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1.
ISSN: 2278 –
1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 A Novel Approach for Iris Recognition Manisha M. Khaladkar, Sanjay R. Ganorkar Abstract— The iris has been proposed as a reliable means from a trivial task and has attracted much attention for the of biometric identification. The importance of the iris as a past decade. unique identifier is predicated on the assumption that the iris is stable throughout a person’s life. Also, the need for II. IMAGE PRE-PROCESSING security systems going up, Iris recognition is emerging as A. Segmentation one of the important methods of biometrics-based identification systems. Iris biometry has been proposed as Initially eye images must be segmented to extract only the iris a sound measure of personal identification. Iris biometry region by locating the inner (pupil) and outer boundaries of has been proposed as a sound measure of personal the iris. Occluding features must also be removed and the iris identification. This project basically explains comparison pattern normalised. Segmentation is important with only of the purposed algorithm with the existing algorithms accurately segmented images suitable for proceeding to the for Iris recognition. In proposed method, image later stages of iris recognition. Daugman [1] implements preprocessing is performed using Daugman’s integro-differential operators to detect the limbic boundary Integro-differential operator. The extracted iris part is followed by the pupil boundary. An alternative segmentation then normalized using Daugman’s rubber sheet model method, proposed by Wildes [5], implements an edge followed by extracting the iris portion of the eye image detection operator and the Hough transform. Masek’s using Haar transform. Finally two Iris Codes are algorithm [8] implements Canny edge detection and a compared to find the Hamming Distance which is a circular Hough transform to segment the iris. Further fractional measure of the dissimilarity. The results techniques have been developed employing the same obtained with this algorithm are of highest accuracy approach but with slight variations [4, 7, 9-11]. In contrast whereas the false acceptance ratio (FAR) and false Kennell et al [12] proposed a segmentation technique with rejection ratio (FRR) are lowest compared to existing simple binary thresholding and morphological algorithms. transformations to detect the pupil. Mira and Mayer [13] also implement thresholding and morphological transformations Index Terms—Image Segmentation, Hough transform, Gabor to detect the iris boundaries. Here, we have done the wavelet, Haar wavelet transform, hamming distance, Euclidian segmentation with Daugman’s integro-differential operator. distance, Daugman’s integro-differential operator. Two databases, MMU and Bath are used for experimentation. The range of radius values to search for is set manually, depending on the database used. For the MMU and Bath I. INTRODUCTION database, values of the iris radius range from 70 to 140 pixels, A biometric system provides automatic recognition of an while the pupil radius ranges from 20 to 50 pixels. To reduce individual based on some sort of unique feature or the processing time of the image shown in figure 1a, only the characteristic possessed by the individual. Iris recognition, as region of interest is only taken for further processing by an extremely reliable method for identity authentication, is cropping image which is done by statistical calculations of playing a more and more important role in many the coordinates as shown in figure 1 b. mission-critical applications, such as assess control, national ID card, border crossing, welfare distribution, missing Daugman’s Integro-differential operator children identification, etc. The uniqueness of iris pattern comes from the richness of texture details in iris images, such The integro-differential operator is defined as- as freckles, coronas, crypts, furrows, etc. It is commonly believed that it is impossible to find two persons with (1) identical iris patterns, even they are twins. The randomly distributed and irregularly shaped microstructures of iris where I(x,y) is the eye image, r is the radius to search for, pattern make the human iris one of the most informative Gσ(r) is a Gaussian smoothing function, and s is the contour biometric traits. Although the human visual system can of the circle given by (r, x0, y0). The operator searches for the observe the distinguishing iris features effortlessly, the circular path where there is maximum change in pixel values, computational characterization and comparison of such far by varying the radius and centre x and y position of the circular contour. Here in this experimentation, to segment the Manisha M. Khaladkar, Department of ETC, Pune University Sinhgad Iris using Daugman’s integro-differential operator, first the College of Engineering., (e-mail: manisha226257@gmail.com). Pune, India, Mobile No 9860238902. original image is cropped to reduce the processing time as shown in figure 1 a) and b). The cropped image is convolved Sanjay R. Ganorkar, Department of ETC, Pune University Sinhgad with Laplacian mask, (3*3) which makes the image smooth College of Engineering.,India, Mobile No., 9422514726 (e-mail: i.e. sharp edges are smoothed. Now, the threshold is applied srgomom@rediffmail.com). to an image with which the reflections are removed. To 366 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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ISSN: 2278 –
1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 remove light intensity reflections present inside the pupil The homogenous rubber sheet model devised by Daugman boundary, the non zero value are checked inside of inner [1] remaps each point within the iris region to a pair of polar circle by scanning the image vertically and horizontally as coordinates (r,θ) where r is on the interval [0,1] and θ is angle it gives wrong interpretation of centre co-ordinates. The [0,2π] as shown in figure 4a. The experimentation is done thresholded image without with reflections is shown in figure with constant radius and variable centre which draws lines 2a. Then, gradient of an image is calculated by taking every around the circle. These lines are then converted into linear 5th pixel shift. The shift of pixel is taken with statistical region. All the lines are having same length; as if any line is calculations to get different intensity variations. The pixel small padding is done to have equal length. The following shift reduces the noise. Now, to find exact center co-ordinates figure shows the normalized iris image. The lower black and radius, circles with all radii and centers are drawn. With portion is removal of eyelids, eyelashes and noise which is this we got two circles which are detected by overlapping. obtained with normalization. These circles are nothing but pupil and iris boundary. Then scanning the image vertically and horizontally and finding maximum line in both directions we got two diameters. Half of these diameters are the radii and intersection of these is center. Average of these radii is taken as the radius for the circle. Same procedure is applied for inner and outer boundaries. The segmented iris is obtained as shown in figure 2 b). This image is then used for extracting features. (a) (a) (b) Fig. 1 a) Original Image 1b) Cropped Image to reduce (b) processing time Fig. 3 a) Daugman’s Rubber sheet model b) Normalization by Daugman’s rubber sheet model IV. FEATURE EXTRACTION In order to provide accurate recognition of individuals, the most discriminating information present in an iris pattern (a) (b) must be extracted. Only the significant features of the iris must be encoded so that comparisons between templates can Fig. 2a) Thresholded image 2b) Segmented be made. Most iris recognition systems make use of a band Iris using pass decomposition of the iris image to create a biometric Daugman’s IDO template. Different methods for feature extraction are used in this experimentation. III. NORMALIZATION Once the iris region is successfully segmented from an eye A. Haar Wavelet image, the next stage is to transform the iris region so that it has fixed dimensions in order to allow comparisons. The In mathematics, the Haar wavelet is a sequence of rescaled dimensional inconsistencies between eye images are mainly "square-shaped" functions which together form a wavelet due to the stretching of the iris caused by pupil dilation from family or basis. Wavelet analysis is similar to Fourier varying levels of illumination. Other sources of inconsistency analysis in that it allows a target function over an interval to be represented in terms of an orthonormal function basis. The include, varying imaging distance, rotation of the camera, Haar sequence is now recognized as the first known wavelet head tilt, and rotation of the eye within the eye socket. The basis and extensively used as a teaching example. The Haar normalization process will produce iris regions, which have wavelet is as shown in figure 4. the same constant dimensions, so that two photographs of the same iris under different conditions will have characteristic features at the same spatial location. A. Daugman’s Rubber Sheet Model 367 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 A. Hamming Distance Daugman devised a test of statistical independence between two iris codes [2] and this has been implemented by many other authors including Masek [8] and Monro [4]. The Hamming Distance (HD) between the two irides to be compared is calculated. HD measures the number of identical bits between two binary bit patterns. A decision criterion Fig. 4 The Haar wavelet based on the distribution of HDs of irides that are the same and the distribution of those that are different is determined. Here, to transform the image with Haar transform, we have The overlap in these distributions determines the decision used a 4*4 matrix as it reduces the number of calculations & criterion. If the calculated HD between two images falls gives more precise results. The matrix is moved on below the decision criterion, the irides are from the same normalized image and pixel to pixel intensity variation is person. If the calculated HD is higher, the irides are from observed. The intensity variance pixel values are encoded for different people. feature matching. The 4*4 Haar transform matrix used is as shown below. The figure 5 shows feature plot and Haar For comparing two iris codes, a nearest-neighbor transformed image of the normalized image. approach is taken, where the distance between two feature vectors is measured using the product-of-sum of individual subfeature Hamming distances (HD). This can be defined as follows: Here, we consider the iris code as a rectangular block of size M N, M being the number of bits per sub feature and N the total number of sub features in a feature vector. Corresponding sub feature bits are XORed and the resultant N-length vector is summed and normalized by dividing by N. This is done for all M sub feature bits and the geometric mean of these M sums give the normalized HD lying in the range of 0 to 1. For a perfect match, where every bit from Feature 1 matches with every corresponding bit of Feature 2, all M sums are 0 and so is the HD, while, for a total opposite, where every bit from the first Feature is reversed in the second, MN/Ns are obtained with a final HD of 1. TABLE 1 COMPARISON FOR DIFFERENT METHODS. Algorithm Segmentation Extraction Accuracy FAR FRR Daugman’s Fig. 5 Haar wavelet Output Daugman Integro-differential 2 D Gabor 99.9% 0.01 0.09 Operator V. MATCHING Masek Hough transform 1 D Gabor 98% 0.01 1.98 The template that is generated in the feature encoding process will also need a corresponding matching metric, which gives Zero-crossings a measure of similarity between two iris templates. This Edge detection discrete Avila 97.89 0.03 2.08 metric should give one range of values when comparing algorithms dyadic templates generated from the same eye, known as intra-class wavelets comparisons, and another range of values when comparing Daugman’s templates created from different irises, known as inter-class Tisse Integro-differential Gabor 89.37 1.84 8.79 comparisons. These two cases should give distinct and Operator separate values, so that a decision can be made with high confidence as to whether two templates are from the same Daugman’s Haar iris, or from two different irises. Proposed Integro-differential 99.94% 0.005 0.01 Transform Operator 368 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology Volume 1, Issue 4, June 2012 VI. CONCLUSION Manisha M. Khaladkar B.E. Electronics, M.E Digital systems The experimentation of Iris recognition system is tested on (Pursuing) from Sinhgad college of Engg, Pune, M. S.India, has teaching experience of 8 years in Pune university M.S. India. two databases, Bath and MMU. Initially, the preprocessing is carried with Daugman’s Integro-differential operator and localized the iris region followed by the normalization carried out by implementing a version of Daugman’s rubber sheet model which eliminates dimensional inconsistencies between iris regions and itself removes eyelid, eyelash and reflection areas. Then the features of the iris are encoded by Sanjay R. Ganorkar Associate professor, Department of Engg., sinhgad convolving the normalized iris region with Haar wavelet and college of Engg., Pune M.S. India, Pursuing his Phd in Image processing, has phase quantizing the output in order to produce a bit-wise working experience of 20 years. biometric template. The Hamming distance is chosen as a matching metric, which is a measure of how many bits disagreed between two templates. Comparing with existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm gives accuracy of 99.94% as shown in above table. Also, with number of experimentations, FAR and FRR are calculated for proposed algorithm and compared it with the existing algorithms as shown in above table. The proposed algorithm gives lowest FAR and FRR of 0.005 and 0.01 respectively. REFERENCES [1] J. Daugman, "How iris recognition works," IEEE Trans. On Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 14, pp. 21-30, 2004. [2] J. G. Daugman, "High confidence visual recognition of persons by a test of statistical independence," IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 15, pp. 1148-1161, 1993. [3] J. Daugman, "New Methods in Iris Recognition," IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B, vol. 37, pp. 1167-1175, 2007. [4] D. M. Monro, S. Rakshit and Dexin Zhang, "DCT-Based Iris Recognition," IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 29, pp. 586-595, 2007. [5] R. P. Wildes, "Iris recognition: an emerging biometric technology," Proc IEEE, vol. 85, pp. 1348-1363, 1997. [6] W. W. Boles and B. Boashash, "A human identification technique using images of the iris and wavelet transform,"IEEE Trans. on Signal Processing, vol. 46, pp. 1185-1188, 1998. [7] L. Ma, T. Tan, Y. Wang and D. Zhang, "Personal identification based on iris texture analysis," IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 25, pp. 1519-1533, 2003. [8] L. Masek.(2003). "Recognition of human iris patterns for biometric identification" [Online].Available:http://www.csse.uwa.edu.au/~pk/studentprojects/libor/ LiborMasekThesis.pdf [9] J. Cui, Y. Wang, T. Tan, L. Ma, and Z. Sun, "A fast and robust iris localization method based on texture segmentation," in Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, pp. 401-408, 2004. [10] C. Tisse, L. Martin, L. Torres and M. Robert, "Person identification technique using human iris recognition," in Proceedings of Vision Interface, pp. 294-299, 2002. [11] W. K. Kong and D. Zhang, "Accurate iris segmentation based on novel reflection and eyelash detection model," Proceedings of 2001 International Symposium on Intelligent Multimedia, Video and Speech Processing, pp. 263-266, 2001. [12] L. R. Kennell, R. W. Ives and R. M. Gaunt, "Binary Morphology and Local Statistics Applied to Iris Segmentation for Recognition," IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 293-296, 2006. [13] J. De Mira Jr. and J. Mayer, "Image feature extraction for application of biometric identification of iris - a morphological approach," XVI Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 2003, pp. 391-398, 2003. 369 All Rights Reserved © 2012 IJARCET
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