1. HUMAN TAFFICKINGHUMAN TAFFICKING
””

2.  Human trafficking is a complex issue, Because the problemHuman trafficking is a complex issue, Because the problem
of human trafficking is also connected to issue such asof human trafficking is also connected to issue such as
immigration law, labor law, and the commercial seximmigration law, labor law, and the commercial sex
industry, human trafficking is often confused with theseindustry, human trafficking is often confused with these
other issues. Also, misconception and misinformationother issues. Also, misconception and misinformation
about human trafficking makes defining human traffickingabout human trafficking makes defining human trafficking
all the more difficult , but all the more important. So even ifall the more difficult , but all the more important. So even if
you know some information about human trafficking, youyou know some information about human trafficking, you
probably still have questions,probably still have questions,
 Questions like……Questions like……
 What?What?
 Where?Where?
 Who?Who?
 How?How?
 When?When?

3. Dictionary definition ofDictionary definition of
trafficking-trafficking-
“An illegal trade in a“An illegal trade in a
commodity”commodity”

4.  What is Human Trafficking?What is Human Trafficking?
 Human Trafficking is the transportation of persons by means ofHuman Trafficking is the transportation of persons by means of
threat or use of force for the purpose of exploitation.threat or use of force for the purpose of exploitation.11
 Human trafficking is:Human trafficking is:
- Form of modern-day slavery- Form of modern-day slavery
- Victims o0f trafficking exploited for commercial sex or labor purpose- Victims o0f trafficking exploited for commercial sex or labor purpose
- trafficker use force, fraud or coercion to achieve exploitation.- trafficker use force, fraud or coercion to achieve exploitation.
-Often involve crossing an international border but does not require moving a-Often involve crossing an international border but does not require moving a
victim.victim.
-Trafficking of human being is their trade or commercial dealing-Trafficking of human being is their trade or commercial dealing

5.  Human trafficking-third most profitableHuman trafficking-third most profitable
illicit trade after that of arms and drugs,illicit trade after that of arms and drugs,
and it is the fastest growingand it is the fastest growing
Compare to drug or arms salesCompare to drug or arms sales
- Is more profitableIs more profitable
- Produce continues profitProduce continues profit
- Involve less riskInvolve less risk

6. Human Trafficking: What Is It?Human Trafficking: What Is It?
Sex TraffickingSex Trafficking:: Commercial sexCommercial sex act induced byact induced by
force, fraud or coercion, or in which personforce, fraud or coercion, or in which person
performing the act is under age 18.performing the act is under age 18.
 Victims can be found working in massage parlors,Victims can be found working in massage parlors,
brothels, strip clubs, escort servicesbrothels, strip clubs, escort services
Labor TraffickingLabor Trafficking:: Using force, fraud or coercionUsing force, fraud or coercion
to recruit, harbor, transport, obtain or employ ato recruit, harbor, transport, obtain or employ a
person for labor or services inperson for labor or services in involuntaryinvoluntary
servitudeservitude,, peonagepeonage,, debt bondagedebt bondage oror slaveryslavery

8. Human Trafficking as a GlobalHuman Trafficking as a Global
IssueIssue
 Over 2 million people are trafficked perOver 2 million people are trafficked per
year.year.2424
 Currently an estimated 27 million peopleCurrently an estimated 27 million people
worldwide are in forced labour, debt-worldwide are in forced labour, debt-
bondage and servitudebondage and servitude

9. A Criminal andA Criminal and
Money Making BusinessMoney Making Business
 Human TraffickingHuman Trafficking
is a worldwideis a worldwide
criminal businesscriminal business
of $10 billion perof $10 billion per
year.year.

10. Who are Victims of HumanWho are Victims of Human
Trafficking?Trafficking?
 Mainly woman and childrenMainly woman and children
 500,000 to 2 million people500,000 to 2 million people
trafficked worldwide annuallytrafficked worldwide annually
 800,000 to 900,000 victims800,000 to 900,000 victims
annually are trafickedannually are traficked
worldwideworldwide
 More than half of victimsMore than half of victims
trafficked into United states aretrafficked into United states are
children;children;
 Approximately 27 millionApproximately 27 million
people held in slaverypeople held in slavery
worldwideworldwide
 Estimated 70% of victims areEstimated 70% of victims are
femalefemale

11.  In Thailand: The government report that 60,000 childrenIn Thailand: The government report that 60,000 children
are sold into prostitutionare sold into prostitution
 In the former Soviet union: an estimated 10,000 womanIn the former Soviet union: an estimated 10,000 woman
have been forced into prostitution in Israel.have been forced into prostitution in Israel.
 On North America: Asian woman are sold to brothels forOn North America: Asian woman are sold to brothels for
$ 16,000 each$ 16,000 each
 For many years, boys, from the age of six and some timeFor many years, boys, from the age of six and some time
younger have been trafficked from countries in Southyounger have been trafficked from countries in South
Asia to Gulf to supply the demand for camel jockeys.Asia to Gulf to supply the demand for camel jockeys.

13. StatisticsStatistics
 2/3 of 500,000 women trafficked annually for prostitution worldwide2/3 of 500,000 women trafficked annually for prostitution worldwide
are Eastern European.are Eastern European.
•• In 1992 the Czech Republic reported only 2 cases ofIn 1992 the Czech Republic reported only 2 cases of
trafficking, 8 cases in 1993, and 10 cases in 1994. Sincetrafficking, 8 cases in 1993, and 10 cases in 1994. Since
1994 the reported cases have dramatically increased.1994 the reported cases have dramatically increased.
•• Most of the 20,000 women in Czech brothels wereMost of the 20,000 women in Czech brothels were
trafficked.trafficked.
•• More than 100,000 Ukrainian women, have been trappedMore than 100,000 Ukrainian women, have been trapped
and enslaved as prostitutes in Western Europe.and enslaved as prostitutes in Western Europe.
•• 70% of “pimps” who traffic Ukrainian women are women.70% of “pimps” who traffic Ukrainian women are women.
 In 1989, 378 women from the former Soviet UnionIn 1989, 378 women from the former Soviet Union
entered Japan on entertainment visas. In 1995, 4,763entered Japan on entertainment visas. In 1995, 4,763
Russian women entered Japan on entertainmentRussian women entered Japan on entertainment
visas.visas.

14.  The United Nations estimates that 700,000 to 4The United Nations estimates that 700,000 to 4
million women and children are trafficked aroundmillion women and children are trafficked around
the world for purposes of forced prostitution,the world for purposes of forced prostitution,
labor and other forms of exploitation every year.labor and other forms of exploitation every year.
Trafficking is estimated to be a $7 billion dollarTrafficking is estimated to be a $7 billion dollar
annual business.annual business.
 700,000 to 2 million people are trafficked across700,000 to 2 million people are trafficked across
international borders annually. 80% of theseinternational borders annually. 80% of these
victims are women and young girls.victims are women and young girls.
 161 countries around the world are affected by161 countries around the world are affected by
human traffickinghuman trafficking
 The human trafficking industry makes 32 billionThe human trafficking industry makes 32 billion
dollars a year. 15.5 billion is madedollars a year. 15.5 billion is made
in industrialized countries, 9.7 billion is made inin industrialized countries, 9.7 billion is made in
Asia, 13,000 dollars per year generated perAsia, 13,000 dollars per year generated per
each laborer. The number can be as high aseach laborer. The number can be as high as
67,200 dollars per year per person.67,200 dollars per year per person.

15. WhoWho is involved in humanis involved in human
trafficking?trafficking?
 TheThe recruiterrecruiter gains the victim’s trust and then sellsgains the victim’s trust and then sells
them for labor or to a pimp. Sometimes this is athem for labor or to a pimp. Sometimes this is a
boyfriend, a neighbor, or even a family member.boyfriend, a neighbor, or even a family member.
 TheThe traffickertrafficker is the one who controls the victims.is the one who controls the victims.
Making the victim fearful through abuse, threats,Making the victim fearful through abuse, threats,
and lies the trafficker gains power over his/herand lies the trafficker gains power over his/her
victim.victim.
 TheThe victimvictim could be anyone.could be anyone.
 TheThe consumerconsumer funds the human traffickingfunds the human trafficking
industry by purchasing goods and services. Oftenindustry by purchasing goods and services. Often
s/he is unaware that someone is suffering.s/he is unaware that someone is suffering.

16. How Are Victims Trafficked?How Are Victims Trafficked?
 Force, fraud and coercion are methods used by traffickers to pressForce, fraud and coercion are methods used by traffickers to press
victims into lives of servitude, abusevictims into lives of servitude, abuse
 Force:Force: Rape, beatings, constraint, confinementRape, beatings, constraint, confinement
 Fraud:Fraud: Includes false and deceptive offers of employment,Includes false and deceptive offers of employment,
marriage, better lifemarriage, better life
 CoercionCoercion:: TThreats of serious harm to, or physical restraint of,hreats of serious harm to, or physical restraint of,
any person; any scheme, plan or pattern intended to causeany person; any scheme, plan or pattern intended to cause
victims to believe that failure to perform an act would result invictims to believe that failure to perform an act would result in
restraint against them; or the abuse or threatened abuse of therestraint against them; or the abuse or threatened abuse of the
legal process.legal process.
 Most likely are from poorer areas and are often ethnic minorities.Most likely are from poorer areas and are often ethnic minorities.
-Many are displaced persons or refugees.-Many are displaced persons or refugees.
-There have been victims from every social background, class or-There have been victims from every social background, class or
race.race.
-Children are often sold by parents.-Children are often sold by parents.
-Many victims are deceived by certain promises, such as a good-Many victims are deceived by certain promises, such as a good
job in another country or a false marriage proposal.job in another country or a false marriage proposal.

17. Why people targeted byWhy people targeted by
traffickers?traffickers?
 Generally poorer and own less propertyGenerally poorer and own less property
 Less well educated and more prone to the tricksLess well educated and more prone to the tricks
of traffickersof traffickers
 Why does it happen?Why does it happen?
trafficking is huge and complex problem. Itstrafficking is huge and complex problem. Its
fuelled by numerous factors, which include……fuelled by numerous factors, which include……
1.1. People seek a ‘better life’ overseasPeople seek a ‘better life’ overseas
2.2. The impact of war in creating displaced peopleThe impact of war in creating displaced people
groups which easier to move around thegroups which easier to move around the
untracked.untracked.
3.3. The rise of internet which make to much easierThe rise of internet which make to much easier
to promote and sell trafficked people.to promote and sell trafficked people.

18. What is happening?What is happening?
 Camel RacingCamel Racing
 Children from Pakistan, Bangladesh andChildren from Pakistan, Bangladesh and
Sudan, an estimated 40 000, are beingSudan, an estimated 40 000, are being
trafficked to the United Arab Emirates totrafficked to the United Arab Emirates to
work as camel jockeys in the popularwork as camel jockeys in the popular
Bedouin sportBedouin sport
 These children are starved to keep themThese children are starved to keep them
small and light for racing; many are injuredsmall and light for racing; many are injured
and dozens are killed each year when theand dozens are killed each year when the
camels stampede; because they are illegalcamels stampede; because they are illegal
immigrants, their owners never take themimmigrants, their owners never take them
to hospital leaving many childrento hospital leaving many children
permanently handicapped.permanently handicapped.
 Many are sexually abused. They are lonelyMany are sexually abused. They are lonely
and overworked.and overworked.
 The UN have threatened to ban the sportThe UN have threatened to ban the sport
but it is too popular with the local Arabs.but it is too popular with the local Arabs.
 Children as young as two areChildren as young as two are
abducted or sold by theirabducted or sold by their
families tofamilies to
traffickers.traffickers.

20. What is being done to help?What is being done to help?
 In an agreement between UNICEF and the UAE it is illegalIn an agreement between UNICEF and the UAE it is illegal
for race clubs to use jockeys younger than 15 or weighingfor race clubs to use jockeys younger than 15 or weighing
less than 45 kilos.less than 45 kilos.
 New centers have been set up to rehabilitate jockeys.New centers have been set up to rehabilitate jockeys.
They provide education and healthcare for the children.They provide education and healthcare for the children.
Many children have to be taught how to use cupboardsMany children have to be taught how to use cupboards
and sleep on beds. US$ 2.7 million has been pledged toand sleep on beds. US$ 2.7 million has been pledged to
integrating jockeys back into society by UNICEF and UAE.integrating jockeys back into society by UNICEF and UAE.
 Authorities are trying to reunite the jockey’s with theirAuthorities are trying to reunite the jockey’s with their
families. This is difficult since many don’t remember theirfamilies. This is difficult since many don’t remember their
families or where they lived. DNA testing is used in somefamilies or where they lived. DNA testing is used in some
cases.cases.
 The Middle Eastern Gulf state of Qatar is developing robotThe Middle Eastern Gulf state of Qatar is developing robot
jockeys to replace the heavily criticized use of children…jockeys to replace the heavily criticized use of children…

21. Economics of HumanEconomics of Human
TraffickingTrafficking
SUPPLY drives DEMANDSUPPLY drives DEMAND

22. Supply factorsSupply factors
 PovertyPoverty
 Political instability/armed conflictPolitical instability/armed conflict
 Real/perceived opportunity for a better lifeReal/perceived opportunity for a better life
 Absence of a social safety netAbsence of a social safety net
 Absence of employment opportunitiesAbsence of employment opportunities
 Status of violence against women &Status of violence against women &
childrenchildren

23. Demand factorsDemand factors
 Demand for prostitution and other aspectsDemand for prostitution and other aspects
of the sex industry is high throughout theof the sex industry is high throughout the
worldworld
 Demand for cheap labor; corporationsDemand for cheap labor; corporations
seek to produce products the lowestseek to produce products the lowest
possible cost.possible cost.
 Potential profits are very high – traffickedPotential profits are very high – trafficked
persons can be bought and sold manypersons can be bought and sold many
times.times.

24. WhereWhere is human trafficking ais human trafficking a
problem?problem?
 HumanHuman
trafficking is atrafficking is a
problem all overproblem all over
the world.the world.
 As the mapAs the map
shows,shows,
humanhuman
trafficking istrafficking is
an issue thatan issue that
spans thespans the
globeglobe
involvinginvolving
countries richcountries rich
and poor.and poor.

25. Where does traffickingWhere does trafficking
take place?take place?

27. USA ROUTESUSA ROUTES

28. Movement Zones:
1. Source
2. Transit
3. Arrival
4. Movement in U.S.

29. Main origin of traffickingMain origin of trafficking

30. Main destination of traffickingMain destination of trafficking

31. Main origin in South AsiaMain origin in South Asia

32. Main destination in South AsiaMain destination in South Asia

33. WhenWhen will trafficking end?will trafficking end?
 Trafficking is an industry that relies on money. If consumersTrafficking is an industry that relies on money. If consumers
stopped funding the human trafficking industry by purchasingstopped funding the human trafficking industry by purchasing
goods and services related to human trafficking, the humangoods and services related to human trafficking, the human
trafficking industry would shrink until human trafficking did nottrafficking industry would shrink until human trafficking did not
exist.exist.
 Goods that are certified fair trade insure that workers receive fairGoods that are certified fair trade insure that workers receive fair
wages and working conditions.wages and working conditions.
 If consumers knew more about human trafficking, they wouldIf consumers knew more about human trafficking, they would
think twice about where they spend their moneythink twice about where they spend their money

34. What has the UNWhat has the UN
done?done?
 1998: Argentina proposed a convention against ‘trafficking1998: Argentina proposed a convention against ‘trafficking
in minors’in minors’
 Member States agreed to expand this toMember States agreed to expand this to allall victims,victims,
especially concerned by the growing involvement ofespecially concerned by the growing involvement of
organized criminal groupsorganized criminal groups
 Member States decided to draw on the Protocol to the UNMember States decided to draw on the Protocol to the UN
Convention against Transnational Organized CrimeConvention against Transnational Organized Crime
 Adopted in November 2000Adopted in November 2000
 Three purposes of the Protocol:Three purposes of the Protocol:
““ToTo preventprevent andand combatcombat trafficking in persons, payingtrafficking in persons, paying
particular attention toparticular attention to womenwomen andand childrenchildren; To; To protectprotect
andand assistassist victims of trafficking, with full respect for theirvictims of trafficking, with full respect for their
human rightshuman rights; and to promote; and to promote cooperationcooperation amongamong
States in order to meet these objectives.”States in order to meet these objectives.”

35. ……The UN continuedThe UN continued
Member States:Member States:
 have an ‘obligation tohave an ‘obligation to criminalisecriminalise trafficking’trafficking’
 will see to the ‘creation of penalties that take into accountwill see to the ‘creation of penalties that take into account
the grave nature of these offences’the grave nature of these offences’
 will ‘investigate, prosecute and convict traffickers’will ‘investigate, prosecute and convict traffickers’
In terms of law enforcement:In terms of law enforcement:
 Member States will exchange info; train their police andMember States will exchange info; train their police and
courts in prevention, investigation, and human rights; takecourts in prevention, investigation, and human rights; take
border measuresborder measures
In terms of victim protection:In terms of victim protection:
 Member States will ensure privacy, safety, information onMember States will ensure privacy, safety, information on
proceedings and safe repatriationproceedings and safe repatriation
In countries of origin:In countries of origin:
 The UN will incorporate social and economic campaigns andThe UN will incorporate social and economic campaigns and
educationeducation

36. United Nations Convention Against Transnational
Organized Crime, 2000 – Palermo Convention
Protocol to prevent
Suppress and punish
Trafficking in person,
Especially woman
Children, 2002
Protocol against the
Smuggling of migrant
By Lands Sea and Air
2002
Protocol against the
Illicit manufacturing
And trafficking in
Firearms, there part
And components and
Ammunition 2002

37. Other InternationalOther International
InstrumentsInstruments
 The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of DiscriminationThe Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women (CEDAW), 1979against Women (CEDAW), 1979
Article 6Article 6 ––
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislation, toStates Parties shall take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to
suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution ofsuppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of
women.women.
 Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990
Article 34 -Article 34 -
…… protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexualprotect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual
abuse. … take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateralabuse. … take all appropriate national, bilateral and multilateral
measures to prevent:measures to prevent:

38. SAARC Regional InstrumentsSAARC Regional Instruments
 SAARC Convention on Preventing andSAARC Convention on Preventing and
Combating the Trafficking in Women andCombating the Trafficking in Women and
Children for Prostitution, 2002Children for Prostitution, 2002
 SAARC Convention on RegionalSAARC Convention on Regional
Arrangements for the Promotion of ChildArrangements for the Promotion of Child
Welfare in South Asia, 2002Welfare in South Asia, 2002

39. Trafficking Victims Protection ActTrafficking Victims Protection Act
(TVPA)(TVPA)
 Signed into law October 2000Signed into law October 2000
 Prior to 2000, no comprehensive law to protectPrior to 2000, no comprehensive law to protect
victims of trafficking or to prosecute traffickersvictims of trafficking or to prosecute traffickers
 Made human trafficking Federal crimeMade human trafficking Federal crime
 Goals of law:Goals of law:
 Prevent human trafficking overseasPrevent human trafficking overseas
 Increase prosecution of human traffickers in UnitedIncrease prosecution of human traffickers in United
StatesStates
 Protect victims, provide Federal and state assistanceProtect victims, provide Federal and state assistance
to victimsto victims

40. Trafficking Victims ProtectionTrafficking Victims Protection
ActAct
Law addresses three key areas:Law addresses three key areas:
PreventionPrevention
Public awareness and educationPublic awareness and education
ProtectionProtection
T visa, certification, benefits and services to helpT visa, certification, benefits and services to help
victims rebuild their livesvictims rebuild their lives
ProsecutionProsecution
New law enforcement tools and effortsNew law enforcement tools and efforts

41. Human trafficking in differentHuman trafficking in different
regionsregions
 Asian Bloc:Asian Bloc:
Many of the developing nations do not have theMany of the developing nations do not have the
same education or economic stability as thesame education or economic stability as the
developed nations do. Japan, for example, is adeveloped nations do. Japan, for example, is a
main destination country for trafficked victimsmain destination country for trafficked victims
from countries such as Philippines and Thailand.from countries such as Philippines and Thailand.
Hence, it is estimated that 200,000 to 225,000Hence, it is estimated that 200,000 to 225,000
women and children are trafficking within thewomen and children are trafficking within the
Southeastern Asian region every year. Most ofSoutheastern Asian region every year. Most of
the trafficking destinations are within the region.the trafficking destinations are within the region.

42. African BlocAfrican Bloc
 The African Bloc is similar to the Asian BlocThe African Bloc is similar to the Asian Bloc
since the lesser developed nations lack thesince the lesser developed nations lack the
education and economic stability of moreeducation and economic stability of more
developed nations. In many countries such asdeveloped nations. In many countries such as
Ghana, a family is often rebuked for offering aGhana, a family is often rebuked for offering a
virgin female for sexual servitude. Hence,virgin female for sexual servitude. Hence,
trafficked women are not eligible to the name oftrafficked women are not eligible to the name of
“wife.” African nations need cost-effective“wife.” African nations need cost-effective
solutions since regions in Africa lack the basicsolutions since regions in Africa lack the basic
necessities and infrastructurenecessities and infrastructure

43. Latin America BlocLatin America Bloc
 Deficient economic conditions and socialDeficient economic conditions and social
problems create conditions which are favorableproblems create conditions which are favorable
to human trafficking. Interpol accounted thatto human trafficking. Interpol accounted that
nearly 35,000 women are trafficked fromnearly 35,000 women are trafficked from
Colombia annually. Organized criminal networksColombia annually. Organized criminal networks
are sometimes related to illegal armed parties,are sometimes related to illegal armed parties,
and have made much of internal traffickingand have made much of internal trafficking
victims vulnerable. Within the Latin Americanvictims vulnerable. Within the Latin American
nations, children are heavily trafficked,nations, children are heavily trafficked,
sometimes in conjunction with Latin America’ssometimes in conjunction with Latin America’s
drug trafficking problems.drug trafficking problems.

44. Procedure of TreatmentProcedure of Treatment
 Creation ofCreation of
more programs and services designed tomore programs and services designed to
serve trafficked victims heal and start a new life.serve trafficked victims heal and start a new life.
 Find a job/learn self sufficiency skillsFind a job/learn self sufficiency skills
 Have counseling and support groupsHave counseling and support groups
 Get enrolled in schoolGet enrolled in school
 Help them obtain a visaHelp them obtain a visa
 Help contact a relative if possibleHelp contact a relative if possible
 Efforts to increase the value of aEfforts to increase the value of a humanhuman lifelife

45. preventprevent humanhuman traffickingtrafficking
 People need to be aware ofPeople need to be aware of humanhuman traffickingtrafficking
through every policy area. Whether it isthrough every policy area. Whether it is
improving education systems, increasing policeimproving education systems, increasing police
patrol, or creating programs to raise awareness,patrol, or creating programs to raise awareness,
we must use these strategies to prevent thewe must use these strategies to prevent the
problem. The United Nations has taken manyproblem. The United Nations has taken many
steps to improve the problem. Start Freedom,steps to improve the problem. Start Freedom,
Active Communities againstActive Communities against TraffickingTrafficking (ACT),(ACT),
and the Chocolate Campaign have all helped theand the Chocolate Campaign have all helped the
amount ofamount of humanhuman traffickingtrafficking victims decrease.victims decrease.

46. National and International Actors
 Human trafficking undermines the safety and
security of all nations it involves. Responding to
human trafficking requires various stakeholders,
which include national governments, national
government agencies (e.g. law enforcement,
immigration, and judiciary departments), health
and public services, international organizations
(e.g. United Nations agencies, such as UNODC,
IOM, and ILO), Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) and Civil Society
Organizations (CSOs), the media,
corporations/businesses, academics, and
individuals.

47. National Actors
Governments: Governments can develop a national strategy
responding to internal, regional and international human trafficking as well
as create a system to coordinate the efforts of government agencies and
NGOs
 law enforcement, judiciary, and immigration offices:
The primary responders to human trafficking are often law enforcement
agencies, which then coordinate with the judiciary office to prosecute
traffickers. If the victims of human trafficking are from other countries,
they work with the immigration office to provide the temporary visa to stay
in the country or repatriate the victims to their own country.
NGOs: NGOs have long been active in the anti-human trafficking
movement before governments and international community start
realizing the severity of this issue.
Media: The media plays an indispensable role in educating the public
about the reality of human trafficking and illuminating the problems via
films, theatre, photographs, newspapers, magazine articles and so on.

48. International Actors UN System and agencies: Since the Palermo Protocol entered into force in
December 2003, 117 countries have signed the Protocol. Led by UNODC, the
United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT) was
created to promote the global efforts to fight against human trafficking and
managed in cooperation with ILO, IOM, (UNICEF), the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
 Multilateral Development Banks: The Asia Development Bank (ADB) and the
Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) are most active at working on human
trafficking issues in their loan and grant projects as well as regional and
country-specific technical assistance projects. ADB focuses on preventive
measures of human trafficking and monitoring of impacts, especially those
related to cross-border road corridors and regional economic integration
activities.
 Bilateral/multilateral and regional initiatives: A number of governments are
participating in multilateral, regional and sub-regional initiatives (e.g. Colombo
Process34) to protect migrant workers from forced labor trafficking.
 Academic and Research Institutions: Academic and research institutions
around the world conduct useful research on the various aspects of human
trafficking and provide recommendations to policymakers and service
providers.