ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

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3. • Water Is One Of The Basic Necessities Of All The
Living Organisms.
• Life Cannot Exit Without Water.
• About Three Fourth Part Of Our Earth Is Made
Up Of Water, But Very Little Water Is In Usable
Form.
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4. • Water pollution can be defined as alteration in
physical, chemical or biological characteristics
of water through natural or human activities
making it unsuitable for its designated use.
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Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g.
lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater), very often
by human activities. It occurs when pollutants (particles,
chemicals or substances that make water contaminated) are
discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without
enough treatment to get rid of harmful compounds.

6. 1. Bad taste of drinking water.
2. Offensive odours from rivers, lakes and oceans.
3. Reduction in number of aquatic lives in fresh water and
sea water.
4. Oil & grease floating on the surface.
5. Unchecked growth of aquatic weeds.
6. Presence of colour due to organic matter.
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7. The water which is suitable for drinking is known as portable
or wholesome water.
Qualities-
1. Odoourless, colourless
2. Free from suspended solids and turbidity
3. Free from toxic substances
4. Free from pathogenic organisms
5. Moderately soft
6. Asthetically pleasant i.e. cool and fresh
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8. Pure form of
water
In form of H2O ,distilled water
Mineral water Acceptable limits of minerals
Tap water Water supplied by concerned authority
Polluted water Water containing impurities not suitable for
drinking
Contaminated
water
Water containing harmful impurities, not suitable
for any purpose nor even can be thrown in water
bodies
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9. • The definition of water quality depends on the intended
uses of the water which may be either human consumption
or it may be for industries, irrigation, power generation,
recreation etc.
• Main parameters which are required to be tested for
determining the quality of water can be divided in to
• 1. Physical parameters
• 2.chemical parameters
• 3. biological parameters
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Water Quality Standards

10. 1) Turbidity
2) Colour
3) Odour and Taste
4) temperature
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Physical parameters INCLUDES

11. 1) Turbidity:
• pressure of suspended material like clay,silt,finely
divided organic material, plankton and other
inorganic material in water
• Indicate dirtiness of water and thus measure the
extent to which light absorbed or scattered by fine
suspended solids and colloidal solids.
• Can be removed by filtration ,sedimentation,
clarification.
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Physical parameters INCLUDES

12. 2) Colour:
• Pure water is colourless but the presence of
suspended solids give apparent colour to the water,
while dissolved solids may impart true colour to
water.
• Can be removed by aeration, oxidation and
adsorption.
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Physical parameters INCLUDES

13. 3) Odour and taste:
• Due to presence of mineral salts, domestic sewage, decomposing
organic matter, industrial waste, chemical compounds etc.
• Can be removed by aeration, dilution and disinfection.
4) Temperature:
• Biological activity increases with increase in temp.
• 10-20º C
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Physical parameters INCLUDES

14. 1) Total dissolved Solids (TDS)
2) pH
3) Acidity
4) Alkalinity
5) Hardness
6) Chlorides
7) Fluorides
8) Metals
9) Organic matters
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Chemical parameters INCLUDES

15. 1) Total dissolved Solids (TDS)
• Organic and inorganic particles
• Size varies from 10-3 µm to 10-5 µm
• Removed by RO, distillation,ion exchange process etc
2) pH
• Measure of degree of acidity or alkalinity of water
• 6.5-7.5
3) Acidity
• Capacity of substances to neutralize OH- ions
• Corrosion problem
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16. 4) Alkalinity
• Capacity of substances to neutralize acids
• Shuts the biological activities
5) Hardness
• Soap destroying property of water
• Temporary hardness-boiling
• Permanent hardness-soda lime process
• Ground water
• 75-115 ppm
6) Chlorides
• Mainly due to intrusion of sea water, industrial & domestic waste in water supply
• Calcium & sodium chlorides
• Max 250 mg/l
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17. 7) Fluorides
• Mainly associated with sedimentary and igneous rocks
• Toxic to humans and animals
• 1-1.5 mg/l
• Cavity problems
8) Metals
• Toxic-arsenic, barium, lead, mercury etc
• Non toxic-sodium, iron, manganese, aluminium, copper, zinc etc
9) Organic matters
• Biodegradable-fat, starches, proteins, alchohols, acids
• Non biodegradable-tannic acids, cellulose, phenols 17

18. • various microorganisms like bacteria, viruses and protozoa present
in water
• it may be pathogenic or non pathogenic
• Test-presumptive, confirmed, completed
I. Indian Standards Institution(ISI)
II. World Health Organization(WHO)
III. United States Public Health Service(USPHS)
IV. Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR)
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Microbiological parameters INCLUDES

19. 1. Point sources:
• Those sources which can be identified as a single location are
called point sources.
• Example of point sources are, industrial effluent, power
plants, domestic discharge etc.
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Sources Of Water Pollution

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21. 2.Non point sources or diffused sources :
• The discharge from this sources is not at any particular site, rather
these sources are scattered, which collectively pollute the water.
• Examples of non point sources are surface runoff from agricultural
fields, overflowing small drains, rain water sweeping road and fields,
atmospheric deposition etc.
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OTHER SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION
SEWAGE AND WASTE WATER
Sewage Is The Term Used For Wastewater That Often
Contains Feces, Urine And Laundry Waste. The Sewage And
Waste Water That Is Produced By Each Household Is
Chemically Treated And Released In To Sea With Fresh Water.
The Sewage Water Carries Harmful Bacteria And Chemicals
That Can Cause Serious Health Problems. Pathogens Are Known
As A Common Water Pollutant.

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MINING ACTIVITIES
Mining Is The Process Of Crushing The Rock And
Extracting Coal And Other Minerals From Underground.
These Elements When Extracted In The Raw Form Contains
Harmful Chemicals And Can Increase The Amount Of Toxic
Elements When Mixed Up With Water Which May Result In
Health Problems.

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OCEAN AND MARINE DUMPING
Again, Think Of The Rubbish We All Make Each Day.
Paper Waste, Food Waste, Plastic, Rubber, Metallic And
Aluminum Waste. In Some Countries, They Are Deposited
Into The Sea. All These Waste Types Take Time To
Decompose.

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UNDERGROUND STORAGE AND TUBE
LEAKAGES
Many Liquid Products (Petroleum Products) Are Stored In
Metal And Steel Tubes Underground. Other Sewage Systems
Run In Underground Tubes. Overtime, They Rust And Begin
To Leak. If That Happens, They Contaminate The Soils, And
The Liquids In Them End Up In Many Nearby Water Bodies.

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33. Classification of Water pollutants
1. Organic pollutants
2. Inorganic pollutants
3. Sediments
4. Radioactive Pollutants
5. Thermal pollutants
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34. The wastewaters such as, domestic and
municipal sewage, wastewater from food processing
industries, paper and pulp mills, etc. have
considerable concentration of biodegradable organic
compounds either in suspended, colloidal or
dissolved form. These wastes undergo degradation
and decomposition by bacterial activity. 34

35. Apart from the organic matter discharged in the
water body through sewage and industrial wastes,
high concentration of heavy metals and other
inorganic pollutants contaminate the water. These
compounds are non-biodegradable and persist in
the environment. These pollutants include mineral
acids, inorganic salts, metals, metals compounds,
complexes of metals with organic compounds,
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36. Sediments are soil,mineral particles like
sand,silt,clay etc.
Construction sites, mining, deforested slopes,
farmlands, roads etc.
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37. As a result of hot water discharge, the
temperature of water body increases, which
reduces the DO content of the water adversely,
affecting the aquatic life.
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38.  Mining and processing of ores,
Uses and testing of nuclear weapons.
Water from nuclear power plants
Waste from research lab and hospitals
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39. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has
been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths
and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than
14,000 people daily.
An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper
toilet and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhea sickness every
day.
Some 90% of China's cities suffer from some degree of water
pollution, and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe
drinking water.
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CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
Dealing With Water
Pollution Is Something That
Everyone (Including Governments
And Local Councils) Needs To Get
Involved With. Here Are A Few
Things You Can Do To Help:

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Never Throw Rubbish Away Anyhow. Always Look For
The Correct Waste Bin. If There Is None Around, Please Take It
Home And Put It In Your Trash Can. This Includes Places Like
The Beach, Riverside And Water Bodies.

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Use Water Wisely. Do Not Keep The Tap Running When
Not In Use. Also, You Can Reduce The Amount Of Water You
Use In Washing And Bathing. If We All Do This, We Can
Significantly Prevent Water Shortages And Reduce The Amount
Of Dirty Water That Needs Treatment.

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Do Not Throw Chemicals, Oils, Paints And Medicines
Down The Sink Drain, Or The Toilet. In Many Cities, Your Local
Environment Office Can Help With The Disposal Of Medicines
And Chemicals. Check With Your Local Authorities If There Is
A Chemical Disposal Plan For Local Residents.

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Buy More Environmentally Safe Cleaning Liquids For Use
At Home And Other Public Places. They Are Less Dangerous To
The Environment.

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If You Use Chemicals And Pesticides For Your Gardens
And Farms, Be Mindful Not To Overuse Pesticides And
Fertilizers. This Will Reduce Runoffs Of The Chemical Into
Nearby Water Sources. Start Looking At Options Of
Composting And Using Organic Manure Instead.

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If You Live Close To A Water Body, Try To Plant
Lots Of Trees And Flowers Around Your Home, So
That When It Rains, Chemicals From Your Home Does
Not Easily Drain Into The Water.

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LIQUID WASTE
(SEWAGE/WASTEWATER) TREATMENT
Wastewater (Liquid Waste) From Flushing The Toilet,
Bathing, Washing Sinks And General Cleaning Goes Down
The Drain And Into A Pipe, Which Joins A Larger Sewer Pipe
Under The Road. The Larger Pipe Also Joins A Major Pipe
That Leads To The Treatment Center.

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49. • Primary treatment
1. Screening
2. Sedimentation
3. Grit chamber
4. Skimming tank
• Secondary treatment
• Tertiary treatment
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50. EUTROPHICATION
• The Word Eutrophication Is Originated From Greek Words Eu = “Well” And Trophes
= “Food”. Thus, It Means “Well Feed” Or “Nutrient Rich”. Thus We Can Define
Eutrophication As Excessive Nutrient Load In Water Body By Nutrients.
• Depending Upon The Increasing Levels Of Productivity The Water Bodies Can Be
Classified In To
1. Oligotrophic:- Water With Poor Nutrient Status And Very Low Productivity Of
Aquatic Plants.
2. Masotrophic:- Water With Moderate Nutrient Status And Moderate Productivity
Of Aquatic Plants.
3. Eutrophic:- Water With Rich Nutrient Status And High Productivity Of Aquatic
Plants.
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52. • Eutrophication Is A Natural Process And May Take Thousands Of Years.
• With Time The Nutrient Status Of The Water Bodies Gradually Increases.
Which Leads To More Biological Productivity And Algae Blooms. The Lake
Thus Becomes Eutrophic.
• A Young Lake Or A Newly Formed Lake Has Low Nutrient Content And Has
Low Plant Productivity.
• With Passage Of Time Such Lakes Acquires Nutrients From Surface Runoff
From Agricultural Fields, Domestic Sewage Etc Which Ultimately Increases
Aquatic Growth. In This Way The Oligotrophic Water Bodies Turns Into
Mesotrophic Water Body.
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54. EFFECTS OF EUTROPHICATION
• Increase in plant growth
• Decrease in DO and high BOD
• Increase in turbidity and sedimentation
• Algal booms releases toxic chemicals which is harmful for
aquatic lives
• Decreases aesthetic importance
• Health related problems
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57. CONTROLLING EUTROPHICATION
• If The Supplies Of Carbon, Nitrogen And Phosphorous
Nutrients Are Restricted , Growth Will Reduced.
• Reduction in the discharge of agricultural runoff and
domestic waste in pond or lake.
• Use Of Phosphorous In Detergents Can Be Restricted.
• Removal Of Algae Blooms By Dredging
• Applying Algaecides Like Copper Sulphates ,Chlorine Etc
On Water Bodies
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58. • Reducing the use of nitrate containing fertilizers.
• Soil erosion control
• Physical, chemical or biological methods can be adopted to
remove dissolved nutrients from water
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60. MARINE Pollution can be
Defined as
“The introduction of substances to the marine
environment directly or indirectly by humans,
resulting in the adverse effects such as hazards to
human health, obstruction of marine activities and
lowering the quality of water.”
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61. • Sediments
• Agricultural runoff (herbicides, pesticides and
nutrients)
• Energy (thermal and light)
• Sewage
• Chemicals, Metals and Radioactive Substances
• Oil
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Types of marine pollutants

62. • Direct discharge of waste into sea
• Oil exploration
• Transportation of oil by water routes
• Dredging of estuaries
• Ship accidents
• Leakage of oil
• Agricultural runoff
• Storm water containing petroleum and oil
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Sources or Causes of marine po

63. • Disposal of organic matter into sea cause
phytoplankton blooms
• Oil spill adversely affect the marine species
• Reduce the market value of sea food
• Drilling eliminates the benthic fauna
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Effects of marine pollution

64. • Sewage should be given complete treatment
before discharging into sea
• Toxic pollutants should not be discharged
• Oil ballast should not be dumped
• Banning of toxic, hazardous waste
• Development activities on the coastal areas
should be minimized
• Run off from non point sources should be
prevented
• Drilling should not allow near economically
sensitive areas.
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Control of marine pollution

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