Grade 10th Social Science- Geography 6. Manufacturing Industries Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing. The manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development due to the following reasons: Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture as it provides jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. It helps in the eradication of unemployment and poverty. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange. It helps in prospering the country by giving a boost to the economy.

1. GRADE – 10 SOCIAL
SCIENCE- GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER - 6
MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
By: Navya Rai

2. INTRODUCTION
 Production of goods in large quantities
after processing from raw materials to
more valuable products is called
manufacturing.
 Examples
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Sugar Sugarcane
Paper Wood
Steel Iron ore

3. IMPORTANCE OF INDUSTRIES
The manufacturing sector is
considered the backbone of
development due to the following
reasons:
1. Manufacturing industries help in
modernising agriculture as it provides
jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
2. It helps in the eradication of
unemployment and poverty.
3. Export of manufactured goods
expands trade and commerce, and
brings in much needed foreign
exchange.
4. It helps in prospering the country by
giving a boost to the economy.
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4. CONTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY TO
NATIONAL ECONOMY
 Industry - 27 percent
 The trend of growth rate in
manufacturing over the last
decade has been around 17 per
cent.
 10 percent for mining, quarrying ,
electricity and gas.
 East Asian Economy – 25 to 35
percent.
 The National Manufacturing
Competitiveness Council (NMCC)
has been set up for improve
manufacturing in India.
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5. INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
Industrial locations are influenced by the
availability of following
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Raw
material
Capital
Power
Government
Policies
Market
Labour

6. INDUSTRY- MARKET LINKAGE
 Manufacturing
activity tends to
locate at the
most
appropriate
place where all
the factors of
industrial
location are
either available
or can be
arranged at a
lower cost. The
figure in the
left shows the
industry
market linkage.
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Factory
Outputs
Transport
Market
Transport
Input
Money

7. IDEAL LOCATION OF AN INDUSTRY
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Cost of
obtaining raw
materials at
site
Cost of
production
at site
Cost of
distribution
of production
Decision to
locate factory
at site

8. CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRY
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Industries
On the basis
of raw
material
On the basis
of size
On the Basis
of ownership
Agro based Industries
Mineral based Industries
Marine based
Forest based
Small Scale
Large Scale
Public Sector
Private Sector
Joint Sector
Cooperative Sector
Basic Industries
Consumer Industries
On the basis
of main role

9. AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
Cotton, jute, silk, woollen textiles, sugar and
edible oil, etc. industries are based on
agricultural raw materials. Let’s know about
each of them, one by one.
Textile Industry
It is the only industry in India, which is self-
reliant and complete in the value chain i.e.,
from raw material to the highest value added
products.
It contributes to industrial production,
employment generation and foreign exchange
earnings.
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The first
successful textile
mill was set up in
Mumbai 1859

10. VALUE ADDITION IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
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Raw
material
Spinning
Weaving
Knitting
Dyeing
Finishing
Designing Retailing
Yarn
Finished
Fabric
Final
Consumer
Fibre Grey
Fabric
Garment
Cotton Textiles
This industry has close links with
agriculture and provides a living to
farmers, cotton boll pluckers and
workers engaged in ginning,
spinning, weaving, dyeing,
designing, packaging, tailoring and
sewing.
It supports many other industries,
such as, chemicals and dyes,
packaging materials and
engineering works.

11. KKK
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12. JUTE TEXTILES
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute
goods. Most of the mills are located in West
Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli river.
National Jute Policy in 2005
1. To increase demand
2. To increase productivity
3. To improve quality
4. To ensure good prices
5. To enhance yield per hectare
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The first jute
mill set up near
Kolkata in 1855
at Rishra

13. SUGAR INDUSTRY
 India stands second as a world
producer of sugar but occupies
the first place in the production
of Gur and Khandsari.
 Problems faced by Sugar Indstry
1. This industry is seasonal in nature.
2. Old and inefficient method of production
3. Transport delay in reaching sugarcane to
factory
4. Need to maximize the use of baggase.
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14. MINERAL BASED INDUSTRY
 Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials
are called mineral-based industries.
Process of manufacture steel
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Transport of
raw material
to plant
Blast Furnace
Iron ore is melted. Lime
stone is fluxing material
which is added. Slag is
removed. Coke is burnt
to heat the ore
Pig Iron
Molten
materials pored
into moulds
called pigs
Steel Making
Pig iron is further
purified by melting and
oxidizing the impurities.
Manganese , nickel,
chromium are added
Shaping Metal
Rolling,
pressing, casting
and forging

15. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
Iron and steel is the basic industry as all the other
industries – heavy, medium and light, depend on it
for their machinery.
lt is considered as a heavy industry because all the
raw materials, as well as finished goods, are heavy
and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.
Problems in Iron and steel Indstry
1. High costs and limited availability
of coking coal
2. Lower productivity of labour
3. Irregular supply of energy
4. Poor infrastructure.
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17. ALUMINIUM SMELTING
Aluminium Smelting is the second most important
metallurgical industry in India.
 It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
Bauxite is the raw material used in the smelters.
Aluminium Smelting has gained popularity as a substitute
for steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of industries.
 It exhibits the following properties:
1. Light in weight
2. Resistant to corrosion
3. A good conductor of heat
4. Malleable
5. Becomes strong when it is
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18. PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING IN ALUMINIUM
INDUSTRY
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Final Products
4 to 6 tonnes of
bauxite
2 tonnes of
Alumina
1 tonne of
Aluminium

19. CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
The Chemical industry comprises
both large and small scale
manufacturing units.
 Rapid growth has been recorded
in both inorganic and organic
sectors.
Inorganic chemicals include
sulphuric acid nitric acid,
alkalies, soda ash and caustic
soda.
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20. PROCESS IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
 Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which
are used for manufacturing synthetic fibers,
synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and
pharmaceuticals.
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Raw
material
Distillation Cooling Refining
SeparationProcessingProduct

21. FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
The fertilizer industries are
centred around the
production of nitrogenous
fertilizers (mainly urea),
phosphatic fertilizers and
ammonium phosphate (DAP)
and complex fertilizers
which have a combination of
nitrogen (N), phosphate (P),
and potash (K).
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala
contribute towards half of
the fertilizer production.
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22. CEMENT INDUSTRY
Cement is essential for construction
activity such as building houses,
factories, bridges, roads, airports,
dams and for other commercial
establishments.
This industry requires bulky and
heavy raw materials like limestone,
silica and gypsum.
Process in cement Industry
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Limestone
Blending
Clay
Kiln
Clinker
store
Cement
mill
The first
cement plant
was set up in
Chennai in
1904

23. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
This industry deals with the manufacturing of
trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, scooters,
three-wheelers and multi-utility vehicles.
These industries are located around Delhi,
Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata,
Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and
Bengaluru.
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24. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND
ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
The electronics industry covers
a wide range of products from
transistor sets to television,
telephones, cellular telecom,
telephone exchange, radars,
computers and many other
equipment required by the
telecommunication industry.
This industry has generated
employment in India.
Bengaluru is known as the
electronic capital of India.
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26. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Industries are responsible for 4 types of pollution:
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Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Land Pollution
Noise Pollution

27. AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is caused by the
presence of a high proportion of
undesirable gases, such as sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide.
Smoke is emitted by chemical and
paper factories, brick kilns,
refineries and smelting plants,
and burning of fossil fuels leads to
air pollution.
It adversely affects human health,
animals, plants, buildings and the
atmosphere as a whole.
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28. WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution is caused by
organic and inorganic
industrial wastes and effluents
discharged into rivers.
The industries which are
mainly responsible for water
pollution are paper, pulp,
chemical, textile and dyeing,
petroleum refineries,
tanneries and electroplating
industries.
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29. THERMAL POLLUTION
Thermal pollution of water
occurs when hot water from
factories and thermal plants is
drained into rivers and ponds
before cooling.
Wastes from nuclear power
plants, nuclear and weapon
production facilities cause
cancers, birth defects and
miscarriages.
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30. NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution is the
propagation of noise with
harmful impact on the activity
of human or animal life.
It results in irritation, anger,
cause hearing impairment,
increased heart rate and blood
pressure.
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31. CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION
 Here are some ways through which industrial pollution can
be reduced:
1. Minimising the use of water by reusing and recycling it.
2. Harvesting rainwater to meet water requirements.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in
rivers and ponds.
4. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting
smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators,
fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
5. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in
factories.
6. Machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency
and reduce noise.
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32. NTPC – NATIONAL THERMAL POWER
CORPORATION
NTPC is major power providing corporation in
India.
It has ISO certification for EMS (Environmental
Management System)
The corporation proactive for preserve natural
environment
A Public sector undertaking (PSU) established
in 1975.
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33. By : Navya Rai
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