2. Introduction
Data collection is the process of gathering
information about the relevant topic of research
which is being done by researcher collection.
It is the most important stage in conducting
research.
It is very demanding job which needs
through planning, hard work, patience,
perservance and more able to complete the task
successfully.
3. What is Data collection?
It is the process by which the researcher collects
the information needed to answer the researcher
problem.
The task of data collection begins after a research
problem has been defined and research design
chalked out.
4. In collecting the data, the researcher must decide
Which data to collect?
How to collect the data?
Who will collect the data?
When to collect the data?
5. Types of data collection
i) Primary Data : Those which are collect a
fresh and for the first time, and thus happen
to be original in character. It is originally
collected.
ii) Secondary data : The data have been
already been collected by someone else and
which through the statistical process.
6. Methods of data collection
Experiment
Survey
Observation method
Interview Method
Questionnaires
Schedules
7. The Important type of methods
1) Observation
2) Interview
3) Questionnaires
4) Schedules
8. Observation Method
It is a method under which data from the field is
collected with the help of observation by the observer
or by personally going to the field
In the words of P. V. Yong
“ Observation may be defined as systematic
viewing, coupled with consideration of seen
phenomenon”
9. Steps for effective observation
Determine what need to be
observed
Select Participant
(Random/selected)
Conducting Observation (venue, duration,
recording materials, take photographs)
Compile data collected
Analyze and Interpret the
collected data
10. Classifications
Structured Observation
When observation done by characterizing style
of recording the observed information, standardized
conditions of observation, definition of the units to
be observed selection of pertinent data of
observation then it is structured observation
Unstructured Observation
When observation is done without any thought
before observation then it is unstructured
observation
11. Participant Observation
When the observer is member of the group which
he is observing then it is participant observation
In this method researcher can record natural
behaviour of group. Researcher can verify the truth
statements given by informants in the context of
questionnaire.
Non –participant observation
When observer is observing people without giving
any information to them. Then, it is non-participant
observation
12. Controlled Observation
When the observation takes place according
to definite pre arranged plans, with experimental
procedure. Then, it is controlled observation.
Generally done in laboratory under
controlled condition
Uncontrolled Observation
When the observation takes place in
natural condition. Then it is uncontrolled observation. It
is done spontaneous picture of life & persons
13. Advantages
No bias information.
Researcher get current information.
Independent of respondents variable.
The original data can be collected at the time
of occurrence of the client.
14. Disadvantage
It is expensive method
It is time consuming method
Limited information
Extensive training is needed
It is very difficult to gather information on
i) opinion ii) inventions
15. Interview Method
This method of collecting data involves
presentation or oral-verbal stimuli and reply in
terms of oral-verbal responses
It is method oral-verbal communication.
Where interviewer asks questions to
respondents.(which aimed to get information
required for study.)
16. Steps for effective Interview
Prepared Interview Schedule
Select object/ key respodent
Conduct the Interview
Compile data collected
Analyze and Interpret the
collected data
17. Classifications
Structural Interviews
In this case , a set of pre-decided questions
are there.
Unstructured Interview
In this case, we don’t follow a system of pre-
determined questions
18. Focussed Interview
Attention is focused on the given experience
of the respondent and its possible effects
Clinical Interviews
Concerned with broad underlying feelings or
motivations or with the course of an
individuals life experience.
19. Group Interview
A group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed
Qualitative and Quantitative Interview
This interview divided on the
basis of subject matter i. e. whether qualitative or
quantitative
20. Individual Interview
Interviewer meets a single person and
interviews him.
In this type face to face contact the person
Selection Interview
Done for selection of people for certain
jobs.
21. More information is greater depth can be
obtained.
Resistance may be overcome by a skilled
interviewer
Personal Information can be obtained
Advantages
22. Disadvantage
It is expensive method
Interviewer bias
Respondent Bias
Time consuming
Systematic errors my be occurred.
23. Questionnaire Method
A questionnaire is sent (by post or by mail) to
the persons concerned with a request to answer
the questions and return the questionnaire
A questionnaire consists of number of
questions printed in a definite order on a form.
24. Steps for effective Questionnaire
Prepared Questions
(formulate and choose types of questions, order them, write
instructions, make copies)
Select your respondent
Administer the questionnaire
Tabulated data collected
Analyze and Interpret the collected
data
25. Classifications
Open - ended Questions
This gives the respondents the ability to
respond in their own words.
Close - ended questions
This allows the respondents to choose one of
the given alternatives
Types- Dichotomous questions and multiple
choice questions.
26. Essential of Good Questionnaire
Should be followed short and simple
Follow a sequence of questions from easy to
difficult one
Technical terms should be avoided
Should provide adequate space for answer in
questionnaire
Directions regarding the filling of questionnaire
should be given physical appearance- quality of
paper Sequence must be clear
27. Advantage
Free from interviewer bias
Respondents have adequate time to think
through the answers.
Low cost-even when the universe is large
and is widespread.
Respondents who are not easily
approacheble, can be reached conviently.
Large samples can be used.
29. Schedule Method
Enumerator goes to the respondents, ask them
the questions from the questionnaire in the order
listed, and records the responses in the space
provided.
Thomas Carson macromic, “ The schedule is
nothing more than a list of questions which it
seems necessary to test the hypothesis.”
30. Questionnaire vs Schedule
Qustionnaire Schedule
Q generally sent through mail
and no further assistant from
sender.
Q is cheaper method
Non response is high
Very slow method
No personal contact
It can be used only when
respondent is educated and co-
operative
Incomplete and wrong
information is more chances
Schedule is filled by the
enumerator or research worker
Costly require field
Non response is low
Information is collected well
in time
Direct personal contact
Info. Can be collected from
illiterates also.
Relatively more correct and
complete
31. Other methods of data collection
Warranty cards
post card size cards send to customers and
feedback collected through asking questions on
that cards
Distributor or store audits
Audits are done by distributor or manufactures
salesperson. Observation or copying information
about inventory in retail shops.
32. Pantry Audits
From the observation of pantry of customer to know
purchase habit of the people (which product, of what
brand etc.,)
Questions may be asked at the time of audit
Consumer Panels
When pantry audit is done at regular basis . Daily record
of consumption of certain customers or repeatedly.
Interview at the specific periods to know their
consumption.
33. Use of mechanical device
• Eye cameras to record eyes focus on certain
sketch.
•galvanometer to measure excitement to visual
stimuli.
• Motion picture camera to record movement of
body at the time of purchase.
•Audiometer concerned to TV useful to know
channel, Program preference of people.
34. Projective technique
Word association test
Sentence completion test
Story completion test
Verbal projection tests
Play techniques
Quizzes, tests and examinations
Sociometry
Pictorial technique
* Thematic apperception test (T. A. T.)
* Rosenzweig test
* Rorschach test
* Holtzman inkblot test (HIT)
* Tomkins- Horn Picture arrangement test
35. Depth Interview
To discover the underlying motives/ desires of sample. To
explore needs, feelings of respondents. Skill is required,
indirect question or projective technique are used to know
behaviour of the respondent
Content analysis
Analyzing contents of documentary material as news
paper, books, magazines about certain characteristics to
identify and count
36. Case study Method
H. Odum “ The case study is a technique by which
individual factor whether it be an institution just an episode
in the life of an individual or group is analyzed in it’s
relationship to any other in the group”
It is qualitative analysis.
It is essential an intensive investigation of the particular
unit under consideration.
It is important characteristics are as follows:
* The researcher can take one single social unit or more of
such units for his study purpose.
* The selected unit is studied intensively. i.e. it is studied in
minute details.
37. Survey Method
One of the common method of diagnosing and
solving of social problems is that of undertaking
surveys
Fasting & Kat of the opinion that “ Many research
problems require systematic collection of data from
population through the use of personal interviews or
other data gathering devices”.
38. Secondary Data
Sources of data
* Publications of central, state, local government
* Technical trade journals
* Books, magazines, Newspaper
* Report and publication of industry, bank stock
exchange.
* Reports by research scholars, universities,
economists
* Public records
39. Factors to be considered before using
secondary data
Reliability of data
Suitability of data
Adequate of data
40. Selection of appropriate method for data
collection
Nature, scope and object of enquiry
Availability of funds
Time factor
Precision required
41. Advantage of secondary data
It is economical, without the need to hire field
staff
It saves time (normally 2 to 3 months) if data is
available on hand it can be tabulated in minutes
They provide information which retailers may
not be willing to reveal to researcher.
No training is required to collect data, unlike
primary data.