Gender, politics, and social networks: Tracking the 2014 elections on Twitter
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The 2014 elections offer a last chance to evaluate discourse about female politicians before the 2016 presidential campaign. Building on gender bias literature, we assess the differences in network attributes of male and female candidates. Results show that when a woman runs against a man, the conversation revolves around her. Female candidates are both more central and more replied to. Findings suggest that there is still something unique about a campaign with a woman.
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Gender, politics, and social networks: Tracking the 2014 elections on Twitter
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Notas do Editor
- We argue that network structure is deeply important, as the public’s increasingly mediated interaction with politics often takes places inside (social) networks, like Twitter. Understanding the power differential between male and female candidates, relative to their position in the discussion network about them, offers a novel measure of public opinion and the strength of underlying stereotypes. Research into this bias has examined three areas: media coverage, voter perceptions, and candidate strategy
- For all the research on gender bias in electoral politics, it is possible that gender no longer exhibits strong effects on media coverage or public opinion, and thus candidate strategies. The uniqueness of campaigns with women materializes in media coverage, public opinion, candidate’s campaign strategy – and, as we hypothesize, in online discussion network characteristics. Because of this, we study aspects of the relational effects of gender – opponent gender and dyad type. the way online publics interact with media and political actors to construct discourse about candidates. Are there differences in the network attributes of male and female candidates?
- RQ1: Are female candidates more or less central to the Twitter conversation about their 2014 election run than their male counterparts? RQ2: Are female candidates more or less central to the Twitter conversation about their opponents’ 2014 election run than their male counterparts? H1female candidates are less likely to be influential to the Twitter conversation about them than their male counterparts (H1). (H2). female candidates will receive more replies in their Twitter network than their male counterparts In the literature, three types of “relation effects” are identified: candidate characteristics, public opinion characteristics and opposition characteristics. Candidate characteristics refer to the interplay between gender and incumbency status, party and competitiveness of the race (Dolan, 2014; Author, 2015a). Public opinion refers to the interplay between gender and the general importance/relevance of “women’s issues” during that race (Iyengar et al., 1996). Finally, opposition characteristics refer to the gender of the opponent candidate. In this paper, we aim to unravel the effects of “opposition characteristics,” as they intermingle with gender, to predict differences in network characteristics.
- We found that when women ran against men, the female candidate was more central to the conversation about themselves and their male opponent, but this effect disappeared when women opposed women. When men ran against other men, they had the highest network share suggesting that, in male/male races, the public had less to say about the election, allowing the candidate himself to control more of the rhetoric inside the network.
- There are two ways to understand these findings. First, women’s power via centrality could present an optimistic picture regarding the bias of online political discussion. Here, we found that women were more connected to powerful people and were talked about the most. Second, our findings on network share could be viewed more negatively in regards to bias, as they suggest that men hold a different measure of power: they control the rhetoric of the discussion about them.
- This paper contributes to the literature by analyzing the role of gender, in conjunction with other political and contextual variables, in building the network structures that support and shape online political discussion. Our examination of the 2014 elections is warranted as they offer the last chance to evaluate the progress of discourse about female politicians before 2016, when it is likely that Hillary Clinton will be the first female major party candidate for president.