Dowry System Essay

jectRESEARCH METHODLOGY
Area: Rights of women in India
Topic: A Theoretical Perspective on Dowry Deaths in India
Objectives:
a) To understand the concept of dowry as has originated and evolved in India. b) To conceptualize
modern day consequences of dowry system. c) To refer to various laws in India and find out
reasons for ineffectuality. d) To analyze the trend lay down in this regard by way of various
judicial decisions. e) To critically analyze the reasons for divergence between the object of law with
regard to dowry death and the practice evolved by judicial precedents.
Research questions: a) What is dowry? b) How has the concept of dowry evolved in India? c) What
are the various...show more content...
This is the shocking reality of the contemporary dowry marriage in India and the frightening
experience faced by many young women. Each year, thousands of these young women are murdered,
through what has been dubbed "bride–burnings",[4] by husbands and in–laws seeking increased
dowry demands.
While the practice of dowry is commonly perceived by the international community as one of
Indian custom and culture, in its current form it is more accurately described as a social
phenomenon believed to bestow a greater social status upon the recipient. Originally designed to be
a gift given out of affection at the time of a daughter's marriage, today the dowry system has turned
into a perverted version of an ancient and respected custom. It has now become an obligatory
transaction that places a heavy impact on a family's financial and social status and a young wife's
welfare. In the last four decades, dowry negotiations between the families of brides and grooms have
escalated into continuing demands even after the agreed–upon amount is given. Even more
disquieting are the increasing numbers and the ways in which young wives are killed when their
husbands and in–laws are dissatisfied with the amount of dowry given or when additional demands
are not met. Frequently, as the violence and abuse escalates, if the young wife is not murdered she is
driven to commit
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DOWRY SYSTEM: A MAJOR VIOLATION AGAINST WOMEN RIGHTS IN INDIA
Mr. Arsheed Ahmad Ganie PhD Research Scholar
Department of Political Science & Public Administration
Annamalai University.
Abstract
In our Indian society there are numerous problems like superstitions, illiteracy, cast system and
dowry system, etc. One of the biggest menaces of the Indian society is the dowry system. This
fact that it is condemned by every modern citizen of this country and yet it still flourishes at a very
large scale in our society is a testimony of how deeply rooted this system is in the Indian society.
The system is prevalent in almost all parts of the country while other social evils like untouchability
and caste–system are falling into a decline, the evil of dowry system is assuming a gigantic form.
The enactment of the Dowry Prevention Act in 1961 by the Central Government has even failed to
check its growth. The problem of dowry has become a serious social evil among the upper castes
and middle classes both in towns and villages. The rules of marriage, namely, caste endogamy and
clan exogamy, and anuloma (hypergamy) and pratiloma (hypogamy), have been misinterpreted and
misused for maintaining the dowry system. This Article highlights the major problems and remedies
of dowry system in India.
Key Words: Dowry, Women, Illiteracy, Evil, Marriage, Major Problems, Violation.
Introduction
Dowry refers to property or money that a bride brings to

A satirical website created in 2011 calculates the amount of dowry women need in order to marry
the men of their choice. The website mocks India's social evil, and it exposes some of the
unhealthy factors families consider in order to arrive to "dowry rate." Some of the factors are caste,
education of the groom and even skin color. In India the custom of dowry is a very old tradition that
originated in the 13th or 14th century, when women were not given any share from paternal wealth
and when women were regarded as the property of either their fathers or their husbands. At that time,
dowry was giving women some pre–mortem inheritance and some economic security. Traditionally
it was a Stridhanam – daughter's wedding settlement, but in 20th...show more content...
The passages suggest Roy's critique of the institution of dowry. Thus the excerpts bring value to
the whole book itself and help Roy pursue her goal of criticizing the Indian society through
literature and show how outdated the concept of a dowry is. These passages have also an
importance because they challenge the society in a way that dowry, a widely used tradition by the
people, is depicted as old–fashioned. Arundhati Roy depicts dowry as old–fashioned when she
describes the hotel "Heritage." Author says: "The furniture and knickknacks that came with the
house were on display. A reed umbrella, a wicker couch. A wooden dowry box. They were labeled
with edifying placards that said Traditional Kerala Umbrella and Traditional Bridal Dowry –box."
(Roy 120) It is interesting how the dowry box is on the display as in the museum in order to show
well known but old Indian tradition to the tourists and guests. Roy's description of dowry in these
three different situations lets the reader understand how Roy tries to progress dowry from being
used in Ammu's situation, to not being important as in Rahel's situation and later being an antique in
the hotel.
Arundhati Roy uses different writing techniques in order to emphasize her criticism of the system
and voice her opinions as a political activist. There is no doubt that Roy cleverly uses diction and
flow in order to more clearly depict to the reader her vision of dowry– as an old–fashioned concept ,
as

Power System Essay
The Distributed is electrical power generation in small scale (usually 1MW to 50MW) near the load
centre using either conventional techniques such as Diesel generators and micro turbines or using
non–conventional techniques such as Photo–Voltaic, wind turbines and small hydro power. This
modern concept of power system is very advantageous as it reduces the load on the grid,
consumers get a reliable power of better quality, and consumers can supply surplus power to the
grid and earn a considerable profit. Thus, adopting this modern concept of power system is not only
beneficial for consumers but also to the utilities. Figure 1.2 Modern Concept of Power System
1.3 PROBLAM STATEMENT
DES technologies have very different issues compared...show more content...
An active power (P) and a reactive power control (Q) independently
4. Power factor correction
5. Synchronization with the utility mains
6. System protections
2) Case II: Power Converters supplying power in a standalone mode or feeding it back to the
utility mains Fig. shows many diagram of power block converters for a standalone AC system or
feeding produce powers back to the utility mains. If all generators are directly connected to the
loads, the systems operate as a standalone AC system. Meanwhile, if these are connected in parallel
to the mains, these provide the utility grids with an electric power. Fig 1.5: Block diagram of power
converters connected in parallel
So, the above issues can be applied to distributed power systems similarly, and the recent research
focuses are summarized as follows: 1. Standardized DES modelling using the software tools 2.
Equal load sharing such as the real and reactive power, the load harmonic current among the parallel
connected inverters. 3. Connection capability of more DES to the utility mains in best conditions 4.
Independent P, Q control of the inverters 5. Power factor correction
1.4 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Transmitting electrical power is by high voltage transmission lines from sending end substation to
receiving end substation. At the receiving end substation, the voltage is stepped down to a lower
(say 66kV or 33kV or 11kV). Power from this

Domestic Violence Against Women Essay
The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) defines
violence against women as "any act of gender–based violence that results in, or is likely to result in,
physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts,
coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life." (UN
General Assembly 1993).
It is violence in private life that comprises domestic violence against women. Also called Intimate
Partner Abuse and Family Violence, it is a global issue that cuts across all geographic, social,
cultural and ethnic boundaries. But it was only in the last decade of the 20th century that it got
recognition as a serious public health...show more content...
The life expectancy at birth for the population is 66 years, infant mortality is 62 per 1000 live
births and the maternal mortality is 260 deaths per 100,000 live births ( UNDP 2011).
In addition to the globally prevalent forms of domestic violence , women in Pakistan also suffer
from forms of violence carried out in the name of tradition, culture and religion.
Honour killing is an old tradition which involves a male member of the family killing a female
relative if she is suspected of tarnishing the family's honour. In most cases the executor is the
husband, the father or a brother( Minallah and Durrani, 2009).
Stove burning is a form of dowry killing prevalent in the province of Punjab, mostly in the urban
areas. Married women are burned by the husband or his family as a punishment for not providing a
rich dowry, not producing a son, not allowing the husband another wife or as a result of long
running disputes. Acid throwing, particularly on the face, may be committed to avenge refusal of
sexual advances and alleged disloyalty by a wife or female partner. It is done to punish the wife for
bringing dishonor to the husband.
Marriage( Nikaah) to Koran( The holy Book of Muslims) is an old custom where a girl is forced
into celibacy to keep the family wealth intact. It is more prevalent in the Sindh province among the
wealthy feudal lords ( waderas).

Dowry System : Ancient India
Dowry system:
Introduction
In ancient India, Dowry (known as Dahej in Hindi) is the payment in cash or some kind of gifts
given to bridegroom 's family along with the bride. Dowry was not a demand of the bridegroom
or of anyone of his side. It was a voluntary gift of the bride 's father. But in the modern educated
class, dowry has become a demand of bridegroom so it has become impossible for the parents to
give their daughters in marriage. Indeed, many accomplished girls are unmarried only because their
parents are unable to meet the heavy demand of the bridegroom's families.
Rituals and myths:
Nowadays dowry is a major factor when someone gets married. The bridegroom 's family
proposes the huge amount of dowry. "No dowry, no marriage," became a widespread fear. The
price tag for the groom was now bigger and bolder. For Today's man and his family, women
became the ticket to shortcut riches through the system of dowry. There were number of things
people desired to have in their own houses but couldn't afford; they began using the opportunity of
a son's marriage to get them. And if the bride 's family agrees it, the marriage program is
organized. The bridegroom can deny the marriage ceremony if he does not get the decided dowry.
It is the worst aspect of this system. According to the statistics, "In 2010, 8391 dowry death cases
were reported across India, meaning a bride was burned every 90 minutes, according to statistics
recently released by the National Crime

Dowry Controversy
There are diverse cultures around the world. Although, those varieties and contrast cultures, still
there is one culture that is similar in many countries, which is the dowry. A dowry is a property or
money that one of the spouses is given to another family before they are getting married some time
a dowry might create conflict and causes people refuse to accept dowry. In my opinion, there are
several reasons that make a dowry is more beneficial than damaging and this essay will describe it.
Firstly, a dowry is showed the respect and responsible of other, especially a groom who desires to
marry with his bride. For example, if a groom comes from general family and does earn a lot of
money, mostly he has to work harder, save and spend money

Pauline Kolenda's Dowry System As A Dowry System
In addition to the decrement status of women, women also lose self–esteem due to this evil rooted
custom "Dowry". Dowry doesn't only affect the bride alone, but it extends to the family members
because they have to arrange and fulfill the demands of groom's family including all the
responsibility of ceremony expenses. In her article "Marriage and Family – South Asia" Pauline
Kolenda adds, "Most brides' families in the north bore the greater part of the expenses of the
feasting and the household goods and gifts, the most onerous expense being that for the bride's
jewelry" (72). When the bride's parents are forced to provide unexpected amount or gift as a
dowry by a groom's family, it is obvious that a woman will feel the burden on her family. In their
article "Dowry System a Curse" Roshan Kumar Jha and Barsha Jha explain, "Earlier the system
was prevalent only among the wealthier families, but now, unfortunately, the greed for dowry has
struck even the most ordinary families and has become an unspoken requirement during marriages.
As a result, the family members are in debt and the bride filled with guilt as a misfortune to the
family. Moreover, some cultures represent dowry as a right to demand as a compensate for a
groom's education and liability even if the bride is more qualified than the groom. This questions on
a woman's self–respect of not being able to stand against the man based society. For an example, in
his article "Dowry System in India – Causes, Effects &

dowry system in india
Dowry is derived from the ancient Hindu customs of 'kanyadan' and 'stridhan'. In 'kanyadan', the
father of the bride offers the father of the groom money or property, etc whereas for 'stridhan', the
bride herself gets jewelry and clothes at the time of her marriage, usually from her relatives or
friends. In Varadakshina', the father of the bride presents the groom cash or kind. All of these could
be done voluntarily and out of affection and love.
The Hindu marriage system is sacramental. According to this system, a marriage is forever and
there is no scope for a separation. Among the various ceremonies previously practiced, the
ceremony in front of a 'godly' fire ('Yajna' in Sanskrit) has taken over, the old–fashioned system of
...show more content...
The cases of dowry torture are the highest accounting for 32.4% of crimes against women in the
country.
The Dowry Prohibition Act, in force since 1st July 1961, was passed with the purpose of prohibiting
the demanding, giving and taking of dowry.
In 1980, the Government setup a committee that recommended amendments in the Dowry
Prohibition Act and also suggested expanding the definition of dowry and instituting family courts
and National Commission for women. Many parliamentary debates led to some amendments in
1983,1984 and 1986.
To stop the offences of cruelty by husband or his relatives on the wife, Section 498–A was added in
the Indian Penal Code and Section 198–A in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1983.
The Dowry Prohibition Act clearly stipulates that a person who gives or takes or helps in the giving
or taking of dowry can be sentenced to jail for 5 years and fined Rs. 15,000/– or the amount of the
value of dowry, whichever is more.
The Act also prohibits the giving and taking directly or indirectly any property or valuable security,
any amount either in cash of kind, jewelry, articles, properties, etc. in respect of a marriage.
The control is provided by stating a limit and names of people gifting and their relationship to the
married couple to be signed by both sides of parents.
In 1986, the Act was amended again, empowering State governments

The Jury System Essay
The right to trial by jury in the modern times originates from twelfth century England during the
reign of King Henry II. This system may originate from an "ancient right for an accused to be tried
only "by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land"" (Thomas). In the United
States, trial by jury is mentioned in Article Three of the Constitution and the Fifth, Sixth, and
Seventh Amendments. For many people, the jury system seems to be the fairest system and most
unbiased way of determining a person's innocence or guilt. The system is to make sure that all
receive fair trial despite their race, gender, national origin, religion, political affiliation, or color.
Jury service is distinct in being the only form of civic...show more content...
The grand juries are not only done in private but the proceedings are not for public observation.
Petit juries are made up of six to twelve members, while grand juries from sixteen to twenty–three.
Jurors are selected at random and must be an American citizen. To qualify, jurors must also be
over the age of eighteen, lived in the judicial district for a year, proficient English skills, and no
mental or physical conditions. The juror must have also not have any felony charges punishable by
imprisonment for more than a year or have been convicted of a felony. Active military members,
officers, firemen, and government officials are exempt from jury service. Being summoned also
does not guarantee that one will serve for the judge and attorneys will ask a number of questions to
determine if the individual is sustainable. In all types of cases, juries must unanimously vote on a
verdict except in civil cases where they can be non–unanimous. A law not told to jurors is the power
of nullification. Knowledge of this law may prevent someone from serving on a jury and the
acknowledgement in certain circumstances may get a person arrested. This power actually exist
outside the law for it exist due to two other laws, where juries cannot be punished for a "wrong"
decision and a not–guilty defendant cannot be tried for the same crime. This is where the jury says
"guilty" or "not–guilty", but they think differently. Though guilty verdicts can be

dowry Essay
Dowry is one of the most wicked, revolting, and condemnable practices that have been distressing
the Indian society. This immorality is well acquainted to people in forms of cash and valuables
goods given by the bride's family to the groom's family along with the bride. The never–ending
insatiability of human being has arrived at an edge whereby it is no longer allowable. An immense
numbers of women have been exterminated for not presenting sufficient amount of dowry to the
groom's family, luckily enough, if they are not killed then the bride's family and relatives have live
a life in which they have to face shame, humiliation and embarrassment from the ridiculed of the
groom's family. Therefore, either way it is like a commit suicide....show more content...
The parents wants to send them away from home with love and happiness which in this case comes
in the forms of materials such as cash, gold, cars, diamond and etc.
Another reason dowry exists is because of educational in equalities. The holy book of Sikhism says
that women ad men are equals. In addition, it added in the scripture that they should be treated with
the same level of respect since men themselves came from a womb of a woman. So why not
provide to them the same rights and opportunities of education that males have, Indian people
believe that women's place is at home and all they have t o do in their life is sit home cook, do the
laundry, and pamper the husband. Women are taken away their privileges to develop into clever
and successful individuals in life. Their life pattern is set that they must grow up learn to cook,
know how to pray and get married. What about education? Has the educational field loss its
importance already? Parents of the girls doesn't do anything to make it better, and consequently
when the time come for the girl to get married her family may have to provide more dowry
because of the reason that the girl is less educated than the boys. It might sound silly on this white
of paper, but this real life during the past fifty years ago.
Dowry is one of the most wicked, revolting, and condemnable practices that have been distressing the
Indian society. This immorality is well

Dowry In Medieval Europe
Dowry was common throughout much of the ancient world, and also flourished in medieval Europe
and the practice of dowries
apparently originated when a bride's parents gave her presents and sometimes, the groom's family
paid for the bride, often
to compensate her family for the money spent raising her and today, traditional wedding observances
are losing ground all
over the

Dowry System During The Medieval Times
Arranged marriages in India have been dominant since then and up until now; likewise is the
existence of dowry system. Dowry system is an ancient custom among two families involved in
marriage and is now further customized into desperate business deals. Dowry has become a
societal evil which degrades women's respect and status. Hence, in a sociological perspective, this
essay will showcase that the idea of asking or giving wedding gifts against on one's willingness
must be altered because it has become a means of economic fear among the bride's parents,
bride–burning and sexual infanticide.
Historically, dowry system started in prehistoric times, wherein the father give their daughters "in
marriage as religious gifts" and that "dowry was regarded as additional gifts"(Kumari, 1989, as
cited in Rastogi & Therly, 2006, p. 68, para 1). During the medieval times at 13th–14th century,
dowry has prevailed through the hypergamous system of marriage among the upper–class families
(Umar, 1998, as cited in Rastogi and Therly, 2006, p. 68). Parents consider marrying their daughters
to a man who is economically well–off to increase their power and prestige; which is why, they pay
the man at any cost to accept their daughter. Eventually, from the main context of giving gifts, it has
become a groom entitlement; therefore, dowry has been seen as a property brought to their house by
the bride as a compensation of her additional financial burden to the groom's family. Anderson
(2007a) has

Around 1000 B.C.E. the early Aryan society created the caste system to separate classes. The
Aryan's groups wanted little interaction with each other. They believed that in their society they had
four different hierarchical strata. These consisted of Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and the Shudra.
The Brahmans were the priests and were set high above the rest. Next followed the Kshatriya who
were the warriors and officials. Then came the Vaisha, and they were merchants and artisans. Finally
came the Shudra; these people were peasants and laborers who were set towards the bottom of this
system. The people who either entered into the society later or violated rituals became known as
outcastes. Outcastes were not included in the caste system.

Play on Social Evils: -Dowry
English play on social evils {dowry} The Demanded Dowry
Characters:– Narrator[N]
Ghosh Family–Mr. Ghosh [FG], Mrs. Ghosh [MG], Sagar [son]
Rai Family–Mr. Rai [FR], Mrs. Rai [MR], Sagarika [daughter]
Story
N:–Today we, the seven members {names} of this play greet you all. Here we have in our play Mr.
Rai being played by XYZ.... He is a retired person who had worked in Indian navy before. Now we
have Mrs. Rai being played by XYZ.... She is a kind person and loves sincerity .Their daughter
Sagarika Rai or the person to be playing the role of a wife is XYZ.... She is very shy and coward
girl who is also very kind like her mother. Now let us meet with Mr. Ghosh who is XYZ.... He is a
...show more content...
Scene–3
N–Today is the auspicious day of karvachauth.
The Holy day when wife's fast without having a sip of water from morning to evening and break
their fast after seeing their husband's face. It is like a type of prayer for husband's long life.
Sagarika is also following the ritual and doing her 1st karvachauth.
Mrs. Ghosh–Sagarika! I wish you are keeping your karvachauth.
Sagarika–Yes mother! But I have to attend my college as I have my major tests today
Mrs. Ghosh–Girls Nowadays! They just don't give importance to these rituals. What should we say
now?
Sagarika– But mom I am following the rituals too.
Mrs. Ghosh–Oh! Then why are you going to the college. Today you can stay and help me as the
maid has taken holiday. You nasty girl I know you, you will go out have fun eat food and leave this
old lady with loads of work. You daughters of laymen are like this only.
Sagarika– Mom whatever you want to say you can say it to me but don't insult my parents.
N– {Mr. Ghosh enters}
Mr. Ghosh– What is happening here? Why so much noise?
Mrs. Ghosh–Oh! See your daughter in law and her spicy tongue.
Mr. Ghosh –Oh! Oh! Maya stop it now. Why do you blame her always?
Mrs. Ghosh– Blame her! Oh! You are a mad person. Don't you hear her shouting at me?
Mr. Ghosh– Sagarika, sweet Sagarika I know you are innocent but what is the matter.
Sagarika– Actually today I have my major..........

Jordan Lamb
October 13, 2010
Research Paper Outline
Bride Burning, Murders and Dowry Pressure in India
I. Women in India are exposed to heinous acts of abuse. A. Women in India have become victims of
human rights abuse. B. Different components of Bride–Burning
II. Extent of the Problem A. Statistical Analysis of the number ofDowry Related deaths B. Under
Reporting of Cases C. Inconsistencies between police reports and Victim Accounts D. Dowry
Pressure leads to Suicide for some dowry harassed victims
III. Causative Dynamics in Bride Burning A. Rigidity of Divorce law B. Maintenance of
Socioeconomic Status C. Unemployment and poverty of Husband and In–laws a. Violence
correlation to survival...show more content...
Not only do the women feel the pressures of dowry, but their parent's and families feel the brunt of
the formidable pressure as well. Because of this, parents view their daughters as a burden (Kishawr,
2005). Increasingly families in India have more of a desire to birth sons instead of daughters. Umar
(1998,) explains this dynamic further saying, "Indian social system give considerable importance to
the birth of a male child. Unlike a daughter who must change loyalties after marriage a son is
considered to be a good investment and insurance for the future". In an instance where woman who
is already pressured by inadequate dowry, does not birth a son, she will oftentimes be murdered, and
if not murdered, compelled to commit suicide. There are several concerns that breed bride burning.
In his vigilant study, Umar (1998) examines the causative factors leading to harassment, violence and
ultimately bride burning of Indian women in their matrimonial homes. He discusses three main
causes of the issue, the rigidity of the divorce law, maintenance of socioeconomic status for Indian
families and economic inequality in relation to poverty of husband and In–laws. In India, marriage is
considered the foundation of social formation and is heavily based on Hindu religious traditions.
According to Umar (1998), Shastric Hindu Law considered marriage to be unbreakable and eternal.
The belief that divorce is unacceptable stems from this religious tradition. There have however,

A Question of Dowry
A QUESTION OF DOWRY
7) A story written in the early to mid–1960s; published in Twenty–two Malaysian Stories: An
Anthology of Writing in English, selected and edited by Lloyd Fernando, Heinemann Educational
Books (Asia) Ltd., Singapore, 1968, pp. 30–4. Corrections of some minor printing and other errors
in the published version have been incorporated here. . Siew–Yue Killingley 1965; . Heinemann
1968, the author retaining the right to include the work in any collection exclusively of her own
works two years after 1968. There was much excitement in Mrs. Ramachandran 's household. The
daughter of the house, Sivasothie, was going to be engaged. The festive air was laden with the
spicy smell of curries and wadВЁВ¦s sizzled in the kwali saucepan....show more content...
My father gave us four for my dowry, and our second son received three as his wife 's dowry. ' 'Come
now, wife! ' remonstrated Mr. Ramachandran. 'Don 't you remember? We have only one piece of
land left from your dowryВЎВЄwe sold the other three for our third and fourth sons ' weddings.
You asked me to do it yourself. As for Anandakrishna 's land, that belongs to him, and he 's already
rented it out to some householders in order to get cash for his eternal drinks. ' Afraid of further
secrets being revealed to prying ears, and being anxious to save her family 's face, Mrs.
Ramachandran motioned to her husband to drop the subject. However, Mr. Ramachandran
continued. 'About the land, I 'm afraid it is impossible to sell it at a quarter of its former price.
You see, water has been seeping out from some well for about ten years, and so the land is now too
marshy for house–holding. Unless we were to drain it, no one would buy it at our sum. ' 'Are you
insulting my poor father? He give me a piece of sodden land? Impossible! Oh, if he had known what
sort of a son–in–law he was getting, he would have made a wiser decision. But I shall have a better
son–in–law who 'll not depend on his wife 's dowry. He 's a doctor, and he has his own income! '
With that she stalked out, after having locked the gold chain securely in its container again. Mr.
Ramachandran looked worried, but resigned. He always found himself at a loss for words when his
wife was most eloquent.

Essay about Systems Theory
Systems approach is based on the fundamental principle that all aspects of a human problem should
be treated together in a rational manner (Healy, 2005). I have divided this essay into relevant
sections that cover an overview of systems ideas, general systems theory and ecological systems
theory. This assignment will also include Germain and Gittermans life model, and it will be related
back to the case study that has been provided. Limitations of systems theory will also be discussed.
Systems ideas is referring to three different types of systems, each created in a different era; general
systems theory, ecosystem perspectives and complex systems theory (Healy, 2005). Systems Ideas in
social work originated with general systems theory...show more content...
Healy stated "the original proponents of general systems theory used biological terminology to
explain client needs, situations and the purpose of social work practice" (2005). The term that is
applied for systems theory is for all systems in general. All systems have boundaries within which
both physical and mental energy is exchanged. There are two types of systems that this applies to.
Closed systems have no interchange across the boundaries whereas open systems have permeable
boundaries or guidelines but there is also some room for movement, within reason.
With the second wave of systems theory came about the idea of the ecological perspective, named
ecological systems theory. It is the combining of general systems theory with an ecological approach.
Ecological systems theory uses ideas that link together four different social systems that surround an
individual; these systems are known as, micro–systems, meso–systems, exo–systems and
macro–systems (Healy, 2005). The ecological model is used as a tool. These systems are very
structured and use certain processes as guideline. Different processing concepts are used in systems
theory. These concepts explain how the system works. Input is the energy being fed into the system
across boundaries. Throughput is how the energy is used within the system and output is the

Information System Essay
1. Introduction
It is generally accepted that information is a vital commodity for the successful operation of today's
organizations. Nowadays modern business organizations are using computerized information
systems in order to obtain such information. However as the technology advances rapidly the main
issue is how can an organization should effectively use such an information system – which its
management sometimes can be unpredictable – in order to effectively help the whole organization
structure to improve and take the most out of it.
This report will try to analyze intranet and its impact on the use of information in organizations, as
well as what actions an organization might take to make the most effective use of it.
2. What is...show more content...
Server software: Today's Web servers come with a variety of servers ranging from HTML editors in
search engines to application servers.
Client Software: Two main browsers here. Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer.
Site Management Software: Web site management includes such things as uploading HTMLfiles,
showing a graphical view of a site, checking for bad links, etc.
Application development tools: The tools listed under this category have much in common with the
site management tools. Both edit HMTL and upload files to the server. The tools have built in
support, usually drag and drop, for scripting.
Application servers: These servers use special tags within an HTML file to direct processing. They
also can have hooks to call external programs to handle processing that is not built into the server,
and they also separate developer and server portions into separate packages.
Implementation approaches: Such as ASP, CGI, Java, Application servers.
4. Intranet architecture
There are several ways to build up an intranet. However some common characteristics of an intranet's
architecture, in order for organizations to gain the more out of it, are:
Integrating information design with business planning
Intranets should help employees to collaborate on business processes, such as product development
or order fulfillment, which create value for a company and its customers. Successful intranets allow
employees from a variety of

Marriage and Dowry
SEMINAR REPORT
DOWRY SYSTEM
Submitted by,
1. Introduction 2. What is Dowry? 3. History 4. Arranged Marriages and Dowry 5. The dowry
system 6. Dowry System in India 7. What is Bride burning? 8. Dowry law in India 9. Dowry death
new ruling India 10. Rising number of dowry deaths in India 11. Marriage as a financial transaction
12. Conclusion
Introduction
Today, Indian society is surrounded with many problems such as unemployment, illiteracy,
population growth, terrorism, etc. Among these problems, a problem which is deep rooted in
Indian society is the problem of dowry system. It has become the every day news item, no day
passes away when we don't hear news relating to dowry death or...show more content...
One common penalty for the kidnapping and rape of an unmarried woman was that the abductor or
rapist had to provide the woman's dowry. Until the late 20th century this was sometimes called
wreath money, or the breach of promise.
Providing dowries for poor women was regarded as a form of charity by wealthier parishioners.
The custom of Christmas stockings springs from a legend of St. Nicholas, in which he threw
gold in the stockings of three poor sisters, thus providing for their dowries. St. Elizabeth of
Portugal and St. Martin de Porres were particularly noted for providing such dowries, and the
Archconfraternity of the Annunciation, a Roman charity dedicated to providing dowries, received
the entire estate of Pope Urban VII. As the French crown provided dowries for many of the
women persuaded to travel to New France for marriages and settlement there, they were known as
filles du roi (daughters of the king). In some parts of Europe, especially Eastern Europe, land
dowries were common. In the County of Bentheim, for instance, parents who had no sons might give
a land dowry to their new son–in–law. It was commonly given with the condition that he take the
surname of his bride, in order to continue the family name.
The Portuguese crown gave two cities as dowry to the British Crown in 1661 when King Charles II
of England, Scotland and Ireland marriedCatherine of Braganza, a princess of Portugal. They were
Mumbai (Bombay) in India and Tangier in Morocco. In

Dowry System Essay

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