State of Privacy in XR & Neuro-Tech: Conceptual Frames

1. State of XR Privacy: Conceptual Frames @KentBye

2. @KentBye

4. Anumanchipalli, G.K., Chartier, J. & Chang, E.F. Speech synthesis from neural decoding of spoken sentences. Nature 568, 493–498 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1119-1

5. F8 2017: AI, Building 8 and More Technology Updates From Day Two. Facebook. (2017, April 19). https://about.fb.com/news/2017/04/f8-2017-day-2/.

7. I want to hack my own consciousness I don’t want others hacking my consciousness

8. Human Rights Principles Governments & Laws XR Companies XR Hardware Ethical Design Principles XR Experiences Users

9. How do we preserve the Right to Mental Privacy in XR? Biometrically-inferred psychographic data from XR is not covered by existing privacy laws. Some biometric user data will be contextually- relevant & required for some XR apps to function, which users should be able to consent to sharing within the context of those apps. Companies require users to consent to their Terms of Service & Privacy Policies, which do not prevent them them from recording & monetizing user data, extrapolating biometric psychographic information, or using it for contextually-aware AI, but they have limited what third party developers can do with that same data. Human Rights Principles International Organizations International Laws & Human Rights Laws UN Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights Neuro-Rights Initiative Right to Mental Privacy XR Hardware + Operating System Ethical Design Principles? XR User’s Context & Data Third-Party XR Developers XR Experiences that Require User Data to Operate US Government Lobbyists European Union GDPR XR Companies State Laws Federal Laws Oversight & Enforcement New Federal Privacy Law? Monetizing User Data & Biometric Psychography? Contextually -Aware AI? Terms of Service Privacy Policy App Store Developer Terms of Service

10. ● Physiological & Biometric Inputs ● My Journey into VR Privacy ● Different Philosophies of Privacy ● Protecting Right to Mental Privacy

12. (1) The right to identity, or the ability to control both one’s physical and mental integrity (2) The right to agency, or the freedom of thought and free will to choose one’s own actions (3) The right to mental privacy, or the ability to keep thoughts protected against disclosure (4) The right to fair access to mental augmentation, or the ability to ensure that the benefits of improvements to sensory and mental capacity through neurotechnology are distributed justly in the population. (5) The right to protection from algorithmic bias, or the ability to ensure that technologies do not insert prejudices. Proposed Neuro-Rights Yuste, R.,Genser, J. & Herrmann, S. "It's Time for Neuro-Rights." Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, no. 18, 2021. pp 154-164. JSTOR, https://www.cirsd.org/en/horizons/horizons-winter-2021-issue-no-18/its-time-for-neuro--rights. Accessed 31 Mar. 2021.

13. Bye, K. (2021, May 26) https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1397571341297934336 Bye, K. (2021, May 26) https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1397573000208080896

15. Simon Wardley’s Model of Technology Evolution Wardley, Simon (2015). http://blog.gardeviance.org/2015/03/evolution-diﬀusion-hype-cycle-and.html

16. Prototype & Genesis Custom-Built Enterprise App Ubiquitous Commodity Consumer Product Simon Wardley’s Model of Technology Evolution

17. Simon Wardley’s Model of Technology Evolution Wardley, Simon (2015). http://blog.gardeviance.org/2015/03/evolution-diﬀusion-hype-cycle-and.html

19. Bernal, G. (2021,April 15). Developing Galea:An open source tool at the intersection ofVR and neuroscience. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/galea/. neurojoe. (2020, November 19). Introducing: Galea. OpenBCI. https://openbci.com/community/introducing-galea-bci-hmd-biosensing/.

20. Eye Tracking and Pupil Response Facial Scans Movement Kinematics Electrodermal Activity (EDA) Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Skin Conductance Response (SCR) Skin Conductance (SC) Skin Temperature (SKT) Body Temperature Electromyography (EMG) Mechanomyogram (MMG) Strain-Based Sensor (SBS) Electrocardiography (ECG / EKG) Heart-RateVariability (HRV) Respiratory (RSP) Respiratory RateVariability (RRV) Photoplethysmogram (PPG) Impedance Plethysmography (IPG) BloodVolume Pulse (BVP) Electro-Oculogram (EOG) Impedance Cardiography (ICG) Gyrocardiography (GCG) Ballistocardiography (BCG) Magnetocardiography (MCG) Seismocardiography (SCG) Phonocardiogram (PCG) Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM) Acoustic Respiratory Signals (ARS) Blood Pressure (BP) Pulse Arrival Time (PAT) Pulse Transit Time (PTT) Electroretinogram (ERG) Electrogastrogram (EGG) Magnetogastrography (MGG) Electroencephalography (EEG) Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Cerebral Oxiometry (NIRSCO) Optically-Pumped Magnetoencephalography (OP-MEG) Optically-Pumped Magnetometers Magnetoencephalography (OPM-MEG) Time Domain Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography (HD-DOT) Intracranial Pressure (ICP) Electrocorticography (ECoG) Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Local Field Potential (LFP) Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP) Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR or MRS) Subdural EEG (sdEEG) Intracranial EEG (icEEG) Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS) Subdermal EEG Needle Superconducting QUantum Interface Device (SQUID) Microneurography List of Physiological & Biometric Data Bye, K. (2021, May 30).Twitter. https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1399143885427728384

21. Bye, K. (2017, March 20). #517: Biometric Data Streams & the Unknown EthicalThreshold of Predicting & Controlling Behavior. Voices ofVR Podcast. https://voicesofvr.com/517-biometric-data-streams-the-unknown-ethical-threshold-of-predicting-controlling-behavior/.

22. Bye, K. (2021,April 8). #988: Defining “Biometric Psychography” to Fill Gaps in Privacy Law to Cover XR Data: Brittan Heller’s Human Rights Perspectives.Voices ofVR Podcast. https://voicesofvr.com/988-defining-biometric-psychography-to-fill-gaps-in-privacy-law-to-cover-xr-data-brittan-hellers-human-rights-perspectives/

23. Brittan Heller,Watching Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: Immersive Technology, Biometric Psychography, and the Law, 23 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment andTechnology Law 1 (2021) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol23/iss1/1

26. Brittan Heller,Watching Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: Immersive Technology, Biometric Psychography, and the Law, 23 Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment andTechnology Law 1 (2021) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol23/iss1/1

27. Miller, M.R., Herrera, F., Jun, H. et al. Personal identifiability of user tracking data during observation of 360-degreeVR video. Sci Rep 10, 17404 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74486-y

28. Biometric Psychography Identity Miller, M.R., Herrera, F., Jun, H. et al. Personal identifiability of user tracking data during observation of 360-degreeVR video. Sci Rep 10, 17404 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74486-y

29. Privacy as Static Privacy as Dynamic Identity Immutable Traits Stored Forever Context Independent Personally-Identiﬁable Information Psychographic Proﬁle Transient Likes/Dislikes Processed Real-time Context-Dependent Character & Personality

31. Birkett,A. (2020, February 8). Psychographics:What They Are & How Marketers Use Them. CXL. https://cxl.com/blog/psychographics/.

34. Bernal, G. (2021,April 15). Developing Galea:An open source tool at the intersection ofVR and neuroscience. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/galea/.

35. “True character is revealed in the choices a human being makes under pressure - the greater the pressure, the deeper the revelation, the truer the choice to the character's essential nature.” ― Robert McKee McKee, R. (1997). Story: Substance, structure, style and the principles of screenwriting.

36. Protagonist Placed in a Context with Pressure Make Choices & Take Action Essential Character is Revealed + =

37. Identity (Age, Race, Gender) Economic Class Values Language Education Age & Generation History Country of Origin Sports, Arts, & Entertainment Medical Conditions Romantic Partnership Heroes/Enemies Experiences of Death Worldview & Beliefs Religion Work & Career Culture Intersectional Identities Ability Taboos RANGE OF CONTEXTS

39. Mental & Social Presence Active Presence Emotional Presence Embodied & Environmental Presence

40. Mental Thoughts Cognitive Processes Cognitive Load Social Presence Behaviors Intention Actions Movement Aﬀective State Emotional Sentiment Facial Expression Microexpressions Stress / Arousal Physiological Reactions Eye Gaze/Attention Body Language Muscle Fatigue

41. Passi, E. (2017, January 10). Bringing theWestworld Attribute Matrix to Life. Medium. https://epassi.medium.com/recreating-the-westworld-attribute-matrix-3e72d9d419df.

42. Big Five Personality Characteristics Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216–1229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1216

43. Sacharin, V., Schlegel K., & Scherer K. R. (2012). Geneva Emotion Wheel Rating Study. Swiss Center for Affective Sciences Feelings Needs Expressing Empathy [The Wheel of Needs]. School of Transformation. (2012, June). http://www.schooltransformation.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Expressing_Empathy.pdf.

47. My Journey into XR Privacy

48. UploadVR’s April 2016 Article on Oculus’ Privacy Policy Catches the Attention of Senator Franken Mason,W. (2016,April 1). Oculus 'Always On' Services and Privacy Policy May Be a Cause for Concern. UploadVR. https://uploadvr.com/facebook-oculus-privacy/. Durbin, J. (2016,April 7). Senator Al Franken Questions Oculus Over Privacy Concerns. UploadVR. https://uploadvr.com/senator-al-franken-wants-answers-from-oculus-over-privacy-concerns/.

50. Voices of VR Privacy Coverage Starts May 2016

51. Bye, K. (2017, January 13). #493: IsVirtual Reality the Most Powerful Surveillance Technology or Last Bastion of Privacy?.Voices ofVR Podcast. https://voicesofvr.com/is-virtual-reality-the-most-powerful-surveillance-technology-or-last-bastion-of-privacy/.

52. Yadin, Gilad,Virtual Reality Surveillance (February 15, 2017). Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 35, No. 3, 2017,Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3043922 Bye, K. (2020, June 27) https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1287832258947084288

54. Hamilton, I. (2018,August 6). Privacy Summit At Stanford Will DraftVR 'Bill Of Rights'. UploadVR. https://uploadvr.com/privacy-summit-stanford-vr-bill-of-rights/.

55. Allen,Anita L., 2019,“The Philosophy of Privacy and Digital Life”, Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 93: 21–38. Reiheld,,A. (2019, January 9).Twitter. https://twitter.com/AlisonReiheld/status/1083124129111396353.

56. Photo by Laval Virtual Visionaries Think Tank 2019 Brainstorm on XR Ethics

57. Photo by

59. Photo by

60. Bye, K. (2019, May 31). The Ethical & Moral Dilemmas of Mixed Reality.Augmented World Expo. Santa Clara; California. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNgXKX8IwcU

61. Bye, K., Hosfelt, D., Chase, S., Miesnieks, M., & Beck,T. (2019). The ethical and privacy implications of mixed reality. ACM SIGGRAPH 2019 Panels. https://doi.org/10.1145/3306212.3328138

62. XR Ethics Manifesto @KentBye

64. Bye, K. (2020, March 11). #892 Sundance:‘Persuasion Machines’ is Architectural Storytelling Against Surveillance Capitalism.Voices ofVR Podcast. https://voicesofvr.com/892-sundance-persuasion-machines-is-architectural-storytelling-against-surveillance-capitalism/.

65. [University of Pennsylvania Carey Law School]. (2015, June 17). Privacy Conference: Law, Ethics, and Philosophy of End User Responsibility for Privacy [Video File]. Recorded on April 24, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WIB_2isRxw on March 10, 2020.

67. Libertarian: Privacy as Property Right to be Bought, Sold, or Traded Contextual Integrity: Privacy as Appropriate Information Flows that Meets Contextual Norms Paternalistic: Privacy as Human Right That Needs to be Protected By the State

68. Privacy as the control of private information. Alan Westin (1967) Westin,A. F. (1967). Privacy and freedom. NewYork:Atheneum.

69. Bye, K. (2020, October 7). #951: Privacy Primer:A History of U.S. Consumer Privacy, U.S. Federal Privacy Debates, & XR Privacy Implications with Joseph Jerome.Voices of VR Podcast. https://voicesofvr.com/951-privacy-primer-a-history-of-u-s-consumer-privacy-u-s-federal-privacy-debates-xr-privacy-implications-with-joseph-jerome/.

70. U.S. Dep't. of Health, Education and Welfare, Secretary's Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems, Records, computers, and the Rights of Citizens viii (1973). Fair Information Practice Principles (1973)

71. Libertarian: Privacy as Property Right to be Bought, Sold, or Traded Maybe we should treat private data like copyright to grant & revoke licenses

72. Facebook’s Privacy Policy & Terms of Service

73. Supplemental Oculus Data Policy. Oculus. (2020, October 11). https://www.oculus.com/legal/privacy-policy/.

74. Park, C. (2020, March 23). How "Notice and Consent" Fails to Protect Our Privacy. New America. https://www.newamerica.org/oti/blog/how-notice-and-consent-fails-to-protect-our-privacy/.

75. Contextual Integrity: Privacy as Appropriate Information Flows that Meets Contextual Norms

76. TheIACR. (2019, October 4). International Association for Cryptologic Research, Invited talk: Contextual Integrity.YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVRbvxVGDoc.

77. HumanCenteredDesignE. (2021, March 9). 2021 Distinguished Lecture: Helen Nissenbaum, "Contextual Integrity".YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPwmC0Sfe50.

79. HumanCenteredDesignE. (2021, March 9). 2021 Distinguished Lecture: Helen Nissenbaum, "Contextual Integrity".YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPwmC0Sfe50.

80. TheIACR. (2019, October 4). International Association for Cryptologic Research, Invited talk: Contextual Integrity.YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVRbvxVGDoc.

81. Paternalistic: Privacy as Human Right That Needs to be Protected By the State

82. Bye, K. (2021, May 26) https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1397648299797012480 Bye, K. (2021, May 26) https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1397648577011195904

83. Libertarian: Privacy as Property Right to be Bought, Sold, or Traded Contextual Integrity: Privacy as Appropriate Information Flows that Meets Contextual Norms Paternalistic: Privacy as Human Right That Needs to be Protected By the State

85. Lessig, Lawrence, Code 2.0, Chapter: What Things Regulate (available in print: Lawrence Lessig (2006). Code. Lawrence Lessig. pp. 120–137. ISBN 978-0-465-03914-2. Lessig’s Pathetic Dot Theory Nested Contexts vs

86. Lessig’s Pathetic Dot Theory Lessig, Lawrence, Code 2.0, Chapter: What Things Regulate (available in print: Lawrence Lessig (2006). Code. Lawrence Lessig. pp. 120–137. ISBN 978-0-465-03914-2. Market Law Cultural Norms Technology Architecture & Code

87. Culture

88. Laws Culture

89. Economy Laws Culture

90. Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines

91. User Experience Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines

92. App Code User Experience Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines

93. OS Code App Code User Experience Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines

94. OS Code App Code User Experience Economy Laws Culture Design Guidelines Hardware & Tech Architecture

95. Human Rights Principles Governments & Laws XR Companies XR Hardware Ethical Design Principles XR Experiences Users

96. How do we preserve the Right to Mental Privacy in XR? Biometrically-inferred psychographic data from XR is not covered by existing privacy laws. Some biometric user data will be contextually- relevant & required for some XR apps to function, which users should be able to consent to sharing within the context of those apps. Companies require users to consent to their Terms of Service & Privacy Policies, which do not prevent them them from recording & monetizing user data, extrapolating biometric psychographic information, or using it for contextually-aware AI, but they have limited what third party developers can do with that same data. Human Rights Principles International Organizations International Laws & Human Rights Laws UN Guiding Principles on Business & Human Rights Neuro-Rights Initiative Right to Mental Privacy XR Hardware + Operating System Ethical Design Principles? XR User’s Context & Data Third-Party XR Developers XR Experiences that Require User Data to Operate US Government Lobbyists European Union GDPR XR Companies State Laws Federal Laws Oversight & Enforcement New Federal Privacy Law? Monetizing User Data & Biometric Psychography? Contextually -Aware AI? Terms of Service Privacy Policy App Store Developer Terms of Service

97. (1) The right to identity (2) The right to agency (3) The right to mental privacy (4) The right to fair access to mental augmentation (5) The right to protection from algorithmic bias Proposed Neuro-Rights Yuste, R.,Genser, J. & Herrmann, S. "It's Time for Neuro-Rights." Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, no. 18, 2021. pp 154-164. JSTOR, https://www.cirsd.org/en/horizons/horizons-winter-2021-issue-no-18/its-time-for-neuro--rights. Accessed 31 Mar. 2021.

99. @KentBye

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State of Privacy in XR & Neuro-Tech: Conceptual Frames