Here is a draft introduction for the research proposal on using RFID to monitor elephants in Kelantan's forests: The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population in Malaysia has declined significantly over the past decades due to habitat loss and human-elephant conflict. The state of Kelantan contains one of the last remaining elephant habitats in Peninsular Malaysia, yet little is known about the elephants' movements and behaviors within the forests. This research proposes using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to monitor the elephant population in Kelantan non-invasively. RFID tags will be attached to collars fitted on 20 elephants in Taman Negara National Park, one of the largest protected areas for elephants in Kelantan. The tags

1. JOURNAL READINGJOURNAL READING

2. Research paperResearch paper
 AbstractAbstract
 IntroductionIntroduction
 MethodMethod
 ResultResult
 DiscussionDiscussion
 ReferencesReferences

3. Sample of law journalSample of law journal
The orthodox view has it that the explanation must begin inThe orthodox view has it that the explanation must begin in
nonnormative elucidation of what is legally significant in legal practicenonnormative elucidation of what is legally significant in legal practice
and why, by the lights of the practice itself. From that “legal point ofand why, by the lights of the practice itself. From that “legal point of
view” we notice that the practice assigns to some of aspects ofview” we notice that the practice assigns to some of aspects of
Itself – institutional directives – a certain kind of binding force. TheItself – institutional directives – a certain kind of binding force. The
unqualified normative question of why those parts of the practice shouldunqualified normative question of why those parts of the practice should
have the contemplated role comes last, and concerns whether the law inhave the contemplated role comes last, and concerns whether the law in
fact has the force it claims for itself – whether the law so understoodfact has the force it claims for itself – whether the law so understood
ought to be obeyed. Interpretivism, by contrast, begins by rejecting theought to be obeyed. Interpretivism, by contrast, begins by rejecting the
claim that nonnormative elucidation of the point of view of the practiceclaim that nonnormative elucidation of the point of view of the practice
determines the correct explanation of the legal relevance of institutionaldetermines the correct explanation of the legal relevance of institutional
practice.practice.

4. Sample of science journalSample of science journal
Of all the outcomes of cannabis prohibition, none is asOf all the outcomes of cannabis prohibition, none is as
disastrous as the deprivation of medicinal marijuana todisastrous as the deprivation of medicinal marijuana to
the many patients who could gain from its therapeuticthe many patients who could gain from its therapeutic
value. A recent research showed that medical marijuanavalue. A recent research showed that medical marijuana
has established result in the medication of nausea,has established result in the medication of nausea,
premenstrual syndrome, lack of appetite, vomiting,premenstrual syndrome, lack of appetite, vomiting,
unintentional weight loss and insomnia. Otherunintentional weight loss and insomnia. Other
established effects could be made use of in theestablished effects could be made use of in the
treatment of conditions which are extremely painfultreatment of conditions which are extremely painful
especially neurogenic pain, asthma, glaucoma, andespecially neurogenic pain, asthma, glaucoma, and
movement disorders. Research has also found out thatmovement disorders. Research has also found out that
medical marijuana can be utilized to alleviate somemedical marijuana can be utilized to alleviate some
symptoms of multiple sclerosis and injuries of the spinalsymptoms of multiple sclerosis and injuries of the spinal
cord; by showing spasmolytic and muscle-relaxantcord; by showing spasmolytic and muscle-relaxant
characteristics as well as arousing appetite.characteristics as well as arousing appetite.

5. ABSTRACTABSTRACT
An abstract summarizes, in one paragraph (usually), the majorAn abstract summarizes, in one paragraph (usually), the major
aspects of the entire paper in the following prescribedaspects of the entire paper in the following prescribed
sequence:sequence:
 thethe question(s) you investigatedquestion(s) you investigated (or purpose), ((or purpose), (fromfrom
IntroductionIntroduction))
– state the purpose very clearly in the first or secondstate the purpose very clearly in the first or second
sentence.sentence.
 thethe experimental designexperimental design andand methodsmethods used, (used, (fromfrom
MethodsMethods))
– clearly express the basic design of the study.clearly express the basic design of the study.
– name or briefly describe the basic methodology usedname or briefly describe the basic methodology used
without going into excessive detail-be sure to indicate thewithout going into excessive detail-be sure to indicate the
key techniques used.key techniques used.

6.  thethe major findingsmajor findings includingincluding key quantitativekey quantitative
resultsresults, or, or trendstrends ((fromfrom ResultsResults))
– report those results which answer the questionsreport those results which answer the questions
you were askingyou were asking
– identify trends, relative change or differences, etc.identify trends, relative change or differences, etc.
 a brief summary of youra brief summary of your interpetationsinterpetations andand
conclusionsconclusions. (from. (from DiscussionDiscussion))
– clearly state the implications of the answers yourclearly state the implications of the answers your
results gave you.results gave you.

7. How do you know when you haveHow do you know when you have
enough information in yourenough information in your
Abstract?Abstract?
A simple rule-of-thumb is to imagine thatA simple rule-of-thumb is to imagine that
you are another researcher doing an studyyou are another researcher doing an study
similar to the one you are reporting. If yoursimilar to the one you are reporting. If your
Abstract was the only part of the paperAbstract was the only part of the paper
you could access, would you be happyyou could access, would you be happy
with the information presented there?with the information presented there?

8. The Abstract is ONLY text. Use the active voice whenThe Abstract is ONLY text. Use the active voice when
possible, but much of it may require passivepossible, but much of it may require passive
constructions. Write your Abstract using concise, butconstructions. Write your Abstract using concise, but
complete, sentences, and get to the point quickly.complete, sentences, and get to the point quickly. UseUse
past tensepast tense. Maximum length should be 200-300 words,. Maximum length should be 200-300 words,
usually in a single paragraph.usually in a single paragraph.
The AbstractThe Abstract SHOULD NOTSHOULD NOT contain:contain:
 lengthy background information,lengthy background information,
 references to other literature,references to other literature,
 elliptical (i.e., ending with ...) or incomplete sentences,elliptical (i.e., ending with ...) or incomplete sentences,
 abbreviations or terms that may be confusing to readers,abbreviations or terms that may be confusing to readers,
 any sort of illustration, figure, or table, or references toany sort of illustration, figure, or table, or references to
them.them.

9. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
 Establish the context of the work being reported.Establish the context of the work being reported.
This is accomplished by discussing the relevantThis is accomplished by discussing the relevant
primary research literatureprimary research literature (with(with citationscitations) and) and
summarizing our current understanding of thesummarizing our current understanding of the
problem you are investigating;problem you are investigating;
 State the purposeState the purpose of the work in the form of theof the work in the form of the
hypothesis, question, or problem youhypothesis, question, or problem you
investigated; and,investigated; and,
 Briefly explain your rationale and approach and,Briefly explain your rationale and approach and,
whenever possible, the possible outcomes yourwhenever possible, the possible outcomes your
study can reveal.study can reveal.

10. How to write an introduction?How to write an introduction?
 Begin your Introduction by clearlyBegin your Introduction by clearly
identifying the subject area of interestidentifying the subject area of interest
Do this by usingDo this by using key wordskey words from your Title in thefrom your Title in the
first few sentences of the Introduction to get itfirst few sentences of the Introduction to get it
focused directly on topic at the appropriate level.focused directly on topic at the appropriate level.
This insures that you get to the primary subjectThis insures that you get to the primary subject
matter quickly without losing focus, or discussingmatter quickly without losing focus, or discussing
information that is too general.information that is too general.

11.  Establish theEstablish the contextcontext by providing a briefby providing a brief
and balanced review of the pertinentand balanced review of the pertinent
published literature that is available onpublished literature that is available on
the subjectthe subject
The key is to summarize (for the reader) whatThe key is to summarize (for the reader) what
we knew about the specific problemwe knew about the specific problem beforebefore youyou
did your experiments or studies. This isdid your experiments or studies. This is
accomplished with a general review of theaccomplished with a general review of the
primary research literatureprimary research literature (with citations) but(with citations) but
should not include very specific, lengthyshould not include very specific, lengthy
explanations that you will probably discuss inexplanations that you will probably discuss in
greater detail later in the Discussion. Thegreater detail later in the Discussion. The
judgment of what is general or specific is difficultjudgment of what is general or specific is difficult
at first, but with practice and reading of theat first, but with practice and reading of the
scientific literature you will develop e firmerscientific literature you will develop e firmer
sense of your audience.sense of your audience.

12. TaskTask
 Write an introduction to a scientificWrite an introduction to a scientific
research proposal:research proposal:
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) inRadio Frequency Identification (RFID) in
monitoring Elephas Maximus in the statemonitoring Elephas Maximus in the state
of Kelantan’s forests.of Kelantan’s forests.

13.  What is the problem?What is the problem?
 How are you going to set up the procedure ofHow are you going to set up the procedure of
tagging all Elephas maximus? Where?tagging all Elephas maximus? Where?
 How many Elephas will be tagged?How many Elephas will be tagged?
 What are the method that can possibly be usedWhat are the method that can possibly be used
to monitor the tag?to monitor the tag?
 What are the advantages or limitation of the tag?What are the advantages or limitation of the tag?
 Why the research / the studies is very importantWhy the research / the studies is very important