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BIRTH OF WORLD CINEMA
Dr JANARDHAN JUVVIGUNTA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DFM, JGI
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WHAT IS CINEMA?
● The art of moving images is called cinema.
● It is a motion picture in a visual medium that tells stories.
● Accordingto Bernard F. Dick, (2009), Cinemais derived from theFrench word
‘cinematography’
● It has roots in the Greek word ‘Kinein’ which means ‘to move?
● The terms ‘cinema’ or ‘movie’ denotes an art form called ‘moving pictures’
● ‘Cinema’ broadly encompasses both films and movies
● The term ‘movie’ is very common in the United States of America.
● While the term ‘film’ is popular in Europe
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SCIENCE BEHIND THE CINEMA
● In the 19th century a British scholar, Peter Mark Roget noticed Optical
Phenomena are known as “Persistence of Vision”.
● In 1912, Max Wertheimer, discovered the “Phi- phenomena”, a metal act
saturating the gaps b/w the frames/images
● It makes a series of images in rapid succession feel like a continuousmotion.
● These experiments inspired to created what is known as an ‘Optical Illusion’
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BIRTH OF WORLD CINEMA
STAGE-I:
● Scientists had to realize that the human eye will perceive motion.
● In 1826 when French inventor Joseph Niepce took the very first black and
white photograph.
Heliograph
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● In 1837, Louis Daguerre invented the daguerreotype process
● In 1838, the photograph of a ParisianStreettaken by Daguerre shows
the world's very first photographed person
● In 1839, the Daguerreotype was generally recognized as the birth of still
photography
● In 1832, Belgian Physicist Joseph Plateau and Austrian Geometry Professor
Simon Stampfer independently created the “Phenakistoscope”
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Phenakistoscope
● William George Horner,(born 1786, near Bristol, England ) developed the ‘Zoetrope’,
in 1833
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● It containeda seriesofdrawingson a narrowstrip ofpaper inside a revolving
drum
Zoetrope
STAGE-II:
● The magic lantern was invented in the 1600s, probably by Christiaan
Huygens, a Dutch scientist.
● "Magic lanterns" to project glass lantern slides
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● By the 18th century the lantern was a common form of entertainment and
education in Europe.
Magic lanterns
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STAGE-III:
● The invention was use photography to make successive pictures on a clear
surface
● In 1839, Henry Fox Talbot introduced ‘negatives’ made on paper
● It became possible to print photographic images on glass lantern slides and
project them
STAGE-IV:
● In 1870, George Eastman devised the still camera (Kodak) that made
photographs on rolls of sensitized paper
● In 1900, Eastman introduced transparent ‘Celluloid Roll Film’
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STAGE-V:
● In the camera, the strip of the film had to stop briefly while light entered
through the lens and exposed each frame
● A shutter then covered the film as another frame moved into place
● At least sixteen frames had to slide into place, stop, and move away each
second
● In 1877, A French inventor Emile Reynaud had built an optical toy, the
Projecting ‘Praxinoscope’
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● In 1878, Ex-governor of California Leland Stanford asked photographer
Eadweard Muybridge to find a way of photographingrunning horses to help
study their gaits
● Muybridge set up a row of twelve cameras, each making an exposure in one-
thousandth of a second (1/1000)
● The photos recorded one-half-second intervals of movement
● Muybridge later made a lantern to project moving images of horses
● He made a major contribution to anatomical science through thousands of
motion studies
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● In 1882, French physiologist Etienne Jules Marey studied the flight of birds
and other rapid animal movements by means of a ‘Photographic Gun’
● Shaped like a rifle, it exposed twelve images around the edge of a circular
● In 1888, Etienne Jules Marey built a box-type camera
● It helped to expose a series of photographs up to 120 frames per second
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● Later in 1889, Emile Reynaud exhibited a much larger version of the
‘Praxinoscope’
● From 1892 on, he regularly gave public performances
● These were the first public exhibitions of moving images
● 1894. Augustin Le Prince, was able to make some brief films,
● Shot at about sixteen frames per second, using Kodak's paper roll film
● The technology of the motion picturecame primarily from the United States,
Germany, England, and France
● In 1889, Edison went to Paris and saw Marey's camera & Praxinoscope
● In1891, the Kinetograph Camera and Kinetoscope Projector were demonstrated
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● In the same year, Robert W. Paul made films and projected in Kinetoscope
Kinetoscope
● W.K.L. Dickson's early decisions influenced the entire history of the cinema
● 35 mm film stock with four-hole per frame has remained the norm
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35 mm film
● W.K.L. Dickson and Edison built a small studio in New Jersey in 1893
Black Maria
● On April 14, 1894, the first Kinetoscope parlour opened in New York
● Soon other parlours, both in the US and abroad, exhibited the machine
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EUROPEAN CONTRIBUTIONS
● The Germans Max and Emil Skladanowsky developed ‘Bioscope’
● The Skladanowsky brothers showed a 15 minutes program in Berlin on
November 1, 1895.
● Later, they adopted the standard 35 mm, the single-strip film used
● The brothers toured Europe through 1897
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● The Lumiere brothers, Louis and Auguste, invented a projection system
● A commercially viable enterprise internationally
● In 1894, a local Kinetoscope exhibitor asked them to produce short films
● Soon they had designed the elegant little camera, the ‘Cinematographe’
Lumiere brothers
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● The first film made was Workers Leaving the Factory, in March 1895
● The Lumiere brotherssent a representative who opened a successful run of
the ‘Cinematographe’ in London on February 20, 1896,
Francis Doublier, one of the firm's representatives who toured the world
Reference: Workers leaving the Factory 1895
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AMERICAN DEVELOPMENTS
● Woodville Latham and his sons Otway and Gray began work on a camera
and projector in 1894
● They were able to show one film to reporters on April 21, 1895,
● C. Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat first exhibited their ‘Phantoscope’
projector in Atlanta in October 1895
Phantoscope projector
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● Armat improved the projector, renamed it the ‘Vitascope’
● Edison agreed to manufacture Armat's projector and supply films for it
● For publicity purposes, it was marketed as "Edison's Vitascope"
● The Vitascope's public premiere was in New York on April 23, 1896,
● Thirdly, late1894, Herman Casler patented the ‘Mutoscope’
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● The camera and projector were unusual, employing 70mm film
● By 1897, Mutoscope was the most popular film company in the country
● By 1897, the invention of the cinema was largely completed
Mutoscope
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THE GROWTH OF THE FRENCH FILM INDUSTRY
● From 1896 on, the Lumiere catalogue rapidly expanded to Spain, Egypt,
Italy, Japan, and many other countries
● After Lumiere’s’ success other film production firms appeared in France
● The single most important, Georges Melies
Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FG9rvNhdOX8
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● In 1902, it built a glass-sided studio and began selling the ‘Pathe camera’
● Melies was a performing magician who owned a theatre
● After seeing the Lumiere Cinematographe in 1895, he decided to add films
to his program
● Although Melies is remembered mainly for his delightful fantasy movies
● Replete with camera tricks and painted scenery
● He made 78 films including his first trick film, The Vanishing Lady (1 896) & A Trip
to the Moon (1902)
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● George Melies created the editing technique such as
Double exposures
Inverted cutting
Altered magnification
Pathe Camera
Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFtR9bQupak