Causes of species extinction Credits to the owner

1. VOCABULARY CHECK
a. extirpation
b. endangered species
c. threatened species
d. endemic species
e. extinction
f. biodiversity hotspot

4. • The world's second largest archipelago country after
Indonesia, the Philippines includes more than
7,100 islands covering 297,179 km2
in the
westernmost Pacific Ocean.
• The Philippines lies north of Indonesia and directly east
of Vietnam.
• one of the few nations that is, in its entirety, both a
hotspot and a megadiversity country, placing it among
the top priority hotspots for global conservation.

5. • The archipelago is formed from a series of isolated
fragments that have long and complex geological
histories, some dating back 30-50 million years. With at
least 17 active volcanoes, these islands are part of the
"Ring of Fire" of the Pacific Basin. The archipelago
stretches over 1,810 kilometers from north to south.
Northern Luzon is only 240 kilometers from Taiwan
(with which it shares some floristic affinities), and the
islands off southwestern Palawan are only 40 kilometers
from Malaysian Borneo. The island of Palawan, which is
separated from Borneo by a channel some 145 meters
deep, has floristic affinities with both the Philippines
and Borneo in the Sundaland Hotspot, and strong faunal
affinities with the Sunda Shelf.

6. • We often complain about our country being
poor. Little do we know about how rich the
Philippines is in biodiversity. In fact, this
archipelago is known as having the crown jewels
of marine biodiversity in the entire planet.
• Biodiversity is the abundance of different living
species (or life forms) in our forests (plants and
animals) and our waters (rivers, ponds, seas,
etc.)

7. PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY
STATUS
OUR LIVING AND NON-LIVING
RESOURCES

8. Taxonomic
Group
Species
Endemic
Species
Percent
Endemism
Plants 9,253 6,091 65.8
Mammals 167 102 61.1
Birds 535 186 34.8

9. Taxonomic
Group
Species
Endemic
Species
Percent
Endemism
Reptiles 237 160 67.5
Amphibians 89 76 85.4
Freshwater
Fishes
281 67 23.8

10. PHILIPPINES: high species
diversity and high endemicity
ENDANGERED
• A species present in
such small numbers
that it is at risk of
extinction.
ENDEMIC
• An organism
exclusively native to a
place or biota
WHY IS THIS SO:
the patchwork of isolated islands,
the tropical location of the country,
and the once extensive areas of rainforest

11. • UNIQUE AND THREATENED BIODIVERSITY
The patchwork of isolated islands, the tropical location of
the country, and the once extensive areas of rainforest
have resulted in high species diversity in some groups of
organisms and a very high level of endemism. There are
five major and at least five minor centers of endemism,
ranging in size from Luzon, the largest island (103,000
km²), which, for example, has at least 31 endemic
species of mammals, to tiny Camiguin Island (265 km²)
speck of land north of Mindanao, which has at least two
species of endemic mammals.

12. • The Philippines has among the highest rates of
discovery in the world with sixteen new
species of mammals discovered in the last ten
years. Because of this, the rate of endemism
for the Philippines has risen and likely will
continue to rise

13. The BirdsThe Birds

14. The Philippines is home to some of
the world's most exotic birds
• Scientists have documented 530 bird
species around the Philippine
archipelago.
• Of this number, 185 species are
endemic to the country.
• The Bird Life International listed over
60 of them as "threatened" or "near-
threatened".

15. Causes of Endangerment of
Birds
• They are large, easily seen birds and
thus vulnerable to being shot;
• They are trapped for pets or food;
• Their habitat has been destroyed,
especially lowland virgin forest; and
• They are restricted to one or two
islands.

16. Lives in the rainforests of
Isabela, Samar, Leyte and
Mindanao.
It has similarities with Papua
New Guinea's Harpy Eagle
(Harpyopsis novaeguinea).
It feeds on large snakes,
hornbills, civet cats, flying
lemurs and monkeys - the
reason why it is also called
monkey-eating eagle.
With an estimated population
of 100 to 300 today, the
Philippine eagle is in danger of
extinction.
It is one of the 400 exotic bird
species in the Philippines,
which, if not protected, would
disappear from the face of the
Earth.
The Philippine Eagle : Pithecophaga jefferyi

18. Endangered…
The Philippine or Red-vented Cockatoo
(Cacatua haematuropygia)

19. Endangered…
The Palawan
Peacock
Pheasant
(Polyplectron
emphanum)

20. Endangered…
.
The Sulu Hornbill
(Anthracoceros montani)

21. Endangered…
.
The Mindoro
Imperial
Pigeon
(Ducula
mindorensis)

22. Endangered…
Cebu Black
Shama
Cebu Flowerpecker
(now presumed extinct)

23. Endemics…and Endangered
The Negros Bleeding Heart
Pigeon
Gallicolumba platenae
Visayan wrinkled hornbill
Aceros waldeni
Red-bellied pitta (Pitta
erythrogaster)

24. Endemics…and still widespread
Grand
Rhabdornis
Philippine

25. MAMMALS
At least 165 mammal species
arefound in thePhilippine
hotspot
over 100 of theseareendemic
(61%)

26. The Mammals
One of the world's rarest mammals
lives in the dwindling forest of Panay
Island: Philippine spotted deer
(Cervus alfredi), considered by
many as the most endangered deer in
the planet
Deer that cannot be found
elsewhere: the Calamian hog
deer or Calamian deer
have longer and darker legs,
compared with other hog deer.
By 1996, its population further
declined to only about 900,
prompting conservationists to
declare it as an endangered
species.

27. The Mammals
Unique pygmy water
buffalos (Bubalus
mindorensis) endemic
to Mindoro listed as one
of the ten most
endangered species in
the world.
From 10,000 heads in
the 1900's, population
went down to 369 heads
in the late 1980's to as
few as 20 heads roaming
in the wild today

28. The Mammals
• Philippine tarsier
(Tarsius syrichta)
measures only about
twelve centimeters in
length.
• Found in the islands of
Samar, Leyte, Bohol
and Mindanao, the
Philippine tarsier got its
name from its
elongated tarsus bone.
• Today, there are only
about 1,000 tarsiers
inhabiting the wilds of
Corella town in Bohol
province where the
biggest concentration
of these rare animals
was once reported.

29. The Mammals
• The Palawan bearcat population is threatened
by human activities.

30. The Mammals
• South of Palawan, lies the Balabac Island, home of the world's
smallest hoofed mammal - the Philippine mouse deer.
• Locally known as Pilandok (Tragalus nigricans), this ruminant
stands only about 40 centimeters at the shoulder level.
• While the mouse deer are widely distributed across Asia, their
dwindling population has alarmed the World Conservation
Union, which declared them as endangered in 1996.

31. The Mammals
• Dugongs or sea cows,
the only herbivorous marine
mammals, are often sighted in
Philippine waters,
particularly near Palawan
province and southern
Mindanao.
• A dugong can live more than 70 years.
• The Philippine government has banned
the commercial exploitation of dugong
since 1991.

32. The Mammals
Over the years, these
two species of giant
fruit bats have
roamed around the
10,000-hectare Subic
Forest National
Protected Area,
which is considered
the biggest roosting
site of bats in the
world.
Golden- capped fruit Bat
Acerdon jubatus

33. The Mammals
The smallest bat in the world is the Philippine
bamboo bat (vespertilionid), which belongs to
the vespertilionid family. This bat measures about
four centimeters (1 1/2 inches) in length and has a
wingspan of 15 cm. Approximately, it weighs 1.5
grams (1/20 ounce).

34. The Mammals
The Mindoro Pallid Flying Fox -
smallest flying fox in the
Philippines The Philippine tube-nosed
bat, Nyctimene rabori of
Negros is considered highly
endangered

35. The Mammals
bare-backed fruit bat or Dobsonia chapmani
Believed toBelieved to
have becomehave become
extinct inextinct in
1970s as a1970s as a
result of theresult of the
combination ofcombination of
forestforest
destruction,destruction,
disturbance bydisturbance by
guano miners,guano miners,
and huntingand hunting

36. The Mammals
The continuous denudation of
tropical forests in the country
threatens the remaining population of
kagwang, which used to abound in
the wilderness of Basilan, Leyte,
Samar, Bohol and Mindanao.
Philippine government declared
kagwang as an endangered species
and banned its commercial
exploitation.

37. The Mammals
The Visayan Warty Pig
Sus cebifrons
1994:1994: EndangeredEndangered
1996 - 2004:1996 - 2004: CriticallyCritically
EndangeredEndangered
Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat
Phloeomys pallidus
Widespread in northern and centralWidespread in northern and central
LuzonLuzon
From sea level to high mountains (atFrom sea level to high mountains (at
least 2000 m), in primary andleast 2000 m), in primary and
secondary forest and heavily disturbedsecondary forest and heavily disturbed
scrubscrub

38.  Reptilesarerepresented by about 235
species
 160 of which areendemic (68%)
Therearenearly 90 amphibian speciesin
thehotspot, almost 85 percent of which are
endemic

39. Crocodylus porosus, it is different from
Mindoro's freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus
mindorensis)
There were
tales that a
27-foot
saltwater
crocodile was
killed near
Lake Taal in
Batangas in
1823.
It reportedly
took 40 men
to bring the
body ashore.

40. Philippine flat- headed frog
Barbourula busuangensis
• Busuanga, Culion, and Palawan
• inhabits clear, unpolluted swift-flowing mountain
streams and rivers in lowland rainforests where it
usually floats near the surface of the water unless
disturbed, when it will hide under submerged rocks

41. southern Luzon andsouthern Luzon and
Catanduanes IslandCatanduanes Island
in the Philippines,in the Philippines,
where it inhabits thewhere it inhabits the
forested slopes offorested slopes of
low mountainslow mountains
Gray’s monitor
Varanus olivaceus

42. Philippine pond turtle
Heosemys leytensis
Philippine Green turtle

43. Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)
Leatherback sea turtle

44. Olive Ridley
(Lepidochelys olivacea)
Hawksbill sea turtle

45. hasmorethan 280 inland fish,
including nineendemic generaand
morethan 65 endemic species, many of
which areconfined to singlelakes.
 An exampleis Sardinella tawilis, a
freshwater sardinefound only in Taal
Lake.

46. Fish
• The Philippine
government declared
whale sharks as
endangered species in
1998, thereby banning
its plunder and
exploitation.
• Right now, the
Department of Tourism
is promoting eco-tourism
to protect the whale
sharks in Donsol.

47. Fish
The world's smallest freshwater fish is found in the
Philippines. The dwarf goby (Pandaka pygmaea) measures
1.2 centimeters or less than half of an inch, the tiniest
known vertebrate.
American Ichthyologist Albert Herre first discovered it in
Malabon River in 1925.

48. Fish
World's smallest commercial fish: Sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis)
found only in Lakes Bato and Buhi in Camarines Sur province.
Sinarapan grows to an average length of 1.25 centimeters, only slightly
longer than the dwarf goby.
Today, unabated fishing in the two lakes threatens the population of
sinarapan.
it would take a thousand to fill a tablespoon

49. Fish
Chaetodontoplus caeruleopunctatus
Blue-spotted angelfish
Exyrias: goby or biya
Sawtail Catshark
Philippine Anchovy: Dilis or Bolinao

50. Fish
There are at least 50 known
seahorse species in the
world. They inhabit
temperate and tropical
waters but most of them are
concentrated in the warm
coastal waters of the
Philippines.

51. The Invertebrates
Tridacna gigas grows as large as one meter in length
and weighs 600 pounds
Tridacna gigas, one of the world's largest shells
can be found under Philippine waters.

52. The Invertebrates
Pisidum, the world's tiniest shell,
can be found under Philippine waters.
Pisidum is less than
1 millimeter long

53. The Invertebrates
A shell called glory of the sea (Connus gloriamaris) is also
found in the Philippines and considered as one of the most
expensive shells in the world.

54. The Invertebrates
• About 70 percent of the Philippines’ nearly
21,000 recorded insect species are found only
in this hotspot.
• About one-third of the 915 butterflies found
here are endemic to the Philippines, and over
110 of the more than 130 species of tiger
beetle are found nowhere else.

55. The Plants
• Total Plant Species: 9,253
• Endemic Plant Species: 6, 091
• Endemics as Percentage of
World 65.8

56. The Plants
Velvet Apple, Mabolo
Diospyros discolor
Among the endemic fruit trees
in the Philippines are durian,
mabolo, pili and bignay
There are more than 150 species of palms and
dipterocarps in the hotspot, and around two-
thirds of these are found nowhere else in the
world.

57. The Plants
Of the 1,000
species of
orchids found in
the Philippines,
70 percent are
restricted to the
hotspot.
As many as 9,000 flowering plants can be
found in the country
Gingers, begonias, gesneriads, orchids and
pandans are particularly high in endemic
species

65. Threats to Biodiversity
“Extinctio n is the mo st irreversible and
tragic o f allenviro nmentalcalamities. With
each plant and animalspecies that
disappears, a precio us part o f creatio n is
callo usly erased.”
-Michael Soulé, noted American
conservation biologist

66. Problems and Threats
Biodiversity lossin thePhilippinesstems
from causesclassified into six broad
categories:
1. Habitat loss/destruction
2. Invasivespecies/Biological pollution
3. Pollution (Chemical)
4. Human Population
5. Overharvesting/Overexploitation
6. Weak Institutional and Legal Capacities

68. Habitat Loss/Destruction
Habitat destruction and losscan betraced to
anthropogenic and nature-wrought causes.
Anthropogenic activitiesincludedestructiveand
unsustainablepracticessuch as
logging,
fires,
land conversion,
siltation,
destructivefishing methods, and
encroachment (advancebeyond proper limits) and occupancy in
protected areas.

69. Nature-wrought destructions
Volcanic eruptions
Earthquakes
Typhoon
Pests
Diseases

71. Biological Pollution (Species Level)
Invasive Species:
parasitizeor predateupon residents
hybridized with them
 competewith them for food
 bring unfamiliar diseases
 modify habitats
disrupt important interactions.

72. Pollution - thebrown horizon - Early
morning view from aroom in theEDSA
ShangrilaHotel - looking out towards
Quezon City. January, 2009.

75. Chemical (Environmental) Pollution
Pollutantsoverwhelm our ecosystemsand
overtax thedispersal and self-cleansing capacity
of our atmosphere, water bodiesand land.
Forest ecosystems- lesssubjected to chemical
pollution compared to other ecosystemswith the
exception of chemical defoliantsusage

76. Wetland ecosystems- takemuch toll from
chemical wastesfrom minetailings, hazardous
wastesfrom industrial plants, factory discharges,
agricultural fertilizer and pesticiderun-offs, and
even household wastes.
Marineecosystems- aresubject to thesame
chemical pollutantsaswetlandsbut areless
vulnerablebecauseof their greater expanse.
Agricultural ecosystems- arepoisoned by
intensivefertilizer and pesticideapplications..

79. Overexploitation
Population pressure, poverty and paucity of
livelihood opportunities, dearth of values, and
the"open access" natureof many bioresources
all contributeto theoverexploitation and non-
sustainableuseof our country’sbiodiversity.

80. Weak Institutional and Legal Capacities
Major drawbacksin biodiversity conservation and
sustainableuseinclude:
inappropriate, overlapping, conflicting and
obsoletepoliciesand institutions
shortageof technical expertise
shortageof funds

81. Weak Institutional and Legal Capacities
weak information, education, and communication
capacities
inadequatepolicy mechanisms
poor integration of research and development
activities.

82. Protecting Biodiversity
16 June 2010 Biodiversity.ppt 82
• Biodiversity “hotspots”
– Protection of habitat

84. Sierra Club
The Sierra Club, founded in
1892, is one of the oldest
conservation organizations in
existence. With over 1.3 million
members, this organization is
one of the most effective and
powerful at effecting changes in
government and corporate
America. Fighting for the
preservation of land and forest,
clean air and water, and a host
of other issues, the Sierra Club
is well-known and respected.

85. National Audubon Society
The Audubon Society’s declared mission is
“to conserve and restore natural
ecosystems, focusing on birds, other wildlife,
and their habitats for the benefit of humanity
and the earth’s biological diversity” and since
the late 1800s the organization has worked
hard to achieve its mission. Interestingly, the
original John Audubon, who created the
foremost guide to North American birds, was
not the founder, but did inspire the
organization’s founders, namely
George Bird Grinnell. Today bird
conservation and Audubon are practically
synonymous.

86. World Wildlife Fund
The iconic panda logo has made the WWF
instantly recognizable to many people around
the world. With 5 million members
internationally and over 1.2 million in the
States, this 45-year-old wildlife defense
organization is going strong. Strongly
promoting an emphasis on science, the WWF
works to preserve nature and its creatures.
From the organization’s website: “We are
committed to reversing the degradation of our
planet’s natural environment and to building a
future in which human needs are met in
harmony with nature. We recognize the
critical relevance of human numbers, poverty
and consumption patterns to meeting these
goals.”

87. Greenpeace
Greenpeace began in 1971
when a group of activists put
themselves directly in harm’s
way in order to protest nuclear
testing off the coast of Alaska.
Believing that concerted action
from ordinary people is the best
way – according to their
signature quote from
Margaret Mead, the only way –
the organization has helped to
stop whaling, nuclear testing, as
well as leading efforts to protect
Antarctica. Over 2.5 million
members worldwide.

88. National Wildlife Federation
The National Wildlife Federation is
dedicated to preserving animals in
the United States and works with
local agencies in the 48 contiguous
states. It is one of the largest
environmental organizations, with
over 4 million members participating
in grass-roots efforts on a variety of
wildlife issues. The organization was
actually founded by a cartoonist
named Jay Darling (aka “Ding”
Darling) in 1936 at the behest of
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

89. Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
According to the official website: “The Natural
Resources DefenseCouncil works to protect wildlife
and wild places and to ensure a healthy environment
for all life on earth.” The NRDC combines hundreds of
active lawyers with over 1.2 million members to
create direct and legislative change. The focus is on
preventing climate change and saving endangered
species, among other goals.

90. World Business Council for Sus
Interested in sustainable
development? The World
Business Council for Sustainable
Development is the place to go
online. This global association of
200 leading companies states:
“Our mission is to provide
business leadership as a catalyst
for change toward sustainable
development, and to support the
business license to operate,
innovate and grow in a world
increasingly shaped by
sustainable development issues.”
The capitalist’s online
environmental organization.

91. Forest Stewardship Council
Certification from the FSC is
essential for a green retailer to
have genuine “eco cred”.
Environmental labels and
certifications are not globally
standardized, but FSC is one you
can trust. This non-governmental
nonprofit was established to
protect forests. Located in 46
countries, the FSC helps
companies, governments and
communities with proper forest
management and accredidation.

92. The Nature Conservancy
Since its inception in 1951 the Nature
Conservancy has dedicated itself to
saving lands and waters. With over
117 million acres sustained, 5,000
miles of rivers kept clean, and
hundreds of marine conservation
projects, the Nature Conservancy is
one of the most successful and
effective green organizations in
existence. The science-based
approach (they have 700 scientists
on staff) is used in all conservation
efforts around the world.

93. Wildlife Conservation Society
Devoted to saving wildlife, the Wildlife
Conservation Society is unique in that
it runs a large system of urban parks.
The official statement reads: the
Wildlife Conservation Society “saves
wildlife and wild lands through careful
science, international conservation,
education, and the management of the
world’s largest system of urban wildlife
parks”. The mission of the organization
is to connect humans with wildlife in
the hopes that interaction will inspire
preservation of endangered species.

94. National Geographic Society
Celebrating its 120th year, the iconic and
beloved National Geographic Society is one of
the largest, most well-funded and most
prominent environmental organizations.
Focusing on science-based research and
general interest as well as conservation
efforts, Nat Geo is decidedly environmentalist
without that being the overt thrust of the
organization, choosing instead to celebrate
amazing wonders of the earth and its
creatures. Its mission: “Since 1888, we’ve
traveled the Earth, sharing its amazing stories
with each new generation. National
Geographic’s Mission Programs support
critical expeditions and scientific fieldwork,
encourage geography education for students,
promote natural and cultural conservation,
and inspire audiences…”

95. Conservation International (CI) is a
nonprofit organization headquartered
in Arlington, Virginia, which seeks to
ensure the health of humanity by
protecting Earth's ecosystems and
biodiversity[2]
. CI’s work focuses on six
key initiatives that affect human well-
being: climate,food security, freshwater
security, health, cultural services and
species contribution. The group is also
known for its partnerships with local
non-governmental Organizations and
indigenous peoples.

96. RA 7586
NATIONAL INTEGRATED PROTECTED
AREAS SYSTEM ACT OF 1992
• June 29, 1992
• provides for the establishment and management of protected
areas in the Philippines
• serves as the legal basis for the "In Situ" conservation of biological
diversity through the appropriate management of ecologically
important areas for conservation and sustainable development
• in simpler terms, serves to "protect outstandingly remarkable
areas and biologically important public lands that are habitats of
rare and endangered species of plants and animals representative
of biogeographic zones and related ecosystems."

97. RA 8371
The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997
(The Rules & Regulations Implementing
the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997)
• October 29, 1997
• An act to recognize, protect and promote the
rights of indigenous cultural
communities/indigenous people, creating a
national commission of indigenous people,
establishing implementing mechanisms,
appropriating funds therefor and for other
purposes

98. RA 8550
THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE OF
1998
• February 25, 1998
• An act providing for the development,
management and conservation of the
fisheries and aquatic resources,
integrating all laws pertinent thereto, and
for other purposes

99. RA 8550
THE PHILIPPINE FISHERIES CODE OF
1998
The state shall ensure the attainment of the following
objectives of the fishery sector:
• 1. Conservation, protection and sustained management
of the country's fishery and aquatic resources;
• 2. Poverty alleviation and the provision of
supplementary livelihood among municipal fisherfolk;
• 3. Improvement of productivity of aquaculture within
ecological limits;
• 4. Optimal utilization of offshore and deep-sea
resources; and
• 5. Upgrading of post-harvest technology.

100. RA 8749
CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
• June 23, 1999
• An act providing for a comprehensive air
pollution control policy and for other

101. RA 9003
ECOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
ACT OF 2000
• January 26, 2001
• An act providing for an ecological solid waste
management program, creating the necessary
institutional mechanisms and incentives,
declaring certain acts prohibited and
providing penalties, appropriating funds
therefor, and for other

102. RA 9147
WILDLIFE RESOURCES CONSERVATION
AND PROTECTION ACT
• July 30, 2001
• An act providing for the conservation and
protection of wildlife resources and their
habitats, appropriating funds therefor and
for other purposes

103. RA 9072
NATIONAL CAVES AND CAVE
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND
PROTECTION ACT
• April 8, 2001
• An act to manage and protect caves and
cave resources and for other purposes