Recombinant DNA Technology, Forensic DNA Analysis and Human Genome Project

2. INTRODUCTION
Recombinant DNA technology: is series of procedure
used to join together DNA fragments of different cells
to produce new genetic composition that have
value to human kind.
It is a technology that was
engineered by Stanley
Norman 1973.
But it was the discovery of restriction endonuclease
, that leads to the development of recombinant
DNA technology.

3. Restriction Endonuclease(RE)
Is an enzyme that cuts
DNA strands at specific
recognition site.
For the first time RE
HindII discovered in 1970
by Daniel Nathan
and his colleagues.
Now a days there are more
than 3000 RE used for DNA
modification &manipulation.

4. How recombinant DNA created
DNA isolation
DNA sort out
Incorporation in to vector
Transformation into the host
Gene expression

5. Vectors
Bactriophage
Cosmid
plasmid

6. Application of DNA recombinant technology
Forensic analysis Agricultural
Organ
transplant
Diagnosis of genetic
diseaseHuman Genome
Project

7. Forensic DNA Analysis
Identifying victim and suspect by matching
genetic Samples with DNA database.
The idea first raised by sir Alec Jeffreys in 1984.
For the first time forensic DNA analysis is used in the
case of Collin pitchfork accusation for murder and
sexual assault in British 1986.

8. Crime scene investigator create DNA profile
by: Identify source of evidence from
Teeth
Sperm cell
Bones
blood
Hair follicle

9. some of DNA sample processing & techniques
Mitochondrial DNA analysis
Y- chromosome analysis
RFLP STR

10. Some Advantages of forensic DNA analysis
Crime investigation
Wildlife conservation
Parental test
Organ transplantation
Identification of pollution
Authentication

11. HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
A Project with an objectives of characterizing
human genetic material by determining the complete
sequence of DNA in the human genome.
The program first launched by U.S. Department of Energy
and the National Institutes of Health, Later on it was run
by both public and private sectors of international
consortium and Celera respectively, resulting the first draft
human genome sequence in 2001.

12. Goal of HGP
Identify all the approximate 30,000 genes in
human DNA.
Determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base
pairs that make up human DNA.
Store this information in databases.
Improve tools for data analysis.
Transfer related technologies to the private sector.
Address the ethical, legal, and social issues that may
arise from the project.

13. RESULTS OF HGP
There is no scientific basis for racial distinction and
at the DNA level all people are 99.9 % alike.
The mutation speed is two times faster in men than in
women.
paradigm change from one gene one protein to one gene
multiple protein.
Fewer genes than expected, approx 31,000 Earlier
estimates started at 100,000 genes.
More than 200 human genes are originally from bacteria
these homologues don’t occur in fruit flies, roundworms or
yeast.

14. comparative genomics
organism Genome
bp
human 3500,000,000
Mouse 300,000,000
drosophila 170,000,000
round worm 110,000,000
Yeast 15,000,000
plant 100,000,000

15. Some Advantages of HGP
Pharmacogenomics
Genetic predispositions to disease
Microbial BiofuelEvolution and Human Migration

16. Some Disadvantages of HGP
Confidentiality.
Discrimination.
Issue of patent.
Widening the gap between the rich and poor.

17. CONCLUSION
Recombinant DNA technology lends itself to the
world of medicine in a number of ways.
The most exiting application was mapping and
sequencing of the human genome which is under
taken by HGP.
This technology also involved in forensic science
in investing criminal offence to find evidence that
will indicate who the criminals are and bring justice.

18. THANK YOU