2. Literature is the expression of
life in words of truth and beauty.
It is the written record of man’s
spirit, his emotions, thoughts
and aspirations. It is the history
and only history of the human
soul.
Wordsworth

3.  derived from the
Latin term litera – letter
French phrase belles-letters – beautiful
writing

4.  is anything that is printed, as long as it is
related to the ideas and feelings of
people, whether it is true, or just a product of
one’s imagination (Webster)
 is the story of man, for it deals with the
ideas, thoughts and emotions of man
(Kahayon, 1998)
 mirror of life
 sister of history

5. (Garcia, 1993) Great literature is distinguishable
by the following qualities:
 ARTISTRY
 INTELLECTUALVALUE
 SUGGESTIVENESS
 SPIRITUALVALUE
 PERMANENCE
 UNIVERSALITY

6. PROSE POETRY
FORM Written in
paragraph form
Written in stanza or
verse form
LANGUAGE Expressed in
ordinary form
Expressed in
metrical, rhythmical
and figurative
language
APPEAL To the intellect To the emotion
AIM To convince,
instruct, imitate and
reflect
Stir the imagination
and set an idea of
how life should be

8.  This is a long narrative divided into chapters
 The events are taken from true-to-life stories
and spans a long period of time.
 There are many characters involved.
 Examples:
Without Seeing the Dawn by Stevan Javellana
Dekada 70 by Lualhati Bautista

9.  This is a narrative involving one or more
characters , one plot and one single
impression.
 Examples:
The Laughter of My Father by Carlos Bulosan
Dead Stars by Paz Marquez-Benitez
How My Brother Leon Brought Home aWife
by Manuel E. Arguilla

10.  This is presented on stage, is divided into acts
and each act has many scenes.
 Examples:
Three Rats byWilfredo Ma. Guerrero
Cadaver by Alberto S. Florentino
Sa Pula, Sa Puti by Rodrigo Francisco

11.  These are fictitious narratives, usually about
origins.
 Examples:
Legend of the Mermaid
Legend ofTagaytay

12.  These are fictitious narratives which deal with
animals and inanimate things who speak and
act like people.
 Have morals or lessons
 Examples:
The Monkey and theTurtle
TheTwo Cats and the Monkey

13.  This is a short entertaining account about an
amusing or interesting event or person.
 Its main aim is to bring out lessons to the
reader.
 Example:
The Moth and the Lamp

14.  A short literary composition which is
expository in nature.
 The author shares some of his thoughts,
feelings, experiences or observations on
some aspects of life that has interested him.

15.  This is an account of a certain person’s life
written by another.
 AUTOBIOGRAPHY – a written account of
man’s life written by himself

16.  This is a report of everyday events in
society, government, science and industry
(local, national, international).

17.  This is a formal treatment of a subject and is
intended to be spoken in public.
 It appeals to the intellect, to the will or to the
emotions of the audience.

19.  A form of poetry which describes
important events in life, either real or
imaginary.
 A poem that tells a story.

20.  This is an extended narrative poem about
heroic exploits often under supernatural
control.
 It may deal with heroes and gods.
 Two Kinds:
1. ANCIENT/POPULAR EPIC – often
without a definite author and is of slow
growth
2. LITERARY/MODERN EPIC – with a
definite author

21.  A narrative poem consisting usually of a
single series of connective events that are
simple, and generally do not form a plot.
 Examples of these are simple idylls or home
tales, love tales, tales of the supernatural or
tales written for a strong moral purpose in
verse form.

22.  A narrative poem that tells a story of
adventure, love and chivalry.
 The typical hero is knight on a quest.

23.  Considered the shortest and simplest type of
narrative poetry.
 It has a simple structure and tells of a single
incident.
 It is intended to be sung.
 Variations: love
ballads, humorous, moral, historical or
mythical ballads.

24.  Originally refers to that kind of poetry
meant to be sung to the accompaniment
of a lyre.
 Now, it applies to any type of poetry that
expresses emotions and feelings of the
poet.
 It is usually short, simple and easy to
understand.

25.  A lyric poem of some length (no definite
number of syllables or of lines in a
stanza), serious in subject and dignified in
style.
 It is most majestic of the lyric poems.
 It is written in a spirit of praise of some
persons or things.

26.  A lyric poem which expresses feelings of grief
and melancholy, and whose theme is death.

27.  A lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with an
emotion, a feeling, or an idea.

28.  These are short poems intended to be sung.
 The common theme is love, despair, grief,
doubt, joy, hope and sorrow.

29.  Have measures of twelve syllables
(dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the
accompaniment o a guitar or banduria.
 Example: Florante at Laura

30.  Have measures of eight syllables
(octosyllabic) and recited to a martial beat.
 Example: Ibong Adarna

31.  A song praising God or the Virgin Mary and
containing a philosophy of life.

33.  Comes from the Greek term Komos meaning
festivity or revelry.
 This form is usually light and written with the
purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy
ending.

34.  This is usually used in musical plays with the
opera.
 Today, this is related to tragedy just as the
farce is to comedy.
 It arouses immediate and intense emotion
and is usually sad, but there is a happy ending
for the principal character.

35.  This involves the hero struggling mightily
against dynamic forces; he meets death or
ruin without success and satisfaction.

36.  This is an exaggerated comedy.
 It seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines;
situations are too ridiculous to be true; the
characters seem to be caricatures and the
motives undignified and absurd.

37.  This form is either purely comic or tragic and
it pictures the life of today.
 It may aim to bring about changes in the
social conditions.