Zia.phoneme.ppt

Phoneme:
The smallest sound unit in
any language that can be
differentiated from other
sounds, such as
the /s/ of sing and
the /r/ of ring.

Phonetics
 The scientific study of
Phonemes or speech
sounds.
Phonology
The study of phonemes of a
particular language.

International Phonetic Alphabet
(IPA)
 There are 44 IPA symbols.
 These symbols represent the 44
sounds used in English RP (an
educated accent associated with
south-east England).
 There are 24 Consonants and 20
vowels sounds symbols.

International Phonetic Alphabet
(IPA) Chart

DIFERRENCE b/w CONSONANT &
VOWEL SOUNDS

CONSONANT & VOWEL SOUNDS
 CONSONANTS: (24)
A consonant is a speech
sound that is articulated with
complete or partial closure of
the vocal tract.
 VOWELS: (20)
A vowel is a sound is pronounced
with an open vocal tract so that there
is no obstruction or build-up of air
pressure at any point above
the glottis.

Consonant
(A). Plosives or Stops:
 Plosive sounds are
speech sounds produced by
complete closure of the oral
passage and subsequent release
accompanied by a burst of air.
 For example, the sound /p/ in ‘pit’
or /d/ in ‘dog’.

In English there are 6 plosives:
3 voiceless and 3 voiced.

1. CONSONANT /p/,/b/ (BILABIAL)
 In a bilabial consonant, the lower
and upper lips touch each other.
Sounds /p/ and /b/ .

2. CONSONANT /t/ & /d/ (Alveolar)
 In an alveolar consonant, the
tongue tip touches the alveolar
ridge, the ridge immediately
behind the upper teeth. /t/ and /d/

3. CONSONANT /k/ & /g/(Velar)
 In a velar consonant, the back of
the tongue touches the soft palate,
or velum. English /k/ & /ɡ/

Consonant
(B). FRICATIVES
 Fricative sounds are produced
when the articulators are brought
so closely together that the sounds
are accompanied by audible
friction.
 All fricatives, except /h/, come in
pairs.

In English there are 9
Fricatives.

1. CONSONANT /f/ and /v/
(Labiodental)
 In a labiodental consonant, the
lower lip touches the upper teeth.
English /f/ and /v/.

2. CONSONANT /θ/ and /ð/
(Dental)
 In a dental consonant, the tip
or blade of the tongue touches
the upper teeth. English /θ/ &
/ð/

3. CONSONANT /s/ & /z/
(Alveolar):
 The fricatives /s/ and /z/ are also
produced at the place of
articulation of plosive /t/ or /d/.

4. CONSONANT /ʃ/ and /ʒ/
(Postalveolar)
 In a postalveolar consonant, the
constriction is made immediately
behind the alveolar ridge.

5. CONSONANT /h/ (Glottal):
 Sound production involving only
the glottis is called glottal.
 English has a voiceless glottal
sound "h".
 /h/ (the phoneme in hot) is a
voiceless fricative, produced at
various points depending upon the
vowels in the vicinity. For example,
in ‘hot’, /h/ is velar, whereas in
‘heat’, /h/ is alveopalatal.

Consonants
(C). AFFRICATES /tʃ/ & /dʒ/
 Combination of a stop and a
fricative - Affricates are
consonants that begin as stops
(most often an alveolar, such as /t/
or /d/) but release as a fricative
(such as /s/ or /z/.
 The English has two affricates
/tʃ/ and /dʒ/ in IPA.
For example, Cheeze /tʃi:z/,
Jump /dʒʌmp/

Consonants
(D). Nasal Sounds /m/, /n/, /ŋ/:
 These sounds are produced
when air passes through the nose
due to the complete closure in the
mouth at some points.
 We have 3 Nasal consonants.
Bilabial /m/ Map /mæp/
Alveolar /n/ Nap / næp/
Velar /ŋ/ Finger /fiŋə/

Consonants
(E). Semi-Vowel /j/and /w/:
 In their production, there is lack
of friction and the sounds are
vowel-like in their voicing but they
function as consonants.
 Consonant /j/ (palatal)
Yes /jes/
Year /jɪə/

2. Consonant /w/ (bilabial)
 We regard Consonant /w/ as
bilabial for place of articulation
because the two lips are rounded
during its production.

 It only occur before vowel. Like
other consonants, Definite article
“a” is used with a word beginning
with /w/.
 For example, Well /wel/.

CONSONANT /r/
 In RP (Received Pronunciation), /r/
is only pronounced clearly when it
is followed by a vowel sound. For
example, ‘arrive’ /əraɪv/.
 /r/ is not pronounced when it is
followed by a consonant or it is in
the final position.
For example, ‘Bird’ /bɜːd/,
Teacher /ti:tʃə/

CONSONANT /l/ (Lateral)
The way of air through the
mouth does not go in the usual way
along the centre of the tongue. The
air escapes along the sides of the
tongue.
 Dark /l/: the realization of /l/
found before vowels.
E.g. ‘Light’ /lait/
 Clear /l/: /l/ sound found in other
context. E.g. ‘eel’ /i:l/

VOWELS
PURE VOWELS
 (a). Long vowel sounds.
i: u: ɜ: ɑ: ɔ:
 (b). Short Vowel sounds:
ɪ e ɒ ʌ æ ə ʊ

Vowels
Front Central Back
Long short Long short long short
Close
iː
sheep
ɪ
ship
uː
pool
ʊ
Pull
Mid
e
Bed
ɜː
Bird
ə
America
ɔː
Call
Open
æ
Cat
ʌ
Cup
ɑː
Father
ɒ
Not, Hot
Diphthongs
eɪ aɪ ɔɪ aʊ əʊ ɪə eə ʊə
Day My Boy Now Go Here air Tour

MINIMAL PAIR: 1
A pair of words that differ
only by a single sound in the
same position.
/I/ /i:/
 Sit seat
 Hit heat
 Will wheel
 Mill meal
 Bin been

MINIMAL PAIRs 2 (VOWELS)
Did dead
Fill Fell
Will well
Sit Set
Bill bell
Mint meant
Hill Hell

 Back bark
 Had hard
 Ban barn
 Am Arm
 Hat heart
 Pat part

 Cot caught
 Not nought
 Pot port
 Shot short
 Spot sport
 Don dawn

 Part Pot
 Sharp shop
 Heart Hot
 Shark shock
 Dark dock

 Pull pool
 Should shoed
 Full fool
 Soot suit
 Look Luke

SCHWA: /ə/ (VOWELS)
 Schwa is the most common vowel
sound in English, represented as /ə/
in the IPA.
 It is a weak, unstressed sound.
 Any vowel letter can be pronounced
as schwa. stressed or not.
Man /mæn/ postman /pəʊmən/
The schwa represents a mid-central
vowel.

VOWELS
DIPHTHONGS
 Diphthongs are types of vowels
where two vowel sounds are
connected in a continuous, gliding
motion.
 They are often referred to as
gliding vowels.
 English has 8 Diphthongs.
eɪ aɪ ɔɪ aʊ əʊ ɪə eə ʊə

VOWELS
DIPHTHONGS
 /aɪ/ five, eye, my /aʊ/ now, cow,
out
 /eɪ/ say, eight, day /əʊ/ go, home
 /ɔɪ/ boy, join /eə/ where, air,
bear

Zia.phoneme.ppt

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