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Thermocouple Temperature
Sensors
T h e m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s c o m p i l a t i o n a r e f o r t h e u s e o f D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c . p o t e n t i a l c u s t o m e r s
a n d c u r r e n t e m p l o y e e s a s a r e s o u r c e o n l y . T h e y m a y n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d , p u b l i s h e d , o r t r a n s m i t t e d
e l e c t r o n i c a l l y f o r c o m m e r c i a l p u r p o s e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e C o m p a n y ’ s n a m e , l i k e n e s s , p r o d u c t n a m e s , a n d
l o g o s , i n c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e s e c o m p i l a t i o n s m a y n o t b e u s e d w i t h o u t s p e c i f i c , w r i t t e n p r i o r p e r m i s s i o n f r o m
D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c .
© C o p y r i g h t 2 0 1 5 D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c .
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s o f f e r s m a n y t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r i n g p r o d u c t s
t h a t u s e t h e r m o c o u p l e s a s t h e s e n s i n g e l e m e n t
 D w y e r a l s o m a n u f a c t u r e s a w i d e
v a r i e t y o f t h e r m o c o u p l e s
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 A t h e r m o c o u p l e i s m a d e o f t w o d i s s i m i l a r m e t a l w i r e s , w h i c h
p r o d u c t a v o l t a g e a s a f u n c t i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e
 T h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e b a s e d o n t h e S e e b a c k
e f f e c t , w h i c h i s a t h e r m o e l e c t r i c e f f e c t
w h e r e c o n t i n u o u s c u r r e n t i s c r e a t e d i n a
c i r c u i t w h e r e t h e j u n c t i o n s o f t w o
d i s s i m i l a r c o n d u c t i v e m a t e r i a l s a r e k e p t
a t d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 T h e m e a s u r i n g e n d o f t h e s e n s o r i s c r e a t e d b y j o i n i n g t h e t w o
m e t a l w i r e s t o g e t h e r i n t o w h a t i s c a l l e d t h e h o t o r m e a s u r i n g
j u n c t i o n
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 T h e r m o c o u p l e s m e a s u r e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e
m e a s u r i n g j u n c t i o n a n d a r e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e , k n o w n a s t h e
c o l d j u n c t i o n
 Ty p i c a l l y, a c o l d j u n c t i o n c o m p e n s a t i o n i s p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a n
R T D , t h e r m i s t o r, o r d i o d e t o m e a s u r e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
i n p u t c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 A s m a l l v o l t a g e k n o w n a s t h e S e e b a c k v o l t a g e i s c r e a t e d w h e n t h e
h o t j u n c t i o n i s e x p o s e d t o t h e p r o c e s s t e m p e r a t u r e , f r o m t h e
t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e a t t h e
t w o j u n c t i o n s
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 T h e r m o c o u p l e s u s e s t a n d a r d s e n s o r s t h a t a r e m a d e o f j u n c t i o n s o f
s p e c i f i c m e t a l a l l o y s w h i c h h a v e a p r e d i c t a b l e a n d r e p e a t a b l e
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t e m p e r a t u r e
a n d v o l t a g e
 D i f f e r e n t m e t a l c o m b i n a t i o n s a r e u s e d
f o r d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 C e r t a i n c o m b i n a t i o n s o f a l l o y s h a v e b e c o m e p o p u l a r a s i n d u s t r y
s t a n d a r d s , w i t h d i f f e r e n t t y p e s b e s t s u i t e d f o r d i f f e r e n t
a p p l i c a t i o n s
 L e t t e r d e s i g n a t i o n s a r e g i v e n t o t h e
t y p e o f t h e r m o c o u p l e b a s e d o n
v o l t a g e - t e m p e r a t u r e r e l a t i o n s h i p
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 T h e m o s t c o m m o n t h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e Ty p e K , c h r o m e l / a l u m e l ,
w i t h a r a n g e s a r o u n d - 2 0 0 t o 1 3 5 0 d e g r e e s C e l s i u s
 Ty p e J , i r o n - c o n s t a n t a n , h a s a s m a l l e r r a n g e t h a n K , a r o u n d - 4 0
t o 7 5 0 d e g r e e s C e l s i u s , b u t h a s a h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i t i v i t y
 S e l e c t i o n o f t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e t o u s e d e p e n d s o n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
n e e d s f o r r a n g e , s e n s i t i v i t y, c h e m i c a l c o m p a t i b i l i t y, a n d
m a g n e t i s m
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 C o l o r c o d e s s t a n d a r d s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d b y n a t i o n a l , A N S I ,
a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l , I E C , s t a n d a r d s f o r e a s y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n
 O n e w i r e i n t h e p a i r i s a l w a y s n e g a t i v e a n d t h e o t h e r p o s i t i v e
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 O f t e n t h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e s h e a t h e d i n a t h i n w a l l e d s t a i n l e s s s t e e l
t u b e a n d p a c k e d w i t h m a g n e s i u m o x i d e t o p r o t e c t t h e m e a s u r i n g
j u n c t i o n , a n d f o r e a s i e r i n s e r t i o n i n t o t h e r m o w e l l s
 T h e r m o c o u p l e s d e s i g n e d w i t h t h e i r
m e a s u r i n g j u n c t i o n s i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e
s h e a t h a r e t e r m e d g r o u n d e d j u n c t i o n
 E x p o s e d t y p e t h e r m o c o u p l e s h a v e t h e
m e a s u r i n g j u n c t i o n e x p o s e d t o t h e p r o c e s s
 B o t h o f f e r t h e a d v a n t a g e o f f a s t r e s p o n s e
t i m e
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 I n u n g r o u n d e d j u n c t i o n t h e r m o c o u p l e s , t h e j u n c t i o n d o e s n o t
m a k e c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s h e a t h , o f f e r i n g t h e a d v a n t a g e o f
e l e c t r i c a l i s o l a t i o n
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 T h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e w i r e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t o r
t h e y c a n b e e x t e n d e d w i t h t h e r m o c o u p l e w i r e
 E x t e n s i o n s w i r e s a r e m a d e o f t h e s a m e m e t a l a l l o y s a s t h e
t h e r m o c o u p l e t y p e
 S t a n d a r d e l e c t r i c a l w i r e c a n n o t b e u s e d
 S e n s o r w i r e s s h o u l d n e v e r b e r u n i n c o n d u i t w i t h p o w e r s o u r c e s o r
t h e r e c o u l d b e n o i s e p r o b l e m s
Thermocouples
O v e r v i e w
 C o m m o n l y, a t h e r m o c o u p l e i s w i r e d i n t o a t e m p e r a t u r e
t r a n s m i t t e r w h e n s e n d i n g t h e s i g n a l a l o n g d i s t a n c e

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Thermocouple Temperature Sensors

  • 1. Thermocouple Temperature Sensors T h e m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s c o m p i l a t i o n a r e f o r t h e u s e o f D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c . p o t e n t i a l c u s t o m e r s a n d c u r r e n t e m p l o y e e s a s a r e s o u r c e o n l y . T h e y m a y n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d , p u b l i s h e d , o r t r a n s m i t t e d e l e c t r o n i c a l l y f o r c o m m e r c i a l p u r p o s e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e C o m p a n y ’ s n a m e , l i k e n e s s , p r o d u c t n a m e s , a n d l o g o s , i n c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e s e c o m p i l a t i o n s m a y n o t b e u s e d w i t h o u t s p e c i f i c , w r i t t e n p r i o r p e r m i s s i o n f r o m D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c . © C o p y r i g h t 2 0 1 5 D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s , I n c .
  • 2. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  D w y e r I n s t r u m e n t s o f f e r s m a n y t e m p e r a t u r e m e a s u r i n g p r o d u c t s t h a t u s e t h e r m o c o u p l e s a s t h e s e n s i n g e l e m e n t  D w y e r a l s o m a n u f a c t u r e s a w i d e v a r i e t y o f t h e r m o c o u p l e s
  • 3. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  A t h e r m o c o u p l e i s m a d e o f t w o d i s s i m i l a r m e t a l w i r e s , w h i c h p r o d u c t a v o l t a g e a s a f u n c t i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e  T h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e b a s e d o n t h e S e e b a c k e f f e c t , w h i c h i s a t h e r m o e l e c t r i c e f f e c t w h e r e c o n t i n u o u s c u r r e n t i s c r e a t e d i n a c i r c u i t w h e r e t h e j u n c t i o n s o f t w o d i s s i m i l a r c o n d u c t i v e m a t e r i a l s a r e k e p t a t d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s
  • 4. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  T h e m e a s u r i n g e n d o f t h e s e n s o r i s c r e a t e d b y j o i n i n g t h e t w o m e t a l w i r e s t o g e t h e r i n t o w h a t i s c a l l e d t h e h o t o r m e a s u r i n g j u n c t i o n
  • 5. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  T h e r m o c o u p l e s m e a s u r e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m e a s u r i n g j u n c t i o n a n d a r e f e r e n c e t e m p e r a t u r e , k n o w n a s t h e c o l d j u n c t i o n  Ty p i c a l l y, a c o l d j u n c t i o n c o m p e n s a t i o n i s p e r f o r m e d u s i n g a n R T D , t h e r m i s t o r, o r d i o d e t o m e a s u r e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i n p u t c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t
  • 6. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  A s m a l l v o l t a g e k n o w n a s t h e S e e b a c k v o l t a g e i s c r e a t e d w h e n t h e h o t j u n c t i o n i s e x p o s e d t o t h e p r o c e s s t e m p e r a t u r e , f r o m t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e a t t h e t w o j u n c t i o n s
  • 7. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  T h e r m o c o u p l e s u s e s t a n d a r d s e n s o r s t h a t a r e m a d e o f j u n c t i o n s o f s p e c i f i c m e t a l a l l o y s w h i c h h a v e a p r e d i c t a b l e a n d r e p e a t a b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t e m p e r a t u r e a n d v o l t a g e  D i f f e r e n t m e t a l c o m b i n a t i o n s a r e u s e d f o r d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s
  • 8. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  C e r t a i n c o m b i n a t i o n s o f a l l o y s h a v e b e c o m e p o p u l a r a s i n d u s t r y s t a n d a r d s , w i t h d i f f e r e n t t y p e s b e s t s u i t e d f o r d i f f e r e n t a p p l i c a t i o n s  L e t t e r d e s i g n a t i o n s a r e g i v e n t o t h e t y p e o f t h e r m o c o u p l e b a s e d o n v o l t a g e - t e m p e r a t u r e r e l a t i o n s h i p
  • 9. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  T h e m o s t c o m m o n t h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e Ty p e K , c h r o m e l / a l u m e l , w i t h a r a n g e s a r o u n d - 2 0 0 t o 1 3 5 0 d e g r e e s C e l s i u s  Ty p e J , i r o n - c o n s t a n t a n , h a s a s m a l l e r r a n g e t h a n K , a r o u n d - 4 0 t o 7 5 0 d e g r e e s C e l s i u s , b u t h a s a h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s e n s i t i v i t y  S e l e c t i o n o f t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e t o u s e d e p e n d s o n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n n e e d s f o r r a n g e , s e n s i t i v i t y, c h e m i c a l c o m p a t i b i l i t y, a n d m a g n e t i s m
  • 10. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w
  • 11. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  C o l o r c o d e s s t a n d a r d s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d b y n a t i o n a l , A N S I , a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l , I E C , s t a n d a r d s f o r e a s y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n  O n e w i r e i n t h e p a i r i s a l w a y s n e g a t i v e a n d t h e o t h e r p o s i t i v e
  • 12. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  O f t e n t h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e s h e a t h e d i n a t h i n w a l l e d s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t u b e a n d p a c k e d w i t h m a g n e s i u m o x i d e t o p r o t e c t t h e m e a s u r i n g j u n c t i o n , a n d f o r e a s i e r i n s e r t i o n i n t o t h e r m o w e l l s  T h e r m o c o u p l e s d e s i g n e d w i t h t h e i r m e a s u r i n g j u n c t i o n s i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s h e a t h a r e t e r m e d g r o u n d e d j u n c t i o n  E x p o s e d t y p e t h e r m o c o u p l e s h a v e t h e m e a s u r i n g j u n c t i o n e x p o s e d t o t h e p r o c e s s  B o t h o f f e r t h e a d v a n t a g e o f f a s t r e s p o n s e t i m e
  • 13. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  I n u n g r o u n d e d j u n c t i o n t h e r m o c o u p l e s , t h e j u n c t i o n d o e s n o t m a k e c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s h e a t h , o f f e r i n g t h e a d v a n t a g e o f e l e c t r i c a l i s o l a t i o n
  • 14. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  T h e r m o c o u p l e s a r e w i r e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e m e a s u r i n g i n s t r u m e n t o r t h e y c a n b e e x t e n d e d w i t h t h e r m o c o u p l e w i r e  E x t e n s i o n s w i r e s a r e m a d e o f t h e s a m e m e t a l a l l o y s a s t h e t h e r m o c o u p l e t y p e  S t a n d a r d e l e c t r i c a l w i r e c a n n o t b e u s e d  S e n s o r w i r e s s h o u l d n e v e r b e r u n i n c o n d u i t w i t h p o w e r s o u r c e s o r t h e r e c o u l d b e n o i s e p r o b l e m s
  • 15. Thermocouples O v e r v i e w  C o m m o n l y, a t h e r m o c o u p l e i s w i r e d i n t o a t e m p e r a t u r e t r a n s m i t t e r w h e n s e n d i n g t h e s i g n a l a l o n g d i s t a n c e