syntax

2. The term syntax is from the ancient Greek
“Syntaxis”, a verbal noun which literally
means “arrangement” or “setting out
together”.
It refers to the branch of grammar dealing with
the ways in which words, with or without
appropriate inflections, are arranged to show
connections of meanings within the sentence.

3. DSGFSDFG
Syntax is the study of the principles
and processes by which sentences
are constructed in particular
languages. Syntactic investigation of
a given language has as its goal the
construction of a grammar that can
be viewed as a device of some sort
for producing the sentences of the
language under analysis
Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1971)

4. Is the order and arrangement of the clauses in a sentence, which is
a group of words that express a complete thought.
for example…

6. It is also called an independent clause,
contains a subject and a verb.
Example:
Some students like to study in the mornings.
SIMPLE
SENTENCE
It contains two independent clauses joined by a
coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and,
nor, but, or, yet,
Coordinators are always preceded by a comma.
Example:
I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak
English.
COMPOUND
SENTENCE

7. A complex sentence has one independent
clause joined together with a dependent
clause.
It always has a subordinator such as
because, since, after, although, or when
(and many others) or a relative pronoun.
Example:
When he handed in his
homework, he forgot to give the teacher the
last page.
COMPLEX
SENTENCE

8. A family of expressions that can substitute for
one another without loss of grammatically is
called a synthetic category. It divides into two
groups.

9. Nouns
Adjetives
Verbs Prepositions

10. NOUN
• Definition: A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals,
objects, substances, states, events and feelings. Nouns can be a
subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and
can take an article or determiner. For example:
• Table
• Pencil
• The dog
• A white house

11. TYPES OF NOUNS
• Proper nouns are the names of specific things, people, or places, such as
Jhon, France. They usually begin with a capital letter.
• Common nouns are general names such as person, mansion, and book.
They can be either concrete or abstract.
• Concrete nouns refer to things which you can sense such as clock and
telephone.
• Abstract nouns refer to ideas or qualities such as liberty and truth.
• Countable nouns refer to things which can be counted (can be singular or
plural)
• Uncountable nouns refer to some groups of countable nouns, substances,
feelings and types of activity (can only be singular)

12. VERB
The part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates
a state of being.
DIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB
Many verbs perform an action on something. This is called the direct object of the
verb.
Terry kissed her hand.
• (her hand - direct object of the verb to kiss)
Beverly will eat a whole chicken.
• (a whole chicken - direct object of the verb to eat)

13. • INTRANSITIVE VERBS
Some verbs cannot have a direct object. These verbs are said to
be intransitive verbs.
The rain fell heavily.
• (The rain fell, but it did not perform an action on anything. In this example,
the verb to fall is an intransitive verb.)
Jack protested in the street.
• (Jack protested, but he did not perform an action on anything. In this
example, the verb to protest is an intransitive verb.)
•
Verbs that can have a direct object (most of them) are called transitive
verbs.
Barney copied the answer.
• (the answer - direct object of the transitive verb to copy)

14. • Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to
receive that action. In the first sentence above, the
direct object ball received the action of the verb hit.
• Here are some more examples of transitive verbs:
• I baked some cookies.
• I rode the bicycle.
• I moved the chair.
• I stitched a quilt.

15. INDIRECT OBJECT OF A VERB
Some verbs have two objects, a direct object (see above) and an indirect
object. The indirect object is the person or thing for whom the action was
performed.
Jamie read the children a story.
• (a story - direct object; the children - indirect object)
I will bake him a cake.
• (a cake - direct object; him - indirect object)
The postman gives Anne a letter every day.
• (a letter - direct object; Anne - indirect object)

16. ADJECTIVE
We use adjectives to describe nouns.
• Most adjectives can be used in front of a noun…:
• They have a beautiful house.
We saw a very exciting film last night.
• or after a link verb like be, look or feel:
• Their house is beautiful.
That film looks interesting.

17. PREPOSITIONS
• Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns
(sometimes also in front of gerund verbs)
• It is divided into two groups
1-Prepositions – Time
For example

18. -Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

19. Degree
word
Determiner
Qualifier Auxialiary
Conjuction

20. •Determiners
are words which come at the beginning of the noun phrase.
They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general.
Determiners are either specific or general
• Specific determiners:
• The specific determiners are:
-the definite article: the
-possessives: my, your, his, her, its; our, their, whose
-demonstratives: this, that, these, those

21. • In general determiner we find
• A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used
before a noun to indicate the amount or
quantity:
'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples
of quantifiers.
• Quantifiers can be used with both countable and
uncountable nouns.
-Examples:
• There are some books on the desk
He's got only a few dollars.

22. DEGRE WORDS
• are words that modify adjectives or adverbs
and express a degree
- Very, rather, too
- For example:
-It is very funny
-They are very expensive

23. QUALIFIER
• Are word or phrase that follo an adjective or a
adverb. Qualifier do not modify verb, also it
can not be made in comparative or superlative
form.
• For example
-The baby is almost asleep

24. AUXILIARY
• Can convey information about tense
number person and mood.
• For example
-Do you have a dictionary?
It is an auxilar of the verb that is in present simple

25. CONJUCTION
• It serves to connect words, phrases, caluses or sentences.
• for ,and, but, yet
• For example:
-Most children like cookies and milk
word to word
- What you said and what you do are two different
clause to clause

27. -Noun phrases often function as
verb subjects and objects, as
predicative expressions , and as
the complements
of prepositions.
-A noun
phrase or nominal
phrase (abbreviated NP) is
a phrase which has a noun
as its head word.

28. • Often a noun phrase is just a noun or a pronoun:
-People like to have money.
-I am tired.
-It is getting late.
• or a determiner and a noun …:
-Our friends have bought a house in the village.
-Those houses are very expensive.
• … perhaps with an adjective:
-Our closest friends have just bought a new house in the village.

29. • So the noun phrase is built up in this way:
-Noun: people; money
-Determiner + noun: the village, a house, our friends; those houses
-Quantifier + noun: some people; a lot of money
-Determiner + adjective + noun: our closest friends; a new house.
-Quantifier + determiner + noun: all those children;
-Quantifier + determiner + adjective + noun: both of my younger brothers

30. In simple words, a verb of more than one word is called a verb
phrase. It is a phrase consisting of a verb, its auxiliaries (helping
verbs), its complements, and other modifiers. Auxiliary verbs always
come before the main verb.
Examples
She has taken the job. (Auxiliary has + main verb taken)
Mom is making the room. (auxiliary is + main verb make)

31. An adjectival phrase is a group of words that describe a noun or
pronoun in a sentence. The adjective phrase can be placed before, or
after, the noun or pronoun in the sentence.
Examples:
The movie was not too terribly long.
Mom said the cost of a car is way too high.

32. A prepositional phrase is a group of words containing
a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and
any modifiers of the object.
Example:
After several minutes we located the key for the door.
We drove to the store

34. They are called constituent stucture
ones . They are graphic
representations of a speaker’s
knowledge of the sentence structure
in their language.

35. • PST show three aspects of the sentence structure
1.The linear order of the words in the sentence
2. The grouping of words into syntactic categories
3.The hierarchical structure of the syntactic categories
•Besides, the simple English sentence consists of two principal
constituents:
-.Noun Phrase (NP) and Verb phrase (VP)

38. 2. Analyzing the phrase structure of English sentences
The child found the puppy in the garden.
Step 1
 set down the basic pair of branches for two principal constituents - the
Subject NP and the predicate VP - at the top of the phrase structure
S
NP VP

39. • The child put the puppy in the garden
• (The child) noun phrase
• (put the puppy in the garden) verb phrase

40. -PSR are the ones
that determine
what goes in a
sentence
(constituents)
-How the
constituents
are ordered.
- Constituent: It is a
word or group of
words that function
as a unit and can
make up larger
grammatical ones.

44. Syntax and morphology are both important to the way that people
derive meaning from language, but they are different in that syntax
refers to the order and use of words, and morphology refers to the
parts of words that create meaning. For example, it is possible to
create a sentence that is grammatically correct, but that makes no
sense to a speaker of the language.

46. -(QuickBooks, 2010)
QuickBooks. (01 de November de 2010). Obtenido de QuickBooks:
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/21773473/Noam-Chomsky-on-Syntax---Syntactic-
Structures-_1957__-Aspects-Of
(Science, 2001)
Science, E. o. (22 de March de 2001). Macmillan Reference Ltd. Obtenido de
Macmillan Reference Ltd:
http://202.194.48.102/englishonline/jxyj/xslw/readings%20in%20syntax/amsa-18-
0900.pdf
-(The University of Sheffield, 2012)
Lightfoot, D. W. (2002). Syntactic Structures. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
The University of Sheffield. (03 de 06 de 2012). Obtenido de The University of
Sheffield: https://sites.google.com/a/sheffield.ac.uk/all-about-linguistics/
branches/syntax/what-is-syntax
-Chomsky, N. (1988). Syntax. En N. Chomsky, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
(pág. 251 pg). MIT Press.

49. GROUP
-Brigitte Cruz Rojas.
-Leslie Chavarría Quiroz.
-Karolayn Gomez Blanco.
-Carolina Gutiérrez Castillón.
-Marleni Ortiz Vilca.
.