Controle carrapato bovino

1. ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of ethanolic extract of Capsicum frutescens L. on adult
female of Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodidae)
Viviane O. Vasconcelos & Maria Alice D. Martins &
Neide J. F. de Oliveira & Eduardo R. Duarte
Received: 23 November 2013 /Accepted: 10 January 2014 /Published online: 5 February 2014
# Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract This study evaluated the effects of ethanol extract
of Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae), colloquially known
as malagueta pepper, on egg production and hatching rate of
larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus. Plant samples were col-
lected in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Selected ma-
ture fruits were washed, dehydrated in a forced air oven at 40±
5 °C to constant weight. The material was incubated in abso-
lute ethanol during 10 days, and the extract was filtered, dried,
and stored in amber vials under refrigeration at 4 °C.
Engorged adult female ticks were immersed in 10 ml solutions
of ethanol extracts at 25, 50, 75, 100, or 150 mg ml−1
dry
matter, solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 1 % v/v.
These concentrations were compared to distilled water or 1 %
v/v DMSO in distilled water as negative controls and a com-
mercial product as positive control. The extract resulted in
significantly lower oviposition at all tested concentrations
when compared to the negative controls. On days 2 and 3
posttreatment, mortality rates of female ticks ≥55 % were
observed for concentrations ≥75 mg ml−1
. These concentra-
tions resulted in a significantly lower hatchability mean, and
the LC90 on hatching inhibition of R. microplus, estimated by
probit analysis, was 91.8 mg ml−1
. High acaricidal in vitro
effect was verified, and toxicological tests and analyses
in vivo are important to determine appropriate dosages and
frequency of the application necessary to promote this extract
as safe and effective alternative for control of R. microplus.
Introduction
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) can
reduce bovine productivity through anemia associated with
blood loss, release of toxins at the bite location, and transmis-
sion of possibly lethal parasitic diseases such as anaplasmosis
and babesiosis (Grisi et al. 2002; Campos Júnior and Oliveira
2005). The climate in many tropical regions is suitable for
completion of two or three life cycles per year (Magalhães and
Lima 1992; Grisi et al. 2002).
The tick is frequently controlled with chemical acaricides.
However, continual use, and misuse, of these products can
result in resistant populations and toxicity to animals and can
lead to accumulation of toxic residue in animal products and
the environment (Furlong et al. 2004).
Acaricide resistance of R. microplus is widespread, and
alternatives to conventional control should be evaluated
(Clemente et al. 2008; Fernandez-Sala et al. 2012).
Developing new drugs is expensive, and it is not always
possible to keep pace with the evolution of resistance
(Santos et al. 2009). Plant extracts promoted wide beneficial
uses in pharmaceutical applications as insecticides or acari-
cides (Amer and Mehlhorn 2006). Phytochemicals derived
from plant sources can act as larvicides, growth regula-
tors, repellents, and oviposition attractive and can play
an important role in interrupting the transmission of
diseases to their hosts (Bagavan et al. 2008; Mathew
et al. 2009). Therefore, research into plants with acari-
cide potential is scientifically, practically, and commer-
cially relevant (Chagas 2004; Fernandes et al. 2005).
Effective plant extracts could contribute to a reduction
in resistant tick populations, preserving the efficacy of
conventional acaricides (Chagas 2004).
Capsicum frutescens L., the malagueta pepper (Fig. 1), is a
small shrub of the family Solanaceae, native to tropical
America, and widely grown in Brazil, Portugal, Africa, and
V. O. Vasconcelos :M. A. D. Martins :N. J. F. de Oliveira :
E. R. Duarte (*)
Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais, Av Universitária 1000, Bairro Universitário, Montes Claros,
MG 39400-006, Brazil
e-mail: duartevet@hotmail.com
Parasitol Res (2014) 113:1389–1394
DOI 10.1007/s00436-014-3779-y

2. South Asia (Oliveira 2000). Solanaceae are important in the
food industry and medicine (Reifscheneider 2000).
Capsaicinoids of this family are associated with caustic or
spicy characteristics (Reifscheneider 2000). The species
C. frutescensalso contains diterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins,
and phenolic compounds having lethal effects, antifeedant
effects, and parasite repellency (Iorizzi et al. 2000;
Madhumathy et al. 2007). Little is known about acaricidal
activity of C. frutescens extract. There are informal reports by
organic dairy cattle breeders in Brazil on the effectiveness of
solutions containing C. frutescens fruit for tick control. The
aim of this study was to investigate the effects of extracts of
C. frutescens fruits on R. microplus.
Material and methods
Mature C. frutescensfruits were obtained from Montes Claros
city in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The plants were collect-
ed in March 2012, identified, and deposited at the Herbarium
in the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (HMC-3611).
Selected fruits were washed in running water, dried on
absorbent paper, dehydrated in a forced air oven at 40±5 °C
to constant weight, and stored at −4 °C. For preparation of the
ethanol extract, fruits were incubated in absolute ethanol PA
99.5 °GL in 1:10 10 days at room temperature (22 to 33 °C).
The extract was filtered through a gauze-lined glass funnel and
dried in a forced air circulation oven at 40±5 °C to constant
weight (Pires et al. 2001). The dried extract was removed and
stored in amber vials under refrigeration at 4 °C until required
for analysis. Subsamples of the dried extract were taken for the
determination of dry matter at 105 °C (AOAC 1990).
The extract was evaluated at 25, 50, 75, 100, or 150 mg dry
matter per milliliter, solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO) at 1 % v/v. Solutions of the extract were prepared
with distilled water and with 1 % v/v of DMSO in distilled
water as negative controls. A commercial acaricide containing
1.87 mg ml−1
cypermethrin, 3.12 mg ml−1
chlorpyrifos, and
0.12 mg ml−1
citroneal, diluted as recommended by the man-
ufacturer, was used as positive control. The commercial prod-
uct was successfully used for tick control on the farm from
which studied ticks were obtained.
Engorged adult R. microplus females were collected from
naturally infested Zebu x Holstein cows in Francisco Sá, Minas
Gerais, Brazil. Ticks were placed in aerated plastic containers.
Ticks larger than 4 mm were selected, washed with distilled
water, placed on paper towels, and divided into 32 homoge-
neous groups of ten based on the degree of engorgement and
weight. The collection of engorged female ticks was conducted
at least 60 days after the most recent acaricide application.
The acaricide effectiveness of the test solutions was eval-
uated by an immersion test following Drummond et al.
(1973). Ticks were immersed in 10 ml of test solution for
5 min. Excess solution was removed with a paper towel, and
ticks were placed in a Petri dish and maintained at 28 °C and
70 % relative humidity in an BOD incubator. All procedures
were performed with four repetitions.
Fifteen days after the onset of egg laying by surviving ticks,
the mass of eggs for each group was determined on an ana-
lytical scale and transferred to 3-ml plastic syringes. Thirty
days after the start of hatching, syringe contents were trans-
ferred to Petri dishes, and the larvae and eggs were counted
under a stereoscopic microscope to determine the hatching
rate of each group.
A modified formula described by Bennett (1974) was used
for the analysis of the oviposition capacity (CO) of female
ticks:
CO ¼ weightof eggmass=initialweightof femaleð Þ Â 100
The efficacy of treatment (product efficacy) was estimated
using the equation of Drummond et al. (1973):
Product efficacy was calculated for each replicate
considering the ER of the negative controls. A randomized
design was used to compare the four extract concentrations
with two negative controls and the commercial acaricide
positive control. The tests were repeated four times, and the
data were transformed and subjected to analysis of variance.
ER (reproductive efficacy) egg weight x hatching x 20,0001
Initial weight of females
EP (product efficacy) (ER control group – ER treated group) x 100
ER control group
Fig. 1 Fruits of Capsicum frutescens L. (the malagueta pepper)
1
Represents the constant of 20,000 eggs/g of mass.
1390 Parasitol Res (2014) 113:1389–1394

3. The means were compared by the Scott–Knott test (P≤0.05).
The concentration of the extract sufficient to inhibit 90 % of
the hatching (LC90) was calculated by probit analysis using
the statistical package Saeg 9.1 (SAEG 2007). Solutions with
a minimum efficacy of 95 % were considered to be effective
(Brasil 1990).
Results and discussion
The ethanol extract of C. frutescens resulted in a significantly
lower oviposition of R. microplus at all tested concentrations
when compared to the negative controls (Table 1, P≤0.05).
The probable mechanism was the interference with the con-
version of blood ingested by ticks in eggs (Vasconcelos et al.
2004).
On days 2 and 3 posttreatment, mortality rates of female
ticks ≥55 % were observed for concentrations of 75 mg ml−1
and higher (Table 1). In contrast, Lucini et al. (2010) reported
that an aqueous extract of the dedo-de-moça chili pepper
(Capsicum baccatum) was not associated with the mortality of
Tetranychus ludeni (red mite), but oviposition was significantly
reduced for the highest concentrations (4.0 and 8.0 %) tested.
The single exposure to the extract at concentrations
≥75 mg ml−1
resulted in a significantly lower mean hatchabil-
ity than seen in negative controls, and the acaricide efficacy of
C. frutescens extract was greater than 96 %, similar to the
commercial acaricide, and higher than the 95 % (Table 1)
minimum efficacy required for conventional acaricides
(Brasil 1990). The LC90 of C. frutescens extract on the hatch-
ing inhibition of R. microplus, estimated by probit analysis,
was 91.8 mg ml−1
(Fig. 2).
Capsicum chili peppers are widely used as food ingredi-
ents, and Capsicum oleoresins are constituents of pharmaceu-
ticals and of self-defense repellent sprays (Schweiggert et al.
2006). Studies have demonstrated that the aqueous extract of
C. frutescens has potential for the control of parasites in fish
(Lin et al. 2012). Results of in vitro trials have shown aqueous
extract of C. frutescensat dilution ratios of 1:32 and 1:64 to be
associated with more than 70 % mortality of the protozoa
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis with 4 h of exposure (Lin et al.
2012).
Capsicum frutescens has also been investigated for antimi-
crobial properties. Abdou et al. (1972) reported that its crude
juices were active on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and
Bacillus subtilis. Plain and heated aqueous extracts of fresh
C. frutescens showed varying degrees of inhibition of five
species of bacteria (Cichewicz and Thorpe 1996).
Water extracts of accessions of Capsicum annuum, of
C. baccatum, and of C. frutescens were highly toxic to the
cabbage lopper larvae Trichopulsia ni (Hubner) and spider
mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Antonius et al. 2007), the
most difficult pest of crucifer crops to control (Hines and
Hutchison 2001). Mortality was greatest (94 %) when the fruit
extract of C. annuum was sprayed on larvae of the cabbage
looper, while crude extracts of C. frutescens) and C. annuum
were repellent to the spider mite (74 % mortality) (Antonius
et al. 2007).
The volatile fractions of C. frutescens were characterized
using headspace solid phase micro-extraction, gas chromatog-
raphy, and mass spectrometry as reported by Bogusz-Junior
et al. (2012). Eighty-three compounds, mostly esters and
alcohols, have been identified in C. frutescens. The predom-
inant and most potent chemical in Capsicum sp. was capsai-
cin. It possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties
and has been used in the treatment of arthritis and cystitis. In
addition, capsaicin has a negative effect on predators of her-
bivores (Newall et al. 2002; Lee et al. 2005). Capsaicin may
be the active component producing the acaricidal results ob-
tained in the present research, a topic for further investigation.
Table 1 Effect of Capsicum frutescens fruits ethanol extract on oviposition, hatchability, and mortality of Rhipicephalus microplus
Treatment (mg ml−1
) Mortality (%) Oviposition capacity Hatchability (%) Effectiveness (%)c
150 55.0a 3.1a 34.1b 94.4a
100 72.5a 1.0a 2.1a 99.9a
75 85.0a 3.1a 41.8b 91.8a
50 10.0b 25.3b 84.6c 31.4b
25 10.0b 27.5b 86.8c 23.4b
Distilled water 0.0b 39.7c 98.1c 0c
Negative controla
0.0b 38.7c 85.8c 0c
Positive controlb
95.0a 1.0a 5.2a 99.7a
Variation coefficient (%) 41.5 31.2 42.8 27.8
Means followed by same lowercase letter are similar statistically by Scott–Knott’s test at 5 % probability (P≤0.05)
a
Negative Control with 1 % dimethyl sulfoxide
b
Commercial acaricide containing 1.87 mg ml−1
cypermethrin, 3.12 mg ml−1
clorpyrifos, and 0.12 mg ml−1
citroneal
c
Means obtained by the equation from Drummond et al. (1973)
Parasitol Res (2014) 113:1389–1394 1391

4. However, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry spec-
trometric analysis of fruits from different Capsicum species
revealed that capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, the pungent
components of pepper fruit, were not correlated with toxicity
or repellency, indicating that the two capsaicinoids are not
likely related to the efficacy of pepper fruit extracts (Antonius
et al. 2007). Major compounds in hot pepper fruit extracts
were detected and identified as pentadecanoic acid methyl
ester, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, and octadecanoic acid
methyl ester. It was also indicated that capsaicin and
dihydrocapsaicin, the major capsaicinoids in hot pepper, were
not toxic to Trichopulsia ni (Antonius et al. 2007).
Plants produce a vast array of volatiles and tannins that play
an important role in plant defense (Aharoni et al. 2003). Hot
pepper also contains significant amount of tannins
(Malgorzata and Perucka 2005; Antonious et al. 2006) that
break down and behave as toxins (Antonious et al. 1999).
Due to its low toxicity to humans, fruit extracts of chili
pepper can be used as an agricultural alternative (Pires et al.
2004). The ethanolic extract of C. frutescens can be easily
used by farmers since the plant is widely cultivated. The use of
this extract could reduce synthetic acaricide contamination of
the environment and of foods of animal origin, and eliminate
the need for discarding milk of treated bovines as is necessary
with synthetic acaricides.
Peppers belonging to other families have also been used in
the control of R. microplus. The extracts of Pipper aduncum
leaves are effective for the control of R. microplus, yielding
similar results to those reported in the literature for a variety of
synthetic and other natural agents. The LC50 of a hexane
extract of P. aduncum was 9.30 mg ml−1
for larvae and
reduction in reproduction ranged from 12.48 to 54.22 %,
while 0.1 mg/ml of the essential oil induced 100 % mortality
in larvae (Silva et al. 2009). The leaves and stems of
P. aduncum contain an essential oil composed mainly of
dillapiole (Pino et al. 2004; Walia et al. 2004) which has been
demonstrated to have synergistic effects with several natural
insecticides (Maia et al. 1998).
Ethanolic extracts of other plants have also showed efficacy
against R. microplus, but at higher concentrations. The extract
of Ricinus communis leaf at 95 % concentration was shown to
significantly increase mortality rate in a dose-dependent man-
ner, ranging from 35.0±5.0 to 95.0±5.0 %. This extract also
inhibited 36.4–63.1 % of oviposition of R. microplus (Ghosha
et al. 2013). The crude ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera
tested against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus obtained
significant adult tick mortality at 100 mg ml−1
. Inhibition of
fecundity was concentration dependent and significantly dif-
fered from the control (Ravindran et al. 2011).
The vegetal extracts can potentially be used in tick popula-
tions resistant to synthetic products, contributing to an effective
alternative control. In this study of the ethanolic extract of
C. frutescens, reduced oviposition was verified at 25 mg ml−1
and high acaricidal efficacy was observed at 75 mg ml−1
, through
tick mortality and egg-hatching inhibition. Toxicological tests
and analyses in vivo are important to determine appropriate
dosages and frequency of application necessary to promote this
extract as an alternative acaricide for control of R. microplus.
Acknowledgments The authors thank the Coordination of Improve-
ment of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the National Council for
Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Foundation for Re-
search Support of Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG).
Conflict of interest The authors of this manuscript have no financial or
personal relationship with individuals or organizations that could influ-
ence or bias the content of the paper.
References
Abdou IA, Abou-Zeid AA, El-Sherbeeny MR, Abou-El-Gheat ZH
(1972) Antimicrobial activities of Allium sativum, Allium cepa,
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Concentrations (mg ml-1
)
Percentegghatch
Fig. 2 Percentage of hatched
eggs of Rhipicephalus microplus
exposed to varying
concentrations of ethanolic
extract of Capsicum frutescens
fruits
1392 Parasitol Res (2014) 113:1389–1394

5. Raphanus sativus, Capsicum frutescens. Eruca sativa. Allium kurrat
on bacteria. Plant Food Hum Nutr 22:29–35
Aharoni A, Giri AP, Deuerlein S, Griepink F, De Kogel WJ, Verstappen
FW, Verhoeven HA, Jongsma MA, Schwab W, Bouwmeester HJ
(2003) Terpenoid metabolism in wild-type and transgenic
arabidopsis plants. Plant Cell 15:2866–2884
Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006) Larvicidal effects of various essential oils
against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae).
Parasitol Res 99:466–472
Antoniou GF, Meyer JE, Rogers JA, Hu Y-H (2007) Growing hot pepper
for cabbage looper, Trichopulsia ni (Hubner) and spider mite,
Tetranychus urticae (Koch) control. J Environ Sci Health B 42:
559–567
Antonious GF, Snyder JC, Dahlman DL (1999) Tomato cultivar suscep-
tibility to Egyptian cotton leafworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and
Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Entomol Sc
34:171–182
Antonious GF, Kochhar TS, Jarret RL, Snyder JC (2006) Antioxidants in
hot pepper: variation among accessions. J Environ Sci Health B 41:
1237–1243
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1990) Official methods of
analysis Arlington: AOAC. 2
Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Kamaraj C, Geetha K (2008) Larvicidal
activity of saponin from Achyranthes aspera against Aedes aegypti
and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 103:
223–229
Bennett GF (1974) Oviposition of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)
(Acarida: Ixodidae). I. Influence of tick size on egg production.
Acarol 16:52–61
Bogusz-Junior S, Tavares AM, Filho JT, Zini CA, Godoy HT (2012)
Analysis of the volatile compounds of Brazilian chilli peppers
(Capsicum spp.) at two stages of maturity by solid phase micro-
extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Food Res
Int 1:98–107
Brasil, Ministry of Agriculture. Order no. 90 (1990) Standards for pro-
duction, control and use of antiparasitic. Diário Oficial 1,2
Campos Júnior DA, Oliveira PR (2005) Avaliação in vitro da eficácia de
acaricidas sobre Boophilus microplus (Canestrini. 1887) (Acari:
Ixodidae) de bovinos no município de Ilhéus. Ciênc Rural 35(6):
1386–1392
Chagas ACS (2004) Controle de parasitas utilizando extratos vegetais.
Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 1:156–160
Cichewicz RH, Thorpe PA (1996) The antimicrobial properties of chile
peppers (Capsicum species) and their uses in Mayan medicine. J
Ethnopharmacol 52:61–70
Clemente MA, Gomes FG, Scotton ACBS, Goldner MS, Reis ES,
Almeida MN (2008) Avaliação do potencial de plantas medicinais
no controle de Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Rev Bras
Biociências 5:516–518
Drummond RO, Ernst SE, Trevino JL, Gladney WJ, Graham OH (1973)
Boophilus annulatus and Boophilus microplus: laboratory test of
insecticides. J Econ Entomol 66:130–133
Fernandes FF, Freitas EPS, Costa AC, Silva IG (2005) Larvicidal poten-
tial of Sapindus saponaria to control the cattle tick Boophilus
microplus. Pesq Agropec Bras 40:1243–1245
Fernandez-Sala A, Rodriguez-Vivas RI, Alonso-Dia MA (2012) First
report of a Rhipicephalus microplus tick population multi-resistant
to acaricides and ivermectin in the Mexican tropics. Vet Parasitol
183:338–342
Furlong J, Martins JRS, Prata MCA (2004) Controle estratégico do
carrapato dos bovinos. A Hora Vet 23:53–56
Ghosh S, Tiwari SS, Srivastava C, Sharma SK, Kumar S, Ray
DD, Rawat AK (2013) Acaricidal properties of Ricinus
communis leaf extracts against organophosphate and pyre-
throids resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet
Parasitol 192:259–267
Grisi L, Massard CL, Borja GEM, Pereira JB (2002) Impacto econômico
das principais ectoparasitoses em bovinos no Brasil. A Hora Vet 21:
8–10
Hines RL, Hutchison WD (2001) Evaluation of action thresholds and
spinosad for lepidopteran pest management in Minnesota cabbage. J
Econ Entomol 94:190–196
Iorizzi M, Lanzotti V, Trematerra P, Zollo F (2000) Chemical components
of Capsicum annuumL. var. acuminatumand their activity on stored
products insect pests. In: Lanzotti V, Tagliaterra-Scafati O (eds)
Flavour and fragrance chemistry, vol 1. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 77–
85
Lee JJ, Crosby KM, Pike LM, Yoo KS, Leskovar DI (2005) Impact of
genetic and environmental variation on development of flavonoids
and carotenoids in pepper (Capsicumspp.). Sci Hortic 106:341–352
Lin F, Wang JG, Lu G, Wang GW, Lui YH, Gong XN (2012) Effects of
aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens(Solanaceae) against the fish
ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Parasitol Res 111:841–848
Lucini T, Scabeni C, Dedordi C, Hirose E, Shiom HF (2010) Efeito de
extrato aquoso de Capsicum baccatum na mortalidade e oviposição
de Tetranychus ludeni (Acari: Tetranychidae). Scie Agraria 11:355–
358
Madhumathy AP, Aivazi A, Vijayan VA (2007) Larvicidal efficacy of
Capsicum annum against Anopheles stephensi and Culex
quinquefasciatus. J Vec Bor Diseas 44:223–226
Magalhães FEP, Lima JD (1992) Development and survival of cattle tick
in Brachiaria decumbens pasture. Pesq Agropec Bras 27:15–25
Maia JGS, Zoghbi MGB, Andrade EHA, Santos AS, Silva MHL, Da Luz
AIR, Bastos CN (1998) Constituents of the essential oil of Piper
aduncum L. growing wild in the Amazon region. Flav Frag J 13:
269–272
Malgorzata M, Perucka I (2005) Antioxidant activity of the main phenolic
compounds isolated from hot pepper fruit (Capsicum annuum L.). J
Agric Food Chem 53:1550–1756
Mathew N, Anitha MG, Bala TSL, Sivakumar SM, Narmadha R,
Kalyanasundaram M (2009) Larvicidal activity of Saraca indica,
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, and Clitoria ternatea extracts against three
mosquito vector species. Parasitol Res 104:1017–1025
Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD (2002) Plantas medicinais: guia
para profissionais de saúde. Premier 1:308
Oliveira AB (2000) Capsicum: pimentas e pimentões no Brasil.
EMBRAPA 1:113
Pino JA, Marbot R, Bello A, Urquiola A (2004) Essential oils of Piper
peltatum (L.) Miq. and Piper aduncum L. from Cuba. Instituto de
Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia, Havana, Cuba. J
Essent Oil Res 16:124–126
Pires MFA, Vilela D, Alvim MJ (2001) Comportamento alimentar de
vacas holandesas em sistemas de pastagens ou em confinamento.
EMBRAPA Gado de Leite 2:2
Pires PA, Malvar DC, Blanco LC, Vignoli T, Cunha AF, Vieira E, Dantas
TNC, Maciel MAM, Côtes WS, Vanderlinde FA (2004) Estudo das
atividades analgésicas do extrato metanólico da Capsicum
frutescens –Solanaceae (Pimenta Malagueta). Rev Univ Rural
Série Ciências da Vida 4:129–134
Ravindran R, Juliet S, Sunil AR, Ajith Kumar KG, Nair SN, Amithamol
KK, Shynu M, Rawat AKS, Ghosh S (2011) Eclosion blocking
effect of ethanolic extract of Leucas aspera (Lamiaceae) on
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. Parasitol Vet 179:287–290
Reifschneider FJB (2000) Capsicum: pimentas e pimentões no Brasil.
Embrapa comunicação para transferência de tecnologia/Embrapa
Hortaliças, Gama, DF
Santos TRB, Farias NAR, Cunha Filho NA, Pappen FG, Vaz Junior IS
(2009) Studies of the management of the tick Rhipicephalus
(Boophilus) microplus in southern. Pesq Vet Bras 29:65–70
Schweiggert U, Carle R, Schieber A (2006) Characterization of major and
minor capsaicinoids and related compounds in chili pods (Capsicum
frutescens L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography/
Parasitol Res (2014) 113:1389–1394 1393

6. atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal
Chim Acta 557:236–244
Silva WC, Martins JRS, Souza HEM, Heinzen H, Cesio MV, Mato M,
Albrecht F, Azevedo JL, Barro MN (2009) Toxicity of Piper
aduncum L. (Piperales: Piperaceae) from the Amazon forest for the
cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).
Vet Parasitol 164:267–274
Sistema para Análises Estatísticas – SAEG. 2007. Versão 9.1: Fundação
Arthur Bernardes. Viçosa: UFV
Vasconcelos VO, Furlon J, Freitas GM, Dolinski C, Aguillera MM,
Rodrigues RCV, Prata MC (2004) Steinernema glaseri Santa Rosa
strain (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora CCA Strain (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) as bio-
logical control agents of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).
Parasitol Res 94:201–206
Walia S, Saha S, Parmar BS (2004) Liquid chromatographic method for
the analysis of two plant based insecticide synergists dillapiole and
dihydrodillapiole. J Chromatogr A 1047:229–233
1394 Parasitol Res (2014) 113:1389–1394