSURANCE ANALYSIS


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Fig. 5: Technologies of Research, Development and Innovation
10/10/11 RESERACH, DEVELOPMENT & INNOVATION
REQUIREMENTS SYSTEMS PRODUCT
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
• Research, Consolidation, • Vision of the Problem • Preliminary and Definitive
Validation and Management of • Needs Analysis Project of Equipment, Units,
Requirements • Systems Concepts Exploration Modules and Parts
• Analysis of the Problem • System Concept Definition • Construction, Integration and
• Systems and Subsystems Project Tests
• Documentation of Projects,
Systems and Products
• Technical Management of
Projects

MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING OF SYSTEMS AND PRODUCTS ASSURANCE FACTORS
• Quality Assurance • Supportability and Logistics • Management of:
• Reliability Assurance • Sustainability • Systems and Products
Assurance
• Safety • Verification and Validation • Risks
• Security • Other Factors • Cost-Effectiveness
• Human Factors • Software Assurance
Configuration
• Maintainability • Rights and Penalties of
Assurances

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Fig. 6: Integrated Steps and Tasks of SCR

26/11/11 SCR - SYSTEMS CONCEPTS RESEARCH
NRA SCE SCD
Needs and Requirements Analysis Systems Concepts Exploration System Concept Definition
• Vision of the Problem • Performance Requirements • System Concept Selection
• Needs Analysis Formulation • System Concept Definition
• Operational Analysis • Basic System Architecting • System Development Planning
• Functional Analysis • Alternative Concepts Exploration
• Feasibility Definitions • Alternative Concepts Evaluation
• Needs Validation • Alternative Concepts Validation
• Operational Requirements
Definition
• Risk management • Risk management • Risk management
• System assurance requirements • System assurance requirements • System assurance requirements
• TCO - Total Cost of Ownership • TCO - Total Cost of Ownership • TCO - Total Cost of Ownership
• Go-No Go decision • Go-No Go decision • Final Go-No Go decision
SRAA - Systems Risks and Assurance Analysis


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Fig. 7: Flux of Steps and Tasks of SCR: NRA and SCE

NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
26/11/11
VISION OF
PROBLEM
VISION
NEEDS FEASIBILITY
ANALYSIS DEFINITIONS OPERATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
OPERATIONAL NEEDS DEFINITION
ANALYSIS VALIDATION
FUNCTIONAL
ANALYSIS

SCE - SYSTEMS CONCEPTS EXPLORATION
26/11/11
PERFORMANCE ALTERNATIVE
REQUIREMENTS CONCEPTS
FORMULATION EXPLORATION ALTERNATIVE
CONCEPTS
BASIC ALTERNATIVE VALIDATION
SYSTEMS CONCEPTS
ARCHITECTING EVALUATION


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Fig. 8: Flux of Steps and Tasks of SCR: SCD and SRAA

SCD - SYSTEM CONCEPT DEFINITION
26/11/11
SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM
CONCEPT CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
SELECTION DEFINITION PLANNING

SRAA - SYSTEMS RISKS AND ASSURANCE ANALYSIS
26/11/11
SRAA DURING SRAA DURING SRAA DURING
NRA SCE SCD


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Fig. 9: Steps of SCR - Finalities and Main Questions

NRA SCE SCD
Needs and Systems Concepts System Concept
Requirements Analysis Exploration Definition
To establishisitos is the valid
which To explore which are the To select the most attractive
need of a new system, and potential systems concepts system concept (preferred).
that it is technical and that attain the needs. To define its functional
economically viable. To formulate and validate a characteristics.
10/10/11

set of system performance To develop a detailed plan for
requirements. the subsequent phases, steps
and tasks of engineering,
production and
implementation.
• Which is the valid need of • Which is the required • Which are the key
a new system? performance of the new characteristics of the
• Is there a practical system to satisfy the selected system concept
approach to satisfy this needs? that will result on a better
need? • Is there at least one balance between
approach to obtain that capability, operational
performance with a useful life, and costs?
supportable cost?


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04

NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS Ref.: [KOSS_01][BLAN_01]

Purposes of NRA
Understand what is the problem to be solved by the future system.
Establish that the need for a new system really exists and is valid.
Establish that the desired system is technically and economically
feasible.
Elicit and analyze the requirements applied to the project and to the
system.
Define a valid set of operational functional and performance
requirements, to be attained by the system concept.


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Main Questions of NRA
Are there real needs for a new system?
Which are those real needs?
What must be achieved to mitigate the deficiencies?
In what degree the current needs cant be satisfied by physical or
operational modifications of the current means?
There are operational deficiencies to be overcome by the new system.
The available technologies are capable to attain the increasing
demand for more capabilities?
There is a technological opportunity to create a new system.
Is there a practical approach to satisfy those needs?
The system solution offers an upgrade of capabilities that justify the
efforts to create it?


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Scope of NRA
Vision of the Problem
Needs Analysis
Operational Analysis
Functional Analysis
Feasibility Definitions
Needs Validation
Operational Requirements Definition


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS Ref.: [KOSS_01][BLAN_01][BOGU_01]

NRA1: Vision of the Problem
Questions Concerning the Problem:
What is the nature and magnitude of the problem?
What risks will be derived if the problem will not be solved?
Elements of Vision of the Problem:
Description of the motivations, nature, magnitude, and context of the
main problem to be solved.
The problem of the SOS:
The existing problem of the SOS that is intended to be solved by the use of
the new system shall be understood.
Motivation and context of operations:
What are the operational objectives and goals to be considered?
Who are the actors and responsible for the new system operation?
The context of operations may be more complex than the new system solely.
The problem of the system:
What are the expectations about the new system that will be used on the
SOS?


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NRA2: Needs Analysis
Questions Concerning the Needs:
Are there real needs for a new system?
Which are those real needs?
What must be achieved to mitigate the deficiencies?
In what degree the current needs cant be satisfied by physical or
operational modifications of the current means?
There are operational deficiencies to be overcome by the new system?
The available technologies are capable to attain the increasing demand
for more capabilities?
There is a technological opportunity to create a new system?
Is there a practical approach to satisfy those needs?
The system solution offers an upgrade of capabilities that justify the
efforts to create it?


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Elements of Needs Analysis:
Evidences of the Needs:
What are the evidences of the needs?
Investigations should be done to define why and how a new system will
satisfy the needs.
Operational objectives and goals:
Which are the operational objectives and goals?
Restrictions and suppositions:
Restrictions and suppositions to be imposed to the new system, its
characteristics, operations and project, shall be known since the beginning of
the project.
Costs and schedule:
Costs estimates (LCC, unitary sales costs, TCO) and schedule are usually
assessed at this moment.


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Elements of Needs Analysis:
Stakeholders of project and new system:
Concerning the ownership of the SOS and future new system, it is necessary
to define who are the owners, operators, users, and other interested persons
and organizations, to well define responsibilities and authorities for
requirements, restrictions, and suppositions and other definitions and
eventual modifications.
Acceptance, qualification and certification of the new system:
Institutions that will approve, qualify or certificate the new system shall be
defined.
The standards, regulations and practices to be used to accept, qualify and
certificate the new system shall be obtained.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS Ref.: [KOSS_01][BLAN_01] [NASA_01]

NRA3: Operational Analysis
Questions Concerning the Operational Analysis:
To start and drive the SCR method, it is helpful to get the scope of the
system. Fig. 10, based on [NASA_01], presents the dimensions of the
scope and the influence of the operational concepts and the other
elements of scope of the future system.
The operational elements of the scope of the system and of the project
are:
Mission
CONOPS - Concept of Operations
Operational Environments
Architecture Concepts of System and Subsystems
Interfaces and Interoperations
Functional Concept
Required Results


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS Ref.: [NASA_01]

Fig. 10: Dimensions of the Scope of System and Project
Goals
Need Broad, fundamental aim Objectives
Explains why the project is you expect to accomplish Initiatives that implement the
developing this system to fulfill need goal.
from the stakeholders’ What is the minimum that the
point of view stakeholders expect from the
system for it to be successful?

Assumptions Mission
Examples:
Level of technology
SCOPE Defining and restricting
Is a definition of what is the missions will aid in
Partnerships identifying
Extensibility to other relevant to the project!
requirements
missions
26/11/11

Constraints
Authority and External items that cannot
Responsibility be controlled and that must
Who has authority for Operational Concepts be met, which are identified
aspects of the system Imagine the operation of while defining the scope
development? the future system and
document the steps of how Budgets
the end-to-end system will
be used Schedules

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Elements of Operational Analysis:
Mission, profiles and scenarios:
Obtain a descriptive and quantitative statement of the mission of the new
system.
Operational boundaries and limits.
Purpose and applications of the new system.
Requirements for the primary functions of the new system.
Additional functions of the new system.
Eventual multifunction and dedication to more than one type of mission.
Distinct profiles and scenarios of each type of mission, associated with modes of
operation.
Additional related functions, as self-testing, training, and other special tasks.
Top-level requirements of states of the new system, covering transportation,
storage, disassembling, reassembling, and others states.


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Deployment and usage conditions:
Determine the conditions of operational deployment and usage of the new
system:
Permanently fixed installation.
Temporary fixed installation, being transported (by railway, roadway, waterway or
airway) from one site to another.
Mobile installation (ground, air, water, and space vehicles).
Determine the type of system and application.
Operational concepts:
Indicate the types and steps of the future operations of the new system, in all
their extent and details.
Define the repartition and relationship of the parameters and operational
states between the SOS elements.
Operational environments:
Describe and quantify the space and time environmental conditions prevailing
during the new system manufacturing, transportation, operation and
maintenance, considering natural and man-made sources.


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New system architecture:
Present the top-level composition and architecture of the SOS, as well as the
composition and architecture of the new system as part of the SOS.
Describe the basic identification of new system and subsystems elements and
specification of the performance requirements and their relationship with the
new system functions.
Present the main physical requirements characterization of the new system.
Interfaces and interoperability:
Specify the requirements for the internal and external interfaces and
interoperability conditions for system and subsystems elements.
Examine and describe the special interfaces of the new system elements and
the operational environment conditions.
Operational coverage:
Define the space and time coverage dimensions for the operations of the new
system.


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Threats:
Classify and characterize the expected environment of threats, jammers and
other kind of man-made interference for the new system operation, according
to their natures and origins.
Processing resources:
Describe the types and requirements characteristics of the signal and data
processing resources of the new system.
Life cycle and cost elements
The main system life cycle elements shall be established, concerning:
Date desired to start using the system.
Expected duration of the useful life.
Cycles of operation, maintenance, revision and upgrading of the system.
The estimates of the main costs elements shall be established, concerning:
Total cost of ownership (total cost of acquisition plus the total cost of operation).
Number of new systems to be deployed.
Logistic support organization and infrastructure.
Infrastructure and organization for the operation


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS Ref.: [RAHE_01]

System assurance requirements:
Consider, quantify and allocate to the system elements, each of the system
and product assurance requirements, considered all the life cycle of the
system, operations and environments, comprising:
Risks and Cost-Effectiveness.
Configuration Management.
Rights and Penalties of Assurance and Warranties.
Software Assurance.
Quality Assurance, Reliability Assurance.
Maintainability.
Safety, Security.
Human Factors.
Supportability and Logistics.
Sustainability.
Others, the like.
Verification and Validation.
The conditions and procedures for system acceptance, qualification and
certification of the new system must be also included.

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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS

NRA4: Functional Analysis
Elements of Functional Analysis:
New system functional concept:
Define the functional modes and parameters, their repartition and relationship
between the SOS elements.
Establish the functional role of the new system on the SOS context.
Functional performance requirements:
Describe the functions of the new system and subsystems.
Establish the main criteria for measuring the quality of performance of the
new system, in adverse environments.
Allocate the functional performance requirements to the new system and
subsystems.
Functional simulation:
Create a functional model of the new system and subsystems.
Create a realistic measurement error model.
Analyze the functioning with the model.
Include the performance characteristics in the model and analyze their
effectiveness.


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NRA5: Feasibility Definitions
Elements of Feasibility Definitions:
Evaluation of systems currently available solutions:
Collect data about current systems, similar to the new system under analysis.
Assess the details about the used technologies.
Obtain data about their operational, functional and cost-effectiveness
limitations.
Comparison of existing systems solutions and new system requirements:
Analyze and compare the specifications and data of the existing solutions with
the requirements for the new system.
Evaluation of feasibility of system functional concepts:
Evaluate if the technologies of the current solutions will permit to obtain the
required functions and performances.
Describe and justify the needs for other technologies to attain the functional
concepts.


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NRA6: Needs Validation
Elements of Needs Validation:
Verification of the needs evidences:
Obtain solid evidences about the existence and characterization of the
declared needs.
Analysis of viability of needs attainment:
Verify, for each characteristic of the needs, if and how it will be viable to be
attained.
Validation of needs and systems concepts relationship:
Describe the possible systems concept that will validate the needs
characteristics.
Validate the needs characteristics to be used.


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NRA7: Operational Requirements Definition
Elements of Operational Requirements Definition:
Elicitation of operational requirements:
Elicit and organize the new system operational requirements and constraints.
Analysis of operational requirements:
Critically analyze and revise the new system operational objectives.
Detailed revise and analyze the new system operational concept and
requirements:
With diagrams and models.
Consolidating them in a complete non ambiguous and consistent list, using, if
possible, appropriate tools.
Synthesis of operational requirements:
Analyze the feasibility of the new system operational requirements:
Verify how each of the new system operational requirements could be executed,
considering modes, constraints and functions.
If any inconsistency arises, turn back to the NRA start step to better
understand the concepts and requirements and to remove the inconsistency.
Validate and synthesize all the new system operational requirements and
constraints.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04

SCE - SYSTEMS CONCEPTS EXPLORATION


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 SCE - SYSTEMS CONCEPTS EXPLORATION Ref.: [KOSS_01][BLAN_01]

Purposes of SCE
Present a variety of alternatives as solutions of system concepts,
which will attain the established requirements and restrictions.
Explore which are the potential concepts of systems that may attain
the needs.
Formulate and validate a set of system performance requirements for
each of the system concepts.


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Main Questions of SCE
What is the performance required to the new system on attaining the
needs?
Is there, at least, one approach to reach this performance, at a
supportable cost?


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Scope of SCE
Performance Requirements Formulation.
Basic System Architecture.
Alternative Concepts Exploration.
Alternative Concepts Evaluation.
Alternative Concepts Validation.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04 SCE - SYSTEMS CONCEPTS EXPLORATION

SCE1: Performance Requirements Formulation
Elements of Performance Requirements Formulation:
Performance requirements derivation:
Describe the performance requirements consistently with each function and
mode of operation of the new system.
Formulate the new system and subsystems performance characteristics:
Develop functional and performance new system models to evaluate the theoretical
and practical viability of accomplishment of the functional performance, by:
Using equations and other relation among the characteristics already
established.
Exploring different new system parameters and features.
Derive and formulate the new system and subsystems performance characteristics.


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SCE2: Basic New System Architecture
Elements of Basic New System Architecture:
General new system architecture:
Before exploring the complete solutions of the new system, it is
recommended to explore the architectonic elements that will exert great
influence on the definition of other elements f the system.
Asses the state-of-the-art of technologies most adequate to the new system.
Create complete architectures diagrams with the elements.
Technical analysis of the main architectonic elements:
Asses the technical parameters and create mathematical models to analyze
the functions and performance of the new system and subsystems.
Evaluate the possibilities and extents of functioning of the elements.
Assess and analyze the technologies and systems possibilities:
Before describing specific complete new systems, the available technologies of
hardware and software usual for those types of systems must be assessed and
evaluated. This will give an updated view of the possibilities, inspire innovations
and reinforce the knowledge of systems architecture.


EThICS

SCE3: Alternative Concepts Exploration
Elements of Alternative Concepts Exploration:
Formulation of alternatives:
Considering the technologies and the functional and performance analysis,
create alternatives of systems concepts possible to be implemented.
Proof-of-concepts and tests:
When necessary, construct models or physical elements to be submitted to
tests and proof-of-concept experiments and evaluation.


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SCE4: Alternative Concepts Evaluation
Elements of Alternative Concepts Evaluation:
Evaluation of exequibility:
Evaluate the conditions of execution of each new system alternative.
Evaluation of performance:
Evaluate the performance characteristics of each new system alternative.
Evaluation of cost-effectiveness:
Evaluate the cost-effectiveness characteristics of each new system alternative.


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SCE5: Alternative Concepts Validation
Refinement of performance and functional requirements:
Revise the details of the performance and functional requirements for each
element of the architecture of each new system alternative.
Functional simulation of alternatives:
Using simulation, verify the capability of each new system alternative to
execute the functional requirements.
Modeling and demonstrations of alternatives:
Create models of each new system and subsystem alternatives.
Verify and demonstrate the functionalities of each alternative.
Use prototypes whenever necessary.
Synthesis of the system alternatives performance requirements:
Verify and demonstrate the performances of each alternative.


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SCE5: Alternative Concepts Validation
Ranking and validation of alternatives:
Classify, and validate the alternatives.
Discard the invalid and less adequate alternatives.
Proposition of alternatives:
Document and present the most adequate alternatives.
Propose a ranking for the selection of the preferred solution.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04

SCD - SYSTEM CONCEPT DEFINITION


EThICS
EThICS 039.CE06E.04 SCD - SYSTEM CONCEPT DEFINITION Ref.: [KOSS_01][BLAN_01]

Purposes of SCD
Select the best solution of system concept to attain the established
requirements and restrictions.
Select a preferable (most attractive) system concept.
Define its basic architecture and functional characteristics.
Develop a detailed plan to the subsequent phases of system and
product development, manufacturing and implementation and use.


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Main Question of SCD
Which are the key characteristics of the selected system concept that
will bring the most benefic balance among capability, useful life and
costs?


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Scope of SCD
New System Concept Selection.
New System Concept Definition.
New System Development Planning.


EThICS
EThICS 039.CE06E.04 SCD - SYSTEM CONCEPT DEFINITION

SCD1: New System Concept Selection
Elements of New System Concept Selection:
Selection of the preferred new system concept:
Analyze and confirm the proposed alternatives.
Create criteria for the selection of the preferred solution.
Select the most adequate solution for the system concept.


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SCD2: New System Concept Definition
Elements of New System Concept Definition:
Modeling of selected system concept:
Create a model of the selected system concept and its environment.
Demonstrate the functional and performance capabilities of the selected
system concept.
Functional and architectonic specifications:
Document the operational, functional, performance and architectonic
specifications of the selected system concept.
Validation of selected system concept:
Validate the selected system concept against the operational, functional and
performance requirements.
Report and documentation:
Create a repot with the results obtained during the SCR activities.
Document the selected system concept.


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SCD3: New System Development Planning
Elements of New System Development Planning:
Planning for the life cycle:
Planning for development.
Planning for production.
Planning for support and logistics.
Planning for use.
Planning for discard and substitution.


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EThICS 039.CE06E.04

SRAA - SYSTEMS RISKS AND ASSURANCE ANALYSIS


EThICS
EThICS 039.CE06E.04 SRAA - SYSTEMS RISKS AND ASSURANCE ANALYSIS Ref.: [RAHE_01]

Purposes of SRAA
Assure and validate that the requirements and restrictions of systems
assurance and cost-effectiveness could be attained by the selected
system concept.
Evaluation of risks and cost-effectiveness.
Validation of system assurance requirements.
Recommendations for mitigation and control of risks, costs and
system assurance, for each alternative of system concept.
Execute this step in parallel and simultaneously with the other three
steps of the SCR.


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Main Questions of SRAA
Are the levels of risks of hazards and uncertainties under control?
Are the system and product assurance requirements totally and
clearly established?
Is the cost-effectiveness balance achievable by the selected system
concept?


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Scope of SRAA
Technologies and disciplines of management:
SPA, Risks of SPA, Cost-Effectiveness, Configuration, Software
Assurance, Rights and Penalties of Assurances.
Technologies and disciplines of engineering:
Quality Assurance, Reliability Assurance, Maintainability of Systems and
Products, Safety of Systems, Security of Systems, Human Factors,
Supportability and Logistics, Sustainability of Systems and Products,
Verification and Validation, Others, analogous.


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Elements of SRAA during NRA:
Risk management:
Define the criteria for analysis.
Classify risks of hazards and uncertainties.
Assess the potential risks for the project, the system, and the operations.
Evaluate the risks derived if the problem will not be solved.
Assess and characterize limits of the main system assurance requirements,
comprising:
Management of: product assurance, risks, cost-effectiveness, configuration,
software assurance, and rights and penalties of warranties.
Engineering of: quality, reliability, maintainability, safety, security, human factors,
supportability and logistics, sustainability, verification and validation, and other
analogous.


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Elements of SRAA during NRA:
Total Cost of Ownership:
Evaluate and analyze the preliminary TCO, as perceived by the market.
Go-No Go decision:
Consider the adequacy and convenience to continue the project.
Justify the decision.


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SRAA2: SRAA during SCE
Elements of SRAA during SCE:
Risk management:
Characterize, evaluate and compare risks and system assurance parameters
of each alternative of system concept.
Assess the availability and disclosure of parts and technologies from foreign
suppliers.
Analyze and evaluate each trade-off solutions.
Recommend the mitigation and control of risks.
Analyze the viability of accomplishment of the assurance requirements and
the cost-effectiveness balance.
Recommend the provisioning of systems assurance and cost-effectiveness.
Revise and analyze the preliminary TCO, for each alternative.
Go-No Go decision:


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SRAA3: SRAA during SCD
Elements of SRAA during SCD :
Risk management:
Emit detailed recommendations for mitigation and control of risks for the
development of the selected system concept.
Analyze and revise the details of the terms of assurance and cost-
effectiveness.
Emit detailed recommendations for the achievement of system assurance and
cost-effectiveness elements of the development of the selected system
concept.
Revise and analyze the TCO for the selected system concept.
Final Go-No Go decision:


EThICS
EThICS 039.CE06E.04

APPENDICES


EThICS
EThICS 039.CE06E.04 APPENDICES

References
[BLAN_01] BLANCHARD, B. S. System engineering management. 4th ed. Hoboken NJ:
John Wiley, 2008. 539 p.
[BOGU_01] BOGUSH Jr., Alfred J. Radar and the atmosphere. Norwood, MA: Artech
House, 1989. 452 p.
[EE_039.BE01.08]LIBRELATO, A. S. EThICS 039.BE01.08: Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e
Inovação - Visão Geral. Dezembro, 2011. 42 p.
[JONE_01] JONES, J. V. Supportability engineering handbook: implementation,
measurement and management. USA: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
[KOSS_01] KOSSIAKOFF, A.; SWEET, W. N. Systems engineering: principles and
practices. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2003. 463 p.
[LIBR_01] LIBRELATO, A. S.; SAOTOME, O. A methodology proposal to design radars -
systems approach. XIII Simpósio de Aplicações Operacionais em Áreas de Defesa - ISSN
1983-7402. São José dos Campos, SP: 2011. 4 p.
[NASA_01] NASA. “Scoping & concept of operations (ConOps) module”. Space Systems
Engineering Version 1.0. 2010. Available at
http://spacese.spacegrant.org/index.php?page=scope-conops. Accessed in 22/11/2011.


EThICS
EThICS 039.CE06E.04 APPENDICES

References
[RAHE_01] RAHEJA, D. G.; ALLOCO, M. Assurance technologies principles and practices
- a product, process, and system safety perspective. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley,
2006. 472 p.
[WASS_01] WASSON, C. S. System analysis, design and development: concepts,
principles and practices.. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2006. 818 p.


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