2.  Introduction
 History
 Classification
 Distribution
 General Characters
Morphology
 Anatomy

3. • Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Class: Osteichthyes
• osteon - "a bone" ichthys - "a fish"
• Skeleton made of bone

4. Devonian sarcopterygians
 lungfishes
 coelacanths (living fossils)
 'rhipidistians', a paraphyletic ('incomplete')
lie on the line of ancestry to the tetrapods.
Early actinopterygians, heavy bony scales
over the whole body and large bony plates over
the head region.
Silurian ……. Fossils
Mid-Devonian
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes).

6. Classification
 45 orders and 435 families of bony fishes.
 Sarcopterygii
Crossopterygii(coelacanth)
Ceratodiformes(Australianlungfish)
Lepidosireniformes (S. American lungfish)
 Actinopterygii
Polypteriformes(bichir,redfish)
Acipensiformes(paddlefish,sturgeon)
Amiiformes(bowfin,garpike)
Elopiformes (tarpon, tenpounder)
.

7. Classification
Anguilliformes(eel)
Notacanthiformes(spinyeel)
Clupeiformes(herring,anchovy)
Osteoglossiformes(arapaima)
Mormyriformes (elephant-trunk fish)
Salmoniformes(salmon,trout)
Gonorhynchiformes(milkfish)
Cypriniformes(carp,barbs,loach)
Siluriformes(catfish)
Myctophiformes(lanternfish,Bombayduck)
.

8. Classification
Percopsiformes(pirateperch)
Batrachoidiformes(toadfish)
Gobiesociformes(clingfish,dragonets)
Lophiiformes(anglerfish)
Gadiformes(cod,pollack)
Atheriniformes(flyingfish)
Lampridiformes(opah,ribbonfish)
Gasterosteiformes(seahorse,stickleback)
Channiformes(snakeshead)
.

9. Distribution
 They are found in tropical, temperate, and polar seas.
 In fresh water, seawater, and brackish environments.
Approximately 58% of all species of bony fishes live in marine
environments.
Freshwater fishes make up approximately 42% of fish species
(Wootton, 1990).
.

10. General Characters
Habitat
The desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius) lives
in small hot springs of California. It can tolerate
temperatures greater than 52 0C (126F) (Nikolsky,
1978).
The arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) can survive
temperatures as low as -2 0C (28F) (Nikolsky, 1978).
Misgumus fossilis, a type of loach, can survive in as
little as 0.5 mg/l of dissolved oxygen.

11. Smallest
dwarf pygmy goby (Pandaka
pygmaea), a freshwater fish of the
Philippines 8 mm (0.3 in.) at maturity
(Bond, 1979).
Largest
common mola (Mola mola), large mola
can reach 3.7 m (1 3 ft.) and 1,500 kg
(3,307 lb.)
(Miller, 1972)

12. Feeding
• Most bony fish are
carnivores
• Well developed teeth
used for capture and
holding
• Roof of mouth, gill
rakers, and pharynx
may have teeth to help
hold

14. Feeding
• Grazers – fish that feed
primarily on seaweeds
and other plants
• Some develop beaks to
help scrape off algae or
pieces of coral

16. Mouth & Jaws
• Mouth of most bony
fish is terminal or
anterior
• Overall jaw movement
is more than that of
sharks with teeth that
are fused to jaw

17. Fins and Scales
• Swim Bladder – a gas-
filled sac above the
stomach allows for
adjustments in
buoyancy

18. Bony fish have a bony opeculum
Cartilaginous fish have gill slits

19. Class Osteichthyes
• Swim Bladder – a gas-filled sac
above the stomach allows for
adjustments in buoyancy
Upper and lower lobes of
Caudal Fin almost always
the same size

20. Internal Anatomy

21. Digestive System
• Digestive System: stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver, pyloric
caecae
• Pyloric caecae – slender tubes that secrete digestive enzymes

22. Circulatory System
• Two chambered heart
• Gas exchange occurs in the gills

23. Gill
Functioning
• Gills share a common
gill chamber
• Mouth opens,
operculum closes, and
pharynx expands to
allow in water and the
opposite.
A lungfish swallows air to fill up an air sac or
"lung." This lung is surrounded by veins that
bring blood to be oxygenated

24. Nervous System
• Brain & spinal cord

25. Vision
• Better eyes than
chondrichthyes
• Fish eyes focus by
moving closer or farther
away from subject
• Many have color vision

26. Hearing
• Presence of inner ears
• Located on either side of
the head just behind the
brain
• Can resonate/amplify sound
through swim bladder

28. Behaviors
• Schools
• no leaders
• Advantageous in feeding
• Anadromous fish – live mostly
at sea and migrate to
freshwater to breed (salmon)
• Catadromous fish – breed a
sea and live in rivers (eels)

29. Reproductive behavior
• Reproduction is generally cyclic in bony fishes.
• The duration of cycles may be as short as four weeks
or as long as many years.
• Pacific salmon (family Salmonidae) reproduce only
once during their five-year lifespan, then die soon
after.

30. Sarcopterygii
• Name means “fleshy finned fishes”
• First appeared 385 million years ago
• Ancestors of land vertebrates!
• Internal nostrils and cosmoid scales

31. Subclass Dipnoi
• “Lungfish”
• Jaw fused to brain case
• Caudal, dorsal, and anal
fin connected
• Pectoral fins long and
tubular
• Air breathing organ
attached to esophagus

32. Crossopterygii(coelacanth)
• “Coelacanths”
• Cosmoid scale
• Two dorsal fins and fleshy
paired fins with skeletal
elements
• Thought to be extinct till
found
• Sometimes grouped with
lungfish in Subclass
Sarcopterygii

34. Subclass Actinopterygii
• Ray-finned fishes
• Most familiar fish
• Have fin rays, swim
bladders, and a
symmetrically lobed
caudal fin

35. Subclass Actinopterygii
Superorder Teleostei
Bass
Goldfish
Guppies
Seahorses
Sturgeons
Tuna
Etc.
Superorder Holostean
Garpikes
Bowfins
Superorder
Chondrostei
Freshwater Sturgeon
Bichirs
Paddlefish
Reedfish

36. Superorder Telostei
• Most prolific class
• 96% of all fish
• 12 suborders
• Symmetrical caudal fin
• Spines on fins

37. Superorder
Holostean
• Fin arrangements make
for more efficient
swimmers

38. Superorder Chondrostei
• Lack bone
• Sometimes classified
with sharks
• Though more in
common with the
telosts

39. Osteoglossmorpha
• Order Osteoglossiformes
• Order Hiodontiformes

40. Elopomorpha
• Order Elopiformes
• Order Albuliformes
• Order Notacanthiformes
• Order Anguilliformes
• Order Saccopharyngiformes

41. Clupeomorpha
• Order Clupeiformes
Protacanthopterygii
• Order Salmoniformes
• Order Escociformes
• Order Osmeriformes

42. Ostariophysi
• OrderGonorynchiformes
• Order Cypriniformes
• Order Characiformes
• Order Gymnotiformes
• Order Silurioformes

43. Stenopterygii
• Order Ateleopodiformes
• Order Stomiiformes
Cyclosquamata
• Order Aulopiformes

44. Scopelomorpha
• Order Myctophiformes
Lampridiomorpha
• Order Lampriformes
Polymyxiomorpha
• Order Polymixiiformes

45. Paracanthopterygii
• Order Percopsiformes
• Order Batrachoidiformes
• Order Lophiiformes
• Order Gadiformes
• Order Ophidiiformes

46. Acanthopterygii
• Order Mugiliformes
• Order Atheriniformes
• Order Beloniformes
• Order Cetomimiformes
• Order Cyprinodontiformes
• Order Stephanoberyciformes
• Order Bericiformes
• Order Zeiformes

47. Acanthopterygii
• Order Gobiescociformes
• Order Gasterosteiformes
• Order Syngnathiformes
• Order Synbranchiformes
• Order Tetraodontiformes
• Order Pleuronectiformes
• Order Scorpaeniformes
• Order Perciformes
- 46% of fish

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