10. Subclinical infection
Unapparent, covert, missed
or abortive cases
Disease agent multiply in the
host but dose not manifest
to clinical disease
Contaminates the
environment!!
Carriers
11
11. Carriers
Harbors the organism but is not infected as measured by
serologic study or evidence of clinical illness
Inadequate treatment
Inadequate immune response
12
14. Endemic – Epidemic -
Pandemic
Endemic: The habitual presence of a disease within a
geographic area, or usual occurrence of a given of a given
disease.
Epidemic: The number of cases excess of normal expectancy
disease outbreak
Pandemic:
When
epidemics
occur at
several
continents –
global
epidemic
15
15. Disease outbreaks
“The occurrence, in a defined community or region, of cases
of an illness with a frequency clearly in excess of normal
expectancy” – Heymann, D. (2004)
Primary case: The case that bring infection into the
population
Attack rate
Secondary case: Persons who were infected by a primary
case
Secondary attack rate
P
S
S
T
Susceptible
Immune
Sub-clinical
Clinical
S
T
16
16. Attack rate
Useful for comparing the risk of disease in groups with different
exposures.
17
17. Sick Total Attack Rate
Ate egg salad 135 175 77.1
Did not eat
egg salad
85 250 34.0
Attack rate:
• people who ate egg salad: 135/175 x 100 = 77.1%
• People who didn’t: 85/250 = 34.0%
18
18. Cross-tabulation
When confronted with several possible causes
Help determining which of the possible agents is likely to be
the cause.
19
19. Ate tuna Did not eat tuna
Sick Total
Attack
rate
Sick Total
Attack
rate
Ate egg
salad
60 75 80.0 75 100 75.0
Did not
eat egg
salad
70 200 35.0 15 50 30.0
20
20. Herd immunity
“A situation in which a sufficient proportion of a
population is immune to an infectious disease
(through vaccination and/or prior illness) to make its
spread from person to person unlikely. Even
individuals not vaccinated (such as newborns and
those with chronic illnesses) are offered some
protection because the disease has little opportunity
to spread within the community” - CDC
21
22. Epidemic refers to
a. A disease that has a low rate of occurrence but that is
constantly present in a community or region
b. An attack rate in excess of 10 per 1,000 population
c. The occurrence of illness of similar nature clearly in excess
of the normal expectation for that population at that time
d. Diseases of the respiratory system that occur seasonally
e. The annual case rate per 100,000 population
23
23. Table 2. Number of sick people who ate each of the various
specified combinations of the food items
Ate Pheasant Did not Eat Pheasant
Ate caviar 100 100
Did not eat caviar 100 100
Table 1. Total number of people who ate specified combination of
food items
Ate Pheasant Did not Eat Pheasant
Ate caviar 50 20
Did not eat caviar 50 25
24
24. What is the sore throat attack rate in people who ate both
pheasant and caviar?
a. 50/50
b. 50/70
c. 50/75
d. 50/100
e. 50/200
25
25. According to the results shown in Tables 1 and 2, which
of the following food items (or combination of food
items) is (are) most likely to be the infective item(s)?
a. Pheasant only
b. Caviar only
c. Neither pheasant nor caviar
d. Both pheasant and caviar
e. Cannot be calculated from the data given
26
Hopefully after the seminar today, we will have a better and more profound understanding about epidemiology terminology learned in Wagatsuma prof class this afternoon.
Vertical transmission: Passage of a disease-causing agent (pathogen) from mother to baby during the period immediately before and after birth.
Droplet spread: Droplets from the cough or sneeze of an infected person move through the air and get into the mouth or nose of people nearby. Do not travel far, normally within 1 meter.
Trans placental transmission: pathogens can cross the placenta and cause infection in the fetus. HBV, HIV
Fomites: Contaminated nonliving objects
Common vehicle: Inanimate object, agent may(not) multiply/develop in/on the vehicle
Mechanically: Fleas (plague), aedes (zika, dengue fever)
Biologically: The vector play host on the agent. The agent need the host to develop and mature and/or to reproduce. Only after this phase is over does the vector becomes infective: Anopheles (malaria)
Latent periods: The time interval from infection to development of infectiousness.
Incubation periods: The interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness.
Factors: Dose of inoculum, site of multiplication, rate of multiplication, host defense mechanism
Incubation period varies from disease to disease. As you can see in the previous slide, at least part of the incubation period, the he or she can transmit the disease to other.
For example, in HIV/AIDS, the infectious period occurs many years before the onset of symptoms, meanwhile in SARS incubation period only lasts for 2 weeks. In this case, isolation can be very valuable.
Among us, who still remember SARS outbreak in 2003? According to the WHO, 8437 people became ill, of those, 813 died. A major contributor to control of the epidemic was early isolating policy, in order to reduce interpersonal contact of travelers with a history of travel to highly affected areas.
Not destined to become clinical apparent
Potential source of infection to others
Could someone tell us what a carrier is?
- escape recognition
- continuing to live a normal life among population or community
- readily infect the susceptible individuals
- over a wider area and longer period of time under favorable conditions.
Mary Mallon was the first person in the United States identified as an asymptomatic carrier of the pathogen associated with typhoid fever. From 1900 to 1907, Mallon worked as a cook in the New York City area for seven families. She was presumed to have infected 22 people, three of whom died, over the course of her career as a cook. She was twice forcibly isolated by public health authorities, and died after three decades of isolations at the age of 69, due to pneumonia.
Virus that can incorporate their genetic material into the genetic material of the infected host as provirus.
Latent tuberculosis -> reactivation.
Chicken pox every year around Jan to May
Epidemic:
H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009: 14,286 confirmed death
2002-2003: SARS epidemic in Asia and Canada with 775 death.
2011: Hand, foot, mouth disease in Vietnam, 170 death.
For example: The first table shows the total number of persons who ate each of two specified food items (tuna and egg salad) that were possibly infective with group A Streptococci. The second table shows the number of sick person.
Looking at the data by row, among who ate egg salad and did not, eating tuna do not increase did not increase much the incidence of Streptococci illness.
But looking at the data vertically, we could see eating the egg salad increase the attack rate of illness significantly, both in those who ate tuna (80% vs 35%) and who didn’t eat (75% vs 30%)
=> Thus the egg salad is clearly implicated.
The responsibility of getting vaccinated. It's not only about you, it's about vulnerable people that can't get vaccinated, like newborn babies, or people going through chemo.
Proportion of immunity that will provide herd immunity depends on the potential for an infectious agent to spread
In the animation above, red is an invading pathogen, and you can see that the more people vaccinated against it in a community, the harder it is for it to spread.
But as soon as vaccination rates drop below around 90 percent, the pathogen runs wild.
Medium levels slow down the progression of the illness, but they don't offer robust protection to the unvaccinated.
But once you read a high enough level of vaccination, the disease gets effectively road-blocked. It can't spread fast enough because it encounters too many vaccinated individuals, and so the majority of the population (even the unvaccinated people) are protected.
Table 1 shows the total number of people who ate each of the two specified food items possibly infective with group A streptococci. Table 2 shows the number of sick people (e.g., those with acute sore throats) who ate each of the various specified combinations of the food items. Use these data for questions 2 and 3.