1. Psychology in leadership

2. Psychological Factors in Sport
Activity – Pair activity
Write why you think it is important to understand
psychological factors when leading a sporting
activity or being a sports leader.
Be prepared to present your findings to the class

3. Social loafing

4. What is meant by the term
‘social loafing’?

5. If I was pulling a rope?

6. Case of the rope pulling contest
• Rope Pulling:
– As you add more and more people to a group
pulling on a rope, the total force exerted by the
group rose, but the average force exerted by each
group member declined. (Ringlemann)

7. Social Loafing
BASIC PRINCIPLE
The larger the number of individuals whose
work is combined on a group task, the smaller
is each individual’s contribution.

8. Social Loafing
• Ringelmann
70 Expected performance
(1913, 1927) observed
that men pulling on a 60
Force per person (kg)
rope attached to a 50
dynamometer exerted 40
less force in proportion
30
to the number of people Actual performance
20
in the group:
10
The Ringelmann effect
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Group size (persons)

9. Development of Team Cohesion
Discussion Activity
How could we ensure that we reduce the
Riglemann effect as much as possible during
the coaching of our sporting activities.

10. Team dynamics and cohesion

11. Cohesion
Flipchart – group activity
You have been named head coach a sports team in
the college (your choice)
What measures are you going to put in place to
encourage cohesion.
Present your findings to the class

12. Team Dynamics
• A group is two or more people
• A group has a collective identity and a sense
of shared purpose, mutual awareness
• Successful groups has a strong collective
identify.
• They socialise, share ambitions and goals
• They have good communication, value
everyone's input

14. Social or task

15. Cohesion
Pair activity
What do you think influences Group
cohesion?
In pairs record your answers and be prepared
to answer questions

16. Group development
• Stability - Cohesion develops the longer a group is together
with the same members
• Similarity- Cohesion develops when the more similar the
group members are in terms of age, sex, skills and attitudes
• Size - Cohesion develops more quickly in small groups
• Support - Cohesive teams tend to have managers and coaches
who provide support to team members and encourage them
to support one another
• Satisfaction- Cohesion is associated with the extent to which
team members are pleased with each others
performance, behaviour and conformity to the norms of the
team

17. Group formation

18. Talent or blend
• Michael Jordan – “Talent wins games, but
teamwork championships”
• Talented teams – playing poorly
• Less talented teams - succeed

19. Can you name any successful teams?

21. What made these teams successful?
Open your envelops
Divide the contents up between the group
Join the pieces together to compete the text

22. In completing the task, did you?
• A common vision
• Clear and definite goals which go hand-in-hand with this
vision
• Members who share their understanding of strategy and
tactics
• Great inner discipline (meaning they act professionally
together)
• Players with characteristics which complement each other
• A good division of roles among the players, with all members
treated equally
• Players who put the common good before their own interests
• Players who take responsibility for the whole team, with
everyone accepting mistakes as long as people do their best.

23. What's the different between a group and a
team?

24. Team or Group?
• Complex definitions
• badminton class, karate club or exercise class
as a “group”?
• groups of people who play soccer or volleyball
as a “team”?
• A collection of people are not necessarily a
group and a group is not necessarily a team

25. How a group becomes a team
• Evolutionary process
• Teams are constantly changing and developing
• Groups go through four stages of
development (Tuckman, 1965)
• Vary in duration and sequence for different
groups

26. Cohesion
Card sorting activity – Groupwork
Look at a Tuckman’s stages of group
development and sort out the order in which
they should be ranked.
Be prepared to justify your choice

27. Four stages of development
Forming Storming Norming Performing

28. Forming
• 1st stage
• Where members become familiar with other
members
• Team engages in social comparisons, assessing
each others strengths and weaknesses
• Individuals also try to determine if they belong
to the group

29. Storming
• 2nd stage
• Characterised by:
– resistance to the leader,
– resistance to control by the group
– interpersonal conflict
• Occurs when there is a established
• Infighting can occur
• Relieving stress will help

30. Norming
• 3rd stages
• Conflicts are resolved and a sense of unity
forms
• Athletes work together to reach a common
goal
• Group cohesion occurs at this stage

31. Cohesion
• “the total field of forces which act on
members to remain in the group” (Festinger et
al, 1950)
• Many definitions
• Cohesion comprises of:
– Task cohesion
– Social cohesion
• Explains how teams overcome conflict to
succeed (Carron, 1992)

32. Performing
• Final stage
• Channel energies for team success
• The team focuses on problem solving
• Roles are well defined
• Team members respect and encourage
accomplishments