A Apple usa o símbolo de uma maçã mordida porque Alan Turing, considerado o pai da computação moderna, cometeu suicídio em 1954 comendo uma maçã envenenada com cianureto de potássio. A maçã se tornou um símbolo em homenagem a Turing e seu trabalho pioneiro na construção de computadores.
Concepção e análise de modelos de negócios por meio do Business Model CanvasÉverton M. Gava
Em um ambiente empresarial cada vez mais competitivo e dinâmico, em que o advento de
novas tecnologias tem constantemente ampliado as fronteiras de atuação das organizações,
torna-se essencial a utilização de ferramentas que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de novas
formas de criação, entrega e captura de valor. Diante de tal situação, o desenvolvimento e o
aperfeiçoamento de Modelos de Negócios inovadores se apresenta como uma fonte de
vantagem competitiva. Proposto por Alexander Osterwalder e Yves Pigneur, o Business
Model Canvas é uma ferramenta visual que auxilia no processo de desenvolvimento de
Modelos de Negócios de maneira interativa e simples, o que tem levado a sua adoção em
larga escala pelas mais diversas organizações. Esta monografia possui como objetivo
principal compreender e descrever quais as diferenças existentes entre o Business Model
Canvas e o Plano de Negócios, que é tradicionalmente utilizado pelas empresas para
descrever um empreendimento e o modelo de negócios que o sustenta. Diante do objetivo
exposto, foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico, exploratório e de natureza aplicada, visando o
desenvolvimento de novos conhecimentos para aplicação prática por parte de
empreendedores, com abordagem qualitativa, estabelecendo uma relação entre Plano de
Negócios e Business Model Canvas. Após a revisão da literatura, os nove blocos que
compõem o modelo Canvas foram agrupados em quatro pilares essências de um modelo de
negócios (Interface com o Cliente; Produtos; Infraestrutura e Aspectos Financeiros), e as
sessões componentes de um Plano de Negócios foram relacionadas a esses pilares, permitindo
a identificação da correspondência entre as duas ferramentas. Foi identificado que as
principais diferenças entre as duas ferramentas estão na maneira de construção e na
apresentação dos resultados encontrados. Fazendo uso de técnicas de criação de
conhecimento, o Canvas tem a capacidade de sintetizar em uma única folha, os principais
pontos de um Plano de Negócios, o que acaba facilitando a compreensão, o compartilhamento
e a modificação das suposições que a organização possui a respeito do mercado. No Canvas,
parte-se do pressuposto que o empreendedor possui algumas hipóteses que precisam ser
testadas, sendo que a formatação do método acaba facilitando isso, pois o objetivo é descartar
idéias ruins e viabilizar idéias boas, ajustando o modelo a cada novo ciclo. Conclui-se que
nenhum dos elementos componentes do Business Model Canvas é novo para a grande maioria
dos empreendedores, porém, a maneira que esses componentes são dispostos e a visão deles
em conjunto acaba se tornando reveladora e surpreendente, tornando o método dinâmico e
adaptável.
Concepção e análise de modelos de negócios por meio do Business Model CanvasÉverton M. Gava
Em um ambiente empresarial cada vez mais competitivo e dinâmico, em que o advento de
novas tecnologias tem constantemente ampliado as fronteiras de atuação das organizações,
torna-se essencial a utilização de ferramentas que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de novas
formas de criação, entrega e captura de valor. Diante de tal situação, o desenvolvimento e o
aperfeiçoamento de Modelos de Negócios inovadores se apresenta como uma fonte de
vantagem competitiva. Proposto por Alexander Osterwalder e Yves Pigneur, o Business
Model Canvas é uma ferramenta visual que auxilia no processo de desenvolvimento de
Modelos de Negócios de maneira interativa e simples, o que tem levado a sua adoção em
larga escala pelas mais diversas organizações. Esta monografia possui como objetivo
principal compreender e descrever quais as diferenças existentes entre o Business Model
Canvas e o Plano de Negócios, que é tradicionalmente utilizado pelas empresas para
descrever um empreendimento e o modelo de negócios que o sustenta. Diante do objetivo
exposto, foi realizado um estudo bibliográfico, exploratório e de natureza aplicada, visando o
desenvolvimento de novos conhecimentos para aplicação prática por parte de
empreendedores, com abordagem qualitativa, estabelecendo uma relação entre Plano de
Negócios e Business Model Canvas. Após a revisão da literatura, os nove blocos que
compõem o modelo Canvas foram agrupados em quatro pilares essências de um modelo de
negócios (Interface com o Cliente; Produtos; Infraestrutura e Aspectos Financeiros), e as
sessões componentes de um Plano de Negócios foram relacionadas a esses pilares, permitindo
a identificação da correspondência entre as duas ferramentas. Foi identificado que as
principais diferenças entre as duas ferramentas estão na maneira de construção e na
apresentação dos resultados encontrados. Fazendo uso de técnicas de criação de
conhecimento, o Canvas tem a capacidade de sintetizar em uma única folha, os principais
pontos de um Plano de Negócios, o que acaba facilitando a compreensão, o compartilhamento
e a modificação das suposições que a organização possui a respeito do mercado. No Canvas,
parte-se do pressuposto que o empreendedor possui algumas hipóteses que precisam ser
testadas, sendo que a formatação do método acaba facilitando isso, pois o objetivo é descartar
idéias ruins e viabilizar idéias boas, ajustando o modelo a cada novo ciclo. Conclui-se que
nenhum dos elementos componentes do Business Model Canvas é novo para a grande maioria
dos empreendedores, porém, a maneira que esses componentes são dispostos e a visão deles
em conjunto acaba se tornando reveladora e surpreendente, tornando o método dinâmico e
adaptável.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Maquinas de Turing Unesc
1. Porque
a
Apple
usa
o
símbolo
de
uma
maçã
mordida
?
Alan
Turing
no
dia
7
de
junho
de
1954,
suicidou-‐se
durante
uma
crise
de
depressão,
comendo
uma
maçã
envenenada
com
cianureto
de
potássio.
Tudo
Por
causa
da
demora
na
construção
de
um
computador
3. MAQUINAS
UNIVERSAIS:
MAQUINA
DE
TURING
Trabalho
acadêmico
elaborado
como
cumprimento
da
disciplina
de
Teoria
da
Computação
no
curso
de
Ciência
da
Computação
da
Universidade
do
Extremo
Sul
Catarinense,
UNESC.
Professor(a):
CHRISTINE
VIEIRA
SCARPATO
Teoria
da
Computação
6. Uma
Maquina
de
Turing
pode
ser
considerada
como
um
modelo
formal
de
algoritmo
que
deve
satisfazer
as
seguintes
propriedades:
-‐
A
descrição
do
algoritmo
deve
ser
finita
e
deve
consistir
de
passos
(discretos
executáveis
mecanicamente
e
em
tempo
finito).
Ainda
não
sei
o
que
é
uma
Maquina
de
Turing
!!!
7. O
modelo
proposto
por
Alan
Turing
em
1936
consiste
basicamente
de
3
partes
:
*
Fita.
Usada
simultaneamente
como
dispositiva
de
entrada,
saída
e
memória
de
trabalho;
*
Unidade
de
Controle.
Reflete
o
estado
corrente
da
máquina,
Possui
uma
unidade
de
leitura
e
gravação
(cabeça
da
fita)
a
qual
acessa
uma
célula
da
fita
de
cada
vez
e
movimenta-‐se
para
esquerda
ou
direita;
*
Programa
ou
função
de
Transição.
Função
que
comanda
as
leituras
e
gravações,
o
sentido
de
movimento
da
cabeça
e
define
o
estado
da
maquina.
Controle
Agora
fiquei
curioso
para
saber;
-‐
Afinal
o
que
Alan
Turing
Propôs
em
1936
?
8. Controle
A
fita
é
finita
à
esquerda
e
infinita
a
direita,
sendo
dividida
em
células,
onde
cada
uma
armazena
um
símbolo.
Os
símbolos
podem
pertencer
ao
alfabeto
de
entrada,
ao
alfabeto
auxiliar
ou
ainda,
ser
“branco”
ou
“marcador
de
inicio
de
fita”.
Inicialmente
a
palavra
a
ser
processada
(ou
seja,
a
informação
de
entrada
para
a
maquina)
ocupa
as
células
mais
a
esquerda,
após
o
marcador
de
inicio
da
fita,
ficando
as
demais
como
“branco”,
como
mostra
a
figura
1.0
onde
β
e
◙
representam
“branco”
e
“marcador
de
inicio
de
fita”
respectivamente.
A
unidade
de
controle
possui
um
numero
finito
e
predefinido
de
estados.
A
cabeça
da
fita
lê
o
símbolo
de
uma
célula
de
cada
vez
e
grava
um
novo
símbolo.
Após
a
leitura/gravação,
a
cabeça
move
uma
célula
para
a
direita
ou
para
a
esquerda.
O
símbolo
gravado
e
o
sentido
do
movimento
são
definidos
pelo
programa.
O
programa
é
uma
função
que,
dependendo
do
estado
corrente
da
máquina
e
do
símbolo
lido,
determina
o
símbolo
a
ser
gravado,
o
sentido
do
movimento
da
cabeça
e
o
novo
estado.
Fita
?
Unidade
de
Controle?
Como
Funciona
isso?
10. ?
Questão
de
Prova
Qual
a
definição
formal
da
Maquina
de
Turing
?
11. 1-‐
Fita
Infinita
(à
esquerda
e
à
direita
)
dividida
em
células
-‐ Usada
Simultaneamente
como:
Dispositivo
de
entrada
Dispositivo
de
saída
Memória
de
trabalho
-‐ Pode
ter
um
limitador
à
esquerda
(marco
de
inicio:
*)
-‐Cada
celula
pode
ter
um
simbolo
(Pertencente
a
um
alfabeto
finito)
Curiosidade:
Alan Turing Foi
condenado por
2-‐
Unidade
de
controle
(com
cabeça
de
leitura/ supostamente ter
escrita)
uma relação
amorosa com um
-‐ Pode
se
movimentar:
Homem.
Uma
celula
por
vez
À
esquerda
ou
a
direita
Pode
assumir
um
conjunto
de
estados
(finitos)
que
3-‐
Função
de
Transição:
com
base
em
q
e
s
comanda
dependem:
Do
estado
atual
(q)
-‐
Leituras
e
Gravações
Do
Símbolo
lido
(s)
-‐
Sentido
de
movimento
da
cabeça
-‐
Define
o
estado
da
maquina
Composição
da
Maquina
de
Turing
12. 1-‐
Ainda
tenho
duvida
!!!
Como
Funciona
uma
Maquina
de
Turing
?
14. 3-‐
Acho
melhor
exibir
o
Vídeo
!!!
Ainda
não
entendi...
15. Tese
de
Church
Vamos
Ler
um
Pouco
É
muito
Importante
esta
Hipótese
...
16. Turing
propôs
um
modelo
abstrato
de
computação,
conhecido
como
Máquina
de
Turing,
com
o
objetivo
de
explorar
os
limites
da
capacidade
de
expressar
soluções
de
problemas.
Trata-‐se,
portanto,
de
uma
proposta
de
definição
formal
da
noção
intuitiva
de
algoritmo.
Diversos
outros
trabalhos,
como
Máquina
de
Post
(Post
-‐
1936)
e
Funções
Recursivas
(Kleene
-‐
1936),
bem
como
a
Máquina
Norma
e
o
Autômato
com
Pilhas,
resultaram
em
conceitos
equivalentes
ao
de
Turing.
O
fato
de
todos
esses
trabalhos
independentes
gerarem
o
mesmo
resultado
em
termos
de
capacidade
de
expressar
computabilidade
é
um
forte
reforço
no
que
é
conhecido
como
Hipótese
de
Church
ou
Hipótese
de
Turing-‐Church:
"A
capacidade
de
computação
representada
pela
Máquina
de
Turing
é
o
limite
máximo
que
pode
ser
atingido
por
qualquer
dispositivo
de
computação"
Em
outras
palavras,
a
Hipótese
de
Church
afirma
que
qualquer
outra
forma
de
expressar
algoritmos
terá,
no
máximo,
a
mesma
capacidade
computacional
da
Máquina
de
Turing.
Como
a
noção
de
algoritmo
ou
função
computável
é
intuitiva,
a
Hipótese
de
Church
não
é
demonstrável.
Supondo
verdadeira
a
Hipótese
de
Church,
pode-‐se
afirmar
que
para:
a)
Função
Computável:
É
possível
construir
uma
Máquina
de
Turing
(ou
formalismo
equivalente)
que
compute
a
função;
b)
Função
Não-‐Computável:
Não
existe
Máquina
de
Turing
(ou
formalismo
equivalente)
que
compute
a
função.