By Saqib Shakoor PAF KIET City Campus Karachi.

1. KASHMIR
AN ISSUE
WITHOUT
SOLUTION
SAQIB SHAKOOR
(61850) 01

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF KASHMIR
• GEOGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE OF KASHMIR
• REASONS BEHIND THE DISPUTE
• HUMAN RIGHT ABUSES
• ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS (UN)
• RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
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3. INTRODUCTION
• The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict
primarily between India and Pakistan over
the Kashmir region.
• The conflict started after the partition of India in
1947 as a dispute over the former princely state
of Jammu and Kashmir
• Escalated into three wars between India and
Pakistan
• China has also been involved in the conflict in a
third-party role.
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4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• The history of Kashmir is attached with the
history of the broader Indian subcontinent and
the surrounding regions, comprising the areas
of Central Asia, South Asia and East Asia.
• The Kashmir region became an important center
of Hinduism and later of Buddhism, later in the
ninth century
• Islam in Kashmir took place during 13th to 15th
century
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5. GEOGRAPHICAL IMPORTANCE
• The Kashmir region has a total area of about 86,772
square miles, of which:
• India controls the land at 39,127 square miles.
• Pakistan controls an area of 33,145 square miles.
• China 14,500 square miles.
• Kashmir has a varied climate.
• Kashmir's economy is mostly made up of agriculture
that takes place in its fertile valley areas.
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6. 06

7. REASONS BEHIND DISPUTE
• Both India & Pakistan subsequently made claims to
Kashmir, based on the history and religious affiliations of
the Kashmiri people.
• Movements by Pakistan & India took place leading to
a war, as a result of which the state of Jammu and
Kashmir remains divided between India and Pakistan.
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8. HUMAN RIGHT ABUSES
• Human rights abuses such as extrajudicial killings
and rapes have been committed by Indian forces
in Kashmir.
• Several international agencies and the UN have
reported human rights violations in Indian-
administered Kashmir.
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9. ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS (UN)
During the 1948 Indo-Pak tension, the UN Security
Council passed a resolution and created United Nation
Commission on India & Pakistan (UNCIP)
Since then,
• UNCIP has called for ceasefire to maintain peace
and security among two nations.
• Worked to better the Indo-Pak relations
• Co-operated in solving the conflict for the peace and
harmony within sub continent.
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10. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
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• Pulwama Attack, 14th February 2019.
• The aerial dogfights of February 26th and 27th, 2019
• Ceasefire violations at Line of Control (LOC).
• Closure of Pakistan & Indian Airspace.