- The document discusses force-velocity-power (FVP) profiling methods for assessing athletic performance and managing injuries. - Simple field methods like loaded squat jumps can be used to establish an individual's FVP profile and identify imbalances that may be targeted with optimized training. - Monitoring the ratio of horizontal to total ground reaction forces during sprint acceleration can provide insight into mechanical effectiveness that relates to performance. - Research has explored using FVP profiling to individualize training based on deficits, its relationship to injury risk, and the importance of hip extensors in force production during sprinting.

1. FORCE-VELOCITY-POWER PROFILING
field methods, performance, injury management
2016
Sevilla
@jb_morin
J-B Morin
Professor
University of Nice, France

3. Things as they are….
Some parts
of all this might
lead nowhere (time will tell)
Until then….
2007

4. Ø F-­‐V-­‐P
pro)ile
and
optimal
pro)ile
in
ballistic
push-­‐offs
Ø FV
imbalance
and
optimized
training
Ø F-­‐V-­‐P
and
mechanical
effectiveness
in
sprint
acceleration
Ø Applications:
training
and
injury
management
OVERVIEW
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

5. Jumping FVP Profile and Optimal Profile
«
Vertical
Pro-iling
»

6. What force….at what speed?
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

7. So…????
Explore F-V relationships…
What is the level of force at which « Velocity » is produced?
What is the velocity at which force must be produced?
Maximal POWER tests rather than maximal VELOCITY
HOW TO ASSESS THE ACTUAL MAXIMAL CAPABILITIES ?
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

8. PhD Thesis
C. Giroux
INSEP Paris
Nov 2014

9. FORCE – VELOCITY – POWER profile
Force(N.kg-1)
Velocity (m.s-1)
« V0 »
« F0 » Theoretical maximal force and velocity
Nota: even in SJ the amount of force is
not negligible
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

10. OK,
How
can
we
do
with
field
devices??
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

11. SUMMARY
• Jump height / Flight time
• Ruler / Scales
• 4 - 5 good loaded SJ
• Valid spreadsheet / MyJump
• Maximal SJ Power
• F-V profile
• IN-DI-VI-DUAL !!
• Comparison / Deficit
• Optimized training load
• Accurate follow-up
• Long-term plan…

12. ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

13. You need something to accurately measure Jump Height !!
Carlos Balsalobre,
Univ. Madrid
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

14. Force(N.kg-1)
Velocity (m.s-1) v0
F0
Power(W.kg-1)
Pmax
Force(N.kg-1)
Velocity (m.s-1)
v0
F0
Power(W.kg-1)
Pmax
For a same given Pmax ,
Many F-V profiles possible….
Which one(s) maximize Jumping Performance ??
« Velocity » Profile « Force » Profile
Athlete 1 Athlete 2
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

15. Concept
of
«
Optimal
F-­‐V
Pro-ile
»….
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

16. VDEC max = hpo
SFV
2
4
+
2
hpo
2 −P max SFV − gsinα( )+
SFV
2
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
Simple mathematical expression of take-off velocity
Maximal
velocity of take-
off
=
Performance
hpo Push-off distance
0 0
max
4
F V
P =
FV
0
0
F
S
V
= −
Push-off angle (Squat Jump = 90°)
P max Maximal power:
SFV Force-velocity profile (slope of the relationship)
α
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

17. There is, for each individual, an optimal profile
that maximizes jump performance…
In theory (mathematical simulation):
maxP and hpo controlled
Ex. Pmax = 20 W/kg
hpo = 0.4 m
Slope of F-V (Profile)
ß Profile « Force » Profile « Vitesse » à
« Human Values »
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

18. 2012
Experimental
validation
of
the
«
Optimal
F-­‐V
Pro)ile
»….
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

19. TYPICAL Example of “FV imbalance” Computation
“ACTUAL FV profile is 60% from the
OPTIMAL FV profile (100)”
“There is a 40% FV deficit in Force…”
ICTS 2014 JB Morin

20. MyJump does it ALL
« only 2 loads ?? »

21. FV Imbalance and Optimized Training

22. 2014
FV
Imbalance
and
Jumping
Performance….
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management
Jump height = Pmax + good FV balance

23. B
is
less
powerful….but
better
individual
FV
balance
à
better
performance
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

24. Training
should
be
individualized
according
to
FV
imbalance
à
better
performance
for
BOTH
players
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

25. In progress…
Ø Partnerships (football, basketball, rugby, tennis, athletics)
Ø Long-term follow-ups initiated
Ø Experiments: Training vs. Control Groups…
Ø Imbalance related to injury risk ??
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

26. à 9 weeks
à CONTROL (in progress) vs. OPTIMIZED (31)
Experimental group:
17 force deficit
14 velocity deficit
Pedro JIMENEZ-REYES,
UCAM, Murcia
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

27. Velocity Deficit
Force Deficit
à 9 weeks
à CONTROL (in progress) vs. OPTIMIZED (31)
Experimental Group:
17 force deficit
14 velocity deficit
Individual changes
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

28. < BW
Deficit in force…ok…but how do you fix a velocity deficit?
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

29. REALLY « ballistic » !!
45% 1RM
« Push »
versus
« THROW THE
F…. BAR !!! »
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

30. « Toothpaste.Tube.Theory. »
FV-Optimized training - SUMMARY
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

31. Sprint acceleration:
FVP and mechanical effectiveness
«
Horizontal
Pro-iling
»

32. Only
2
possibilities
INSTRUMENTED SPRINT TREADMILL
St-Etienne, France
Doha, Qatar
FORCE PLATES
INSEP, Paris, France
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

33. Sprint
instrumented
treadmill…
Morin et al. EJAP 2012
100m
European
Champion
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

34. INSEP ParisForce
Plates……
!
Rabita et al.SJMSS 2015
FP FP FP FP FP
0 10m 15m 20m 30m 40m
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

35. Category: Coaching
2011
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

36. For each step, averaged values of
Horizontal, Vertical and Total Force
Pedaling mechanics,
Effectiveness = Ftan / FTot
= cos β
FR
FTan
FTot
βDavis & Hull 1981
Lafortune & Cavanagh, 1983
1. Concept of « Ratio of Force » RF
HZT
VTC TOT
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

37. y = -0.0805x + 0.6584
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0
Vitesse (m/s)
Ratiodeforces
Velocity
of
Step after step, the RF decreases….
for all athletes….
2. Decrease in the RF: Drf
Slope = index of the
effectiveness of force application
onto the ground (Drf)
Step 1 Step 6
Very efficient
Not efficient
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

38. Sprint
Instrumented
treadmill
Track-­‐Embedded
Force
Plates
Elite
Athletes
2010
-­‐
2015
Sprint
acceleration:
importance
of
Horizontal
Force
Production
Horizontal
GRF
/
impulse
is
paramount
Vertical
/
resultant
GRF
is
not
«
Ratio
of
Forces
»
and
Hzt
Force
at
high
speed
higher
in
top
athletes
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

39. HIP
EXTENSORS
HYPOTHESIS
Morin
et
al.,
Front
Physiol,
2015
Higher RF at high, not low speeds…
How to produce High net HZT Force
At High running speed??
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

40. Synchronized EMG (2 kHz) and
3D GRF (1 kHz)
Treadmill
Sprint
Accelerations
2D Motion
Knee and
Foot
Knee Extensor
Hip Extensor
Isokinetic Torque
The
«
Hip
Extensors
»
hypothesis
Morin
et
al.,
Front
Physiol,
2015
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

41. ICTS 2016 JB Morin

42. Isokinetic Force alone NOT correlated to ground reaction forces
EMG alone: NOT correlated to ground reaction forces
Multiple regressions:
FHZT explained by: Hamstring Eccentric Force “+” EMG end of swing
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

43. «
Prepare
and
Repair
»
Importance of Horizontal GRF (especially at high speed)
What balance between hip extensors and other groups in training?
Hamstring Eccentric Force and Activation:
Performance AND Injury Prevention
Associated with: high hip extensors force (Glut in CONC and Ham in ECC)
high end-of-swing EMG activity
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

44. Simple field method
«
Horizontal
Pro-iling
»

45. Only
2
(im)possibilities
L
SPRINT INSTRUMENTED TREADMILL
St-Etienne, France
Doha, Qatar
FORCE PLATES
INSEP, Paris, France
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

46. vmax
τ
di
Prampero
et
al.,
J
Exp
biol,
2005
v(t) = vmax.(1-e(-t/τ))
Furusawa
et
al.,
1927
Henry,
1954
Volkov
&
Lapin,
1979
di
Prampero
et
al.,
2015
Running
Speed
(m/s)
Distance
(m)
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

47. Absolute Bias (%) SEM (%)
F0 (N)
3.74 ± 2.69 3.57
v0 (m.s-1)
4.77 ± 3.26 1.40
Pmax (W)
1.88 ± 1.88 2.33
DRF
6.04 ± 5.70 4.86
VALIDITY RELIABILITY
CONCURRENT
VALIDITY
&
RELIABILITY
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

48. FORCE-­‐VELOCITY-­‐POWER
outputs
of
Usain
Bolt’s
World
Record
Running
Speed
(m/s)
Distance
(m)
S(t) = Smax 1−e−t/τ
( )
Field
Measurements
In
competition
conditions
Computing
Modeled
Speed-­‐time
curve
Computed
Net
Horizontal
Force
output
Max
Power
Output
of
30
W/kg
reached
after
about
1
s…
Power
=
Force
x
Speed…
Speci)ic,
Field
Sprint
Force-­‐Velocity-­‐Power
pro)ile
“F0”
“V0”
Pmax
Vopt
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

49. Simpler
than
simple…
P. Jimenez-Reyes, UCAM, Spain
iPhone6 app “MySprint”, 240 fps
E-J Marey, 1882
Fusil Chronophotographique, 24 fps
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

50. Applications: Training
«
Horizontal
Pro-iling
»

51. PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS
Inter-Individual comparison
PLAYER 1
T30: 4.9 sec 4.8 sec
V0: 11.2 m/s 9.5 m/s
F0: 5.15 N/kg 7.5 N/kg
PLAYER 2
Same 30-m times
Different mechanical outputs
Different training programs ?
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

52. Martin Buchheit, Paris
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

53. ICTS 2016 JB Morin

54. PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS
Individualized profiling: VTC + HZT à sprint performance
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management

55. In
progress
Are VTC and HZT profiles related ??
« Vertical Profiling » « Horizontal Profiling »
Pedro JIMENEZ-REYES,
UCAM, Murcia
Matt BRUGHELLI,
SPRINZ, Auckland
>400 subjects
14 sports
Leisure to Elite
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

56. First data: Pro Rugby League players (NZ)
CONCLUSIONS
<=>
SUBJEcTS
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

57. Applications: Injury Management
«
Horizontal
Pro-iling
»

58. Appropriate
Training
Dose
=
Lower
Risk
of
Harmful
Training
Dose…
PLAYER 1
T30: 4.9 sec 4.8 sec
V0: 11.2 m/s 9.5 m/s
F0: 5.15 N/kg 7.5 N/kg
PLAYER 2
ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling for Performance and Injury Management
FIRST
THINGS
FIRST

59. Mendiguchia
et
al.
Int
J
Sports
Med,
2014
Jurdan Mendiguchia
Zentrum Center, Baranain
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

60. Mendiguchia
et
al.
Int
J
Sports
Med,
2014
At return to sport (post hamstring injury):
Ø Power and Force (not velocity) lower in injured players
Ø 2 months later, values overall returned to normal
1/
what
objective
and
functional
results
led
to
the
«
RTS
»
decision?
2/
what
«
risk
»
during
this
2-­‐month
(or
shorter)
period
!?
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

61. Jurdan Mendiguchia
Zentrum Center, Baranain
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

62. Rugby
player,
sprint
series
10
x
40m
Injury
at
the
end
of
5th
sprint
ICTS 2016 JB Morin

63. Prospective
Cohort
Follow-­‐up
completed…
1/
Is
F-­‐V-­‐P
pro-ile
and
imbalance
related
to
a
higher
risk?
2/
Could
it
be
an
objective
parameter
in
the
re/pre-­‐hab
process?
3/
Does
it
have
a
predictive
feature?
97 players tested 5 times over a season, 6 injuries…

64. ICTS 2016 JB Morin
Design
good
wheels…
Give
it
a
chance…
Lab
&
Field…

65. MUCHAS MERCI !
All coaches, athletes, “followers”
jean-benoit.morin unice.fr
P. Samozino, Chambery FR
P. Edouard, St-Etienne FR
P. Jimenez-Reyes, Murcia SP
M. Brughelli, Auckland NZ
M. Cross, Auckland NZ
J. Mendiguchia, Baranain SP
B. Marrier, Marcoussis FR
Y. LeMeur, Paris FR
M. Buchheit, Paris FR
G. Rabita, INSEP Paris FR
N. Gill, Auckland NZ
A. Ross, Auckland NZ
S. Brown, Auckland NZ
J. deLacey, Auckland NZ
S. Dorel, Nantes FR
J. Slawinski, Paris FR
A. Couturier, Paris FR
E. Saez de Villarreal, Sevilla SP
C. Balsalobre-Fernandez, Mardid SP
P. diPrampero, Udine IT
R. Nagahara, JP
B. Contreras, Phoenix AZ
G. Petrakos, Dublin IRL
Teammates & Inputs