for health care professionals #basic of research

1. RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Dr. Sandhya Dhokia
M.P.T in Rehabilitation

2. MEANING
 Search for knowledge
 “a careful investigation or inquiry specially
through search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge.”
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

3. OBJECTIVE
 purpose : discover answers to questions through the
application of scientific procedures.
 aim : to find out the truth which is hidden and which has
not been discovered as yet.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

4.  Though each research study has its own specific purpose,
we may think of research objectives as falling into a number
of following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new
insights into it (exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group(descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something else (diagnostic
research studies);
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables (hypothesis-testing research studies).
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

5. MOTIVATION
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical
problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

6. TYPES OF RESEARCH
 Descriptive vs. Analytical
 Descriptive research (ex post facto research):
includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different
kinds
 No control over variables
 e.g. frequency of shopping , preference of people
 Method : survey (comparative and correlations)
 Analytical research : researcher has to use facts or
information already available and analyze these to
make critical evaluation of material
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

7.  Applied vs. Fundamental
 Applied research : aims at finding a solution for an
immediate problem facing a society or an
industrial/business organization
 E.g research to identify social , economic or political
trends that may affect particular institutions , marketing
research , evaluation research
 Fundamental research : concerned with generalization
and with the formulations of theory (gathering knowledge
for knowledge’s sake)
 E.g. research containing natural phenomenon , studies
on human behavior
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

8.  Quantitative vs. Qualitative
 Quantitative research : based on the quantitative
measurement of some characteristics
 Qualitative research :phenomena involving quality or kind
 E.g. attitude or opinion research
 Conceptual vs. Empirical
 Conceptual research : related to some abstract idea or
theory
 Generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new
concepts or to reinterpret existing one
 Empirical research : relies on experience or observation
alone often without due regard for system and theory
 Data based research ,coming up with conclusions which are
capable of being verified by observations or experiments
 Can also be called experimental
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

9.  one-time research or longitudinal research : research
confined to single time period
 field-setting research / laboratory
research/simulation research: depending up on the
environment in which it is to be carried out
 clinical or diagnostic research: it follows case study
method or indepth approach to reach basic casual
relations
 Exploratory research : development of hypothesis
rather than testing
 Historical research : which utilizes historical sources
like documents
 conclusion-oriented : in which researcher is free to pick
up a problem , redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and
is prepared to conceptualize as he wishes
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

10. RESEARCH APPROACHES
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
• the generation of data in
quantitative form which can
be subjected to rigorous
quantitative analysis in a
formal and rigid fashion
• Further Divided into
1. Inferential,
2. Experimental
3. simulation approaches
QUALITATIVE APPROACH
• concerned with subjective
assessment of attitudes,
opinions and behavior
• Techniques used: group
interview , projective
technique , depth interview
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

11. Quantitative research
approaches
1. Inferential approach :
 to form a data base from which to infer
characteristics or relationships of population.
This usually means survey research where a
sample of population is studied (questioned or
observed) to determine its characteristics, and
it is then inferred that the population has the
same characteristics.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

12. 2. Experimental approach :
 characterized by much greater control over the research
environment and in this case some variables are
manipulated to observe their effect on other variables.
3. Simulation approach :
 involves the construction of an artificial environment
within which relevant information and data can be
generated. This permits an observation of the dynamic
behaviour of a system (or its sub-system) under
controlled conditions.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

13. RESERARCH METHOD VS. RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
the methods the researchers use
in performing research operations
a way to systematically solve the
research problem.
Research methods can be put in
to following three group ;
1. Method concerned with
collection of data
2. Statistical techniques which are
used for establishing
relationships between data and
unknown
3. Methods used to evaluate the
accuracy of result obtained
Not only research methods but
also logic behind the methods we
use in the context of our research
study and explain why we are
using particular method or
technique and why we are not
using others
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

14. by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

15. by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

16. 1.formulating research problem
1. Relates to nature
2. Relates to relationship b/w variables
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

17. 2.Extensive research survey
 Summary of problem
 From literature
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

18. 3.Development of working
hypothesis
 Tentative assumption made in order to draw
out and test its logical or empirical
consequences
 Approach to develop
1. Discussion
2. Examination of data and record
3. Review of similar study
4. Exploratory personal investigation
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

19. 4.Preparing research design
 To facilitate research
 Depending on purpose
 Categories
1. exploration
2. Description
3. Diagnosis
4. eperimentation
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

20. 5.Determining sample design
 For highest accuracy
 To eliminate bias
 To reduce time , money and energy
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

21. 6.Collecting the data
 By observation
 Through personal interview
 By mailing questionnaires
 Through scadules
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

22. 7.Execution of the projects
8.Analysis of data
 Coding
 Tabulation
 Editing
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

23. 9.Hypothesis testing
 Chi square test
 T-test
 F-test
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

24. 10.Generalizations and interpretation
11.Preparation of the report or the thesis
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

25. CRITERIA OF GOOD
RESEARCH
1. purpose - clearly defined and common concepts be used.
2. procedure - described in sufficient detail to permit another researcher
to repeat the research for further advancement, keeping the continuity
of what has already been attained.
3. procedural design - carefully planned to yield results that are as
objective as possible.
4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in
procedural design and estimate their effects upon the findings.
5. analysis of data -sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the
methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The validity and
reliability of the data should be checked carefully.
6. Conclusions - confined to those justified by the data of the research
and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis.
7. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is
experienced, has a good reputation in research and is a person of
integrity.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

26. Quality of good research
 Systematic
 Logical
 Empirical
 replicable
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

27. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
BY RESEARCHER IN INDIA
1. lack of a scientific training in the
methodology of research
2. insufficient interaction
3. Lack of confidence
4. Research studies overlapping one another
are undertaken quite often for want of
adequate information.
5. There does not exist a code of conduct for
researchers
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

28. 6. difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial
assistance
7. Library management and functioning is not
satisfactory at many places
8. There is also the problem that many of our
libraries are not able to get copies of old and
new Acts/Rules, reports and other government
publications in time
9. There is also the difficulty of timely availability of
published data
10. take place the problem of conceptualization and
also problems relating to the process of data
collection and related things.
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

29. Thank you
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia

30. Reference
 Research methodology : methods and
techniques by C.R. KOTHARI (2nd edition)
by Dr. Sandhya Dhokia