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1. Proteins
Submitted By: Farideh Hatami

2. Protein
• Proteins are substances found in every cell. The body
needs proteins to build and repair all body tissues. Protein is
an important part of blood cells. Proteins are made up of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms that are
formed into basic units called amino acids.
• There are 20 different amino acids. Nine of them are
essential, and the other eleven amino acids can be
produced by the body.
Complete proteins Incomplete proteins
Legumes

3. Proteins
• Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules which are the polymers of
amino acids .
• Proteins can supply 4 kcal of energy per gram ,but are not a primary energy source.
• Proteins are an important source of nitrogen.
• Protein is the building material for all body parts, such as muscle, brain, blood, skin, hair,
nails, bones and body fluids.

4. proteins
• Proteins are very important in living organisms and take on a variety of forms
and functions :
• Enzymes.
• Antibodies.
• Actin and myosin
• Collagen.
• Keratin
• antigens

5. The structure of proteins
 Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
Sometimes sulphur is present.
 Proteins are polymers made up of the monomers called amino acids.
 There are 20 different amino acids.
 Amino acids can join up in any form an infinite number of protein

6. Amino acids
Amino acids, often referred to as the building blocks of
proteins, are compounds that play many critical roles in
your body.
They're needed for vital processes like the building of
proteins and synthesis of hormones and
neurotransmitters.
Some may also be taken in supplement form for a natural
way to boost athletic performance or improve mood.
They’re categorized as essential, conditionally essential or
nonessential depending on several factors.

7. STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF AMINO ACIDS
 The first to be discovered was asparagine, in 1806. The last of the
20 to be found was threonine
 All 20 amino acids have common structural features, that means
all 20 of the common amino acids are α -amino acids.
 All amino acids have an amino group (-NH3+), a carboxylate (-
COO-) group and a hydrogen bonded to the same carbon atom
(the α -carbon)
 They differ from each other in their side chain called R group.
 R groups vary in structure, size and electric charges and influence
the solubility of amino acids in water.

8. Structure of Amino acid
8

9. CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS
 Nutritional
- Essential
- Non-essential
Based on R group
- Non polar aliphatic R group
- Polar uncharged R group
- Aromatic R group
- Positively charged R group
- Negatively charged group
9

10. The hydrocarbon R group in
this class of amino acids is
nonpolar and hydrophobic.
Glycine has the simplest
amino acid structure. The
bulky side chain of valine,
isoleucine and leucine are
important in promoting
hydrophobic interactions
within protein structures.
Non polar aliphatic R group
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11. The R group of these
amino acids is more
soluble in water, or
hydrophilic than those of
non polar amino acids,
because they contain
functional groups that
form hydrogen bond with
water
Polar uncharged R group
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12. Their aromatic side chains are
relatively nonpolar. All can
participate in hydrophobic
interactions. The OH group of
tyrosine can form hydrogen bond
and can act as an important
functional group in the activity of
some enzymes.
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Aromatic R group

13. The amino acids in which
the R group have a net
positive charge at pH 7.0
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Positively charged R group

14. Amino acids having R
group with a net
negative charge at pH
7.0, with a second
carboxyl group
14
Negatively charged group

15. Structures and abbreviations of the standard amino acids
15

16. NUTRITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACIDS
16
Essential AminoAcids:
Need to supplied in daily diet
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lysine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Metionine
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Valine


Nonessential AminoAcids:
Need not be supplied in daily diet
 Alanine
 Asparagine
 Glycine
 Tyrosine
 Serine
 Proline
 Cysteine
 Cystine
 Histidine(essential for children)
 Glutamine(conditionally
essential)
Arginine(conditionally essential)
Glutamate

17. PROPERTIES OF AMINO ACIDS
17
 Amino Acids are linked to form peptide
 The condensation of the carboxylic group of one
amino acid with the amino group of another amino
acid releases a water molecule and forms a peptide
bond or peptide link

18. Condensation reaction
18

19. Formation of a peptide bond
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