vertebrates comparision evolution sense organs skin origin of chordates mutations taxonomy river pollution and mystus river pollution biomarkers freshwater biota seasonal variations in zooplan road map economic growth global warming climate change antibiotic use and india abr education 4.0 and industry 4. physiology h.fossilis bpa grazing field agricultural education transf industry 4.0 indicators and targets sdgs farmer act ipr covid-19 and immune system innovations skill development.resea pg ug alternatives of animal testing toxicity testing methods dose response curve lc50 and ld50 values toxicology elasmobranchi holocephali dipnoi osticthyes chondricthyes gnathostomata agnatha stomata affinities general organisation ostracoderms comparitive study flight adapations morphological changes anatomical modifications birds and mammals aquatic adaptations mechanoreceptors neuromasts fish lateral line system ans pns peripheral nervous system encephalon brain agricultural fields igeo tool industrial contamination soil pollution mesonephric pronephric and meta nephric kidney excretory system urinogenitial system female reproductive male reproductive gonadal system receptors gustatory olfactory intestine stomach pharynx digestive system lungs gills respiratory organs systemic circulation double circulation single circulation blood circulatory system chondrocranium visceral arches jaw suspension heart aotic arches comparitive anatomy vetrtebrate integument theories comparitive astudy chordate biology heridity disorders gene testing genetic evaluation gene frequency macro evolution micro evolution species concept concept of species isolation species evolution variation
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