The document provides an introduction to microprocessors. It defines a microprocessor as an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, providing computational control. It then discusses the key components of a microprocessor including the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit, registers, cache memory, bus interface, and address and data buses. The microprocessor reads instructions from memory, performs operations specified by those instructions on data, and stores results back to memory or outputs devices.

1. PRESENTATION
ON
INTRODUCTION TO
MICROPROCESSOR

2. WHAT IS
MICROPOCESSOR?

3. MICROPROCESSOR
Microprocessor is an electronic circuit that functions as
the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer,
providing computational control.
The Microprocessor, (or CPU), is the brain of the
computer.
A microprocessor is “a component that implements
memory.”
Microprocessor is the core of the system.

4. MICROPROCESSOR IMAGES

5. Operation Types in a Microprocessor
All of the operations of the microprocessor can be
classified into one of three types:
- Microprocessor Initiated Operations
- Internal Operations
- Peripheral Initiated Operations

6. Microprocessor Architecture
The Microprocessor can be programmed to perform
functions on given data by writing specific instructions
into its memory.
The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time,
matches it with its instruction set, and performs the
data manipulation specified.
The result is either stored back into memory or
displayed on an output device.

7. Necessary Tools For Microprocessor
CPU: Central Processing Unit
I/O: Input /Output
Bus: Address bus & Data bus
CU: Timing and Control Unit
Special And General Purpose Register
L1 & L2 Cache Memory
Bus Interface

8. Block Diagram Of Microprocessor

9. TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT
C.P.U is partitioned into A.L.U & C.U.
The function of control unit is to generate the relevant
timing & control signals to all operations in the
computer.
It controls the flow of the data between the processor &
memory & peripherals.

10. ARITHMETIC & LOGIC UNIT
An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a CPU that
carries out arithmetic and logic operations on
the operands in computer instruction words.
The ALU includes storage places for input operands,
operands that are being added, the accumulated result
(stored in an accumulator), and shifted results.
It performs arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, increment, decrement etc.
It also performs logical operations like AND, OR, X-OR,
Complement etc.

11. How ALU Works?

12. L1 & L2 Cache Memory
L1 and L2 are levels of cache memory in a
computer.
“Level-1" cache memory, usually built onto the
microprocessor chip itself.
L2 (that is, level-2) cache memory is on a
separate chip (possibly on an expansion card)
that can be accessed more quickly than the
larger "main" memory.

13. L1 & L2 Cache Memory

14. Special & General Purpose Register
General purpose registers can be used as either data or
address register.
There are 6 general purpose registers namely B, C, D, E,
H, L.
Each of them is a 8-bit registers.
They are used to hold data and results.
To hold 16 bit data, combination of two 8-bit registers
can be used.

15. BUS INTERFACE
The bus interface unit is the part of the processor that
interfaces with the rest of the PC.
It deals with moving information over the processor data
bus, the primary conduit for the transfer of information to
and from the CPU.
DATA BUS
The bus interface unit is responsible for responding to all
signals that go to the processor, and generating all signals
that go from the processor to other parts of the system.

16. DATA BUS
A collection of wires in which data is transmitted from
one computer to another external drive.
The data bus carries digital information.
The data bus is connected to the inputs of several gates
and to the outputs of several gates.
This is also called bi-directional bus because information
may flow on the bus wires in both directions.

17. ADDRESS BUS
An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines
connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify
a physical address.
The width of the address bus determines the amount of
memory a system can address.
It transfers the address of the location.
It is called uni-directional because it transfers address
from C.P.U to memory only.

18. DATA BUS & ADDRESS BUS

19. Address Bus Memory Capacity Chart
Address Bus Size Maximum RAM
20 bits 1MB
24 bits 16MB
32 bits 4GB
36 bits 64GB
40 bits 1TB
44 bits 16TB

20. THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY:
RAVISHA SETHI