2. ByBy
Muhammad Rizwan LiaqatMuhammad Rizwan Liaqat
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
PREVALANCE OF TOBACCO
BLACK SHANK IN MARDAN AND
CHARSADA REGION AND ITS
MANAGEMENT THROUGH HOST
RESISTANCE AND IRRIGATION

3. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVES
 MATERAILS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

5.  Tobacco (Tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccumNicotiana tobaccum) is the most) is the most
important cash crop of Pakistan, belong toimportant cash crop of Pakistan, belong to
Solanacea family.Solanacea family.
 It is utilized as an organic pesticide, in someIt is utilized as an organic pesticide, in some
medicine as Nicotine Tartrate, chewingmedicine as Nicotine Tartrate, chewing
tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, creamy snuff,tobacco, cigars, cigarettes, creamy snuff,
electronic cigarettes, gutka, hooka, rollies orelectronic cigarettes, gutka, hooka, rollies or
roll ups and pipe smoking.roll ups and pipe smoking.

6. PakistanPakistan
 Area (hact):Area (hact): 2593625936
 Production (Mio kgs):Production (Mio kgs): 64.67064.670
 Average yield (kg/ha)Average yield (kg/ha) 24932493
(PTB 2010-2011)(PTB 2010-2011)

7. DISEASESDISEASES
 Tobacco crop is attacked by several seriousTobacco crop is attacked by several serious
diseases in which black shank is verydiseases in which black shank is very
important caused byimportant caused by Phytophthora parasiticaPhytophthora parasitica..
 Black shank disease losses can reach up to 100Black shank disease losses can reach up to 100
% in individual fields (Gallup% in individual fields (Gallup et al,et al, 2006)2006) ..
 The disease is prevalent in all the tobaccoThe disease is prevalent in all the tobacco
growing areas of KPK.growing areas of KPK.

8. SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

14. OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

15.  To survey the major tobacco growing areasTo survey the major tobacco growing areas
(Charsada, Mardan) of KPK to find out disease(Charsada, Mardan) of KPK to find out disease
incidence and severity of black shank of tobacco.incidence and severity of black shank of tobacco.
 To evaluate the resistance of commercial tobaccoTo evaluate the resistance of commercial tobacco
cultivars against black shank of tobacco.cultivars against black shank of tobacco.
 To investigate the effect of number of irrigations onTo investigate the effect of number of irrigations on
the severity of black shank and its effect on yield/the severity of black shank and its effect on yield/
yield components under natural infectionyield components under natural infection
conditions.conditions.

16. MATERIALSMATERIALS
ANDAND
METHODSMETHODS

17. Disease surveyDisease survey
Field survey was conducted in all theField survey was conducted in all the
tobacco growing areas of Mardan andtobacco growing areas of Mardan and
Swabi district.Swabi district.

18. Disease incidence (%)Disease incidence (%)
Disease incidence was calculated by the followingDisease incidence was calculated by the following
formulaformula
No. of infected plantsNo. of infected plants x 100x 100
Total no. of plantsTotal no. of plants

19. Disease severity (%)Disease severity (%)
 Disease severity was calculated for each locationDisease severity was calculated for each location
using disease severity scale of Wrightusing disease severity scale of Wright etet alal (2005).(2005).
 The scale ranges from 0-4.The scale ranges from 0-4.
 0 = Plants totally healthy.0 = Plants totally healthy.

11 = 1-25% of the plants infected.= 1-25% of the plants infected.
 2 = 26-50 % of the plants infected.2 = 26-50 % of the plants infected.
 3 = 51-75 % of the plants infected.3 = 51-75 % of the plants infected.
 4= 76-100 % of the plants infected.4= 76-100 % of the plants infected.

20. SCALE FOR DISEASE SEVERITY (%)SCALE FOR DISEASE SEVERITY (%)
100 x Σn100 x Σn
S = -----------------S = -----------------
4N4N
 S = Black shank severity (%).S = Black shank severity (%).
 Σn = Summation of individual rating.Σn = Summation of individual rating.
 N = Total number of plants assessed andN = Total number of plants assessed and
 4 = Highest value on the severity scale to4 = Highest value on the severity scale to
determine disease severity (%).determine disease severity (%).

21. The experiment was consist of five cultivars and
four number of irrigations.
 Design Split Plot Design
 Replication 3
 Plant to plant distance 24 cm
 Row to Row distance 36 cm
 Plot size 1 ha
 Fertilizer applied NPK @ 10 bags per
ha-1`

22. ParametersParameters
 Plant heightPlant height
 Leaves at harvestLeaves at harvest
 Cured leaves per kg-1Cured leaves per kg-1
 Leaf sizeLeaf size
 Days to maturityDays to maturity
 Yield ha-1Yield ha-1

23. RESULTSRESULTS

24. S. No Location
Cultivar
Disease incidence (%) Disease severity (%)
1 Koper
PVH-2310
4 1
2 Badraga
Speight-28
16 4
3 Pirsaddi
PVH-2310
0 0
4 Shahbatkheil
K-399
16 4
5 Raidan
PVH-50
8 2
6 Hossai
RGH-4
12 3
7 Takht bhai
K-399
8 2
8 Said Abad
PVH-50
0 0
9 Jamal Ghari
RGH-4
0 0
10 Ghalegay
Speight-28
8 2
Table 4.1. Prevalence of Black shank of tobacco in district Mardan

25. S. No Location Cultivar Disease incidence (%) Disease severity (%)
1 Shareef Abad
PVH-2310
4 1
2 Qadamey
Speight-28
12 3
3 Solanjer
PVH-2310
0 0
4 Kalu Dhair
K-399
12 3
5 Tolandey
PVH-50
8 2
6 Dagey
RGH-4
8 2
7 Yaqoobey
K-399
0 0
8 Dhobian
PVH-50
0 0
9 Ghazi Koat
RGH-4
0 0
10 Sara Cheena
Speight-28
8 2
Table.4.2 Prevalence of Black shank of tobacco disease in district Swabi

26. Varieties
Number of Irrigations
Mean
Seven Eight Nine Ten
PVH-2310 1 EF 0.6 EF 1.3 DEF 1 EF 1 C
PVH-50 1.3 DEF 1 EF 1 EF 1.6 CDE 1.2 C
RGH-4 1.6 CDE 1.3 DEF 1.6 CDE 2.3 ABC 1.7 B
K-399 2 BCD 1.6 CDE 1.6 CDE 2.6 AB 2 B
Speight G-28 2.6 AB 2.3 ABC 2 BCD 3 A 2.5 A
Mean 1.7 B 1.4 C 1.5 BC 2.1 A
Table 4.3 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on disease
severity as affected by black shank of tobacco.

27. Varieties
Number of Irrigations
Mean
Seven Eight Nine Ten
PVH-2310 147 158 152 151 152 a
PVH-50 148 154 152 151 151 a
RGH-4 147 153 151 150 151 a
K-399 146 151 150 148 149 b
Speight G-28 145 150 149 147 148 b
Mean 147 c 153 a 151 b 150 b
Table 4.4 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on
tobacco plant height (cm) as affected by black shank of tobacco.

28. Varieties
Number of Irrigations
Mean
Seven Eight Nine Ten
PVH-2310 27 ef 33 a 31 d 28 de 30 a
PVH-50 27 ef 31 b 30 bc 27 ef 29 b
RGH-4 27 ef 29 cd 28 de 28 de 28 c
K-399 25 g 29 cd 28 de 26 fg 27 d
Speight G-28 25 g 27 ef 27 ef 26 fg 26 e
Mean 26 d 30 a 29 b 27 c
Table 4.5 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on
number of leaves at harvest as affected by black shank of tobacco.

29. Varieties
Number of Irrigations
Mean
Seven Eight Nine Ten
PVH-2310 137 138 134 134 136 b
PVH-50 136 138 135 135 136 b
RGH-4 139 140 137 136 138 a
K-399 134 136 134 132 134 b
Speight G-28 135 137 133 133 135 c
Mean 136 b 138 a 135 c 134 d 136
Table 4.6 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on
number of cured leaves kg-1 as affected by black shank of tobacco.

30. Varieties
Number of Irrigations
Mean
Seven Eight Nine Ten
PVH-2310 975 1002 996 988 990 a
PVH-50 969 994 992 985 985 b
RGH-4 966 988 987 981 981 c
K-399 956 985 984 976 975 d
Speight G-28 951 d 982 a 976 b 970 c
Table 4.7 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on leaf
size (cm) as affected by black shank of tobacco.

31. Varieties
Number of Irrigations
Mean
Seven Eight Nine Ten
PVH-2310 82 84 86 87 85 d
PVH-50 83 85 87 88 86 cd
RGH-4 84 86 87 90 87 c
K-399 88 91 93 95 92 b
Speight G-28 90 93 96 97 94 a
Mean 85 d 88 c 90 d 91 a
Table 4.8 Effect of different tobacco cultivars and number of irrigations on days
to maturity as affected by black shank of tobacco.

32. CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

33.  Among the cultivars, PVH-2310 was foundAmong the cultivars, PVH-2310 was found
to be the most resistant to black shank ofto be the most resistant to black shank of
tobacco. It also performed better than othertobacco. It also performed better than other
cultivars in terms of yield ha-1, plant height,cultivars in terms of yield ha-1, plant height,
leaf size, leaves at harvest and minimumleaf size, leaves at harvest and minimum
days to maturity.days to maturity.
 Eight irrigations resulted in the lowestEight irrigations resulted in the lowest
disease severity and highest yield and yielddisease severity and highest yield and yield
components.components.

34. RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

35.  The combination of PVH-2310 and eightThe combination of PVH-2310 and eight
irrigations gave the lowest disease severityirrigations gave the lowest disease severity
and highest yield. Therefore this combinationand highest yield. Therefore this combination
is recommended for controlling the diseaseis recommended for controlling the disease
and obtaining the maximum yield.and obtaining the maximum yield.
 Other number of irrigations should also be testedOther number of irrigations should also be tested
including several other varieties of tobacco to findincluding several other varieties of tobacco to find
the most appropriate combination.the most appropriate combination.

36. THANKSTHANKS