This comprehensive presentation is a broad unit on soil, soil formation and soil layers. The unit gives performance expectations, key vocabulary, types of weathering, soil components and types, soil composition, formation, horizons, hazards, properties, characteristics. Finally the unit covers soil nutrients and forest systems.
Can best be used at High and Junior high schools, by hobby gardeners, farmers and as a college introductory presentation or as a basic refresher. Also elementary teachers can use this to "get up to speed" on the fascinating topic of soil!
Soil Lab v4 is the final version for 2015.
59. About the author:
John Schmied has been a secondary science school teacher for 20 years and is involved in developing
practical, yet innovative, hands on curriculum for teens. In addition he is a Chemical Hygiene Officer
and an Environmental Educator. He has created, developed and manages a 6 acre Environmental
Center at his school site.
John’s presentations are viewed worldwide & have been in the
top 5% of Slideshare for multiple years.
During this time John served as the Strategic planner for the
Friends of the Hidden River a 501(C)(3) non profit.
• Over the past 13 years Friends helped King County, WA
design, fund, construct & develop the 14,800 sqft
Brightwater Environmental Center in Woodinville WA.
• John is the Director & a principal developer of the Ground
to Sound STEM Environmental Challenge course, a locally
popular cutting edge environmental program that merges,
Science, Tech, Art, Multimedia and other disciplines with
Leadership studies at the Center
Prior to this period John served as a Coast Guard Officer,
primarily involved in ice, navigation & search and rescue
operations. His specialties are Ship handling, Diving and
Oceanographic Operations.
John can be contacted via Linked In.
Notas do Editor
Physical Properties
- aggregate formation (clumping), - stability (from erosion) - tilth (suitability for sowing seeds) - texture.
Biological Properties:
The biological properties of a soil unite the soil’s physical and chemical properties.
For example, fungi and bacteria recycle all the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and other nutrients in the soil’s organic matter into the mineral forms that can be used by plants.
Also, soil organisms break down the carbon compounds into simpler compounds, so soil organisms can use their energy!
Chemical Properties
The chemical properties of soil are usually related to soil fertility such as available
nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P),
potassium (K),
pH (acid/base balance)
Micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Mn, etc)
Soil’s organic matter
1. Increased rain fall = decreased levels of soil nutrients (get washed away more easily)
2. Deforestation allows the litter layer and topsoil to be eroded, exposing the lower soil layers and washing away valuable nutrients.
3. Soil erosion by wind and water increases when ground is left bare, taking away nutrients and good soil.
4. Invasive species Certain invasive plants withdraw water from deep in the soil and reduce the amount available for other uses. Other invasives do not hold the soil well, making land more prone to erosion.
Also certain invasive plants alter the amount of nutrients in soils
pH is a measure of how acidic something is.
For example, Lemon Juice has a low pH. This means lemon juice is acidic.
Something like soap would have a high pH and therefore not be very acidic.
The acidity of soil will determine what plants can or cannot grow in that soil.
Why do plants need it?
Major part of proteins, nucleic acids (DNA), growth
How do they get it?
From the soil!
Washington Forests receive a lot of rain… this removes nitrogen from soil…
Most nitrogen is therefore stored in the dead and decaying material around trees as well as in the trees themselves.
Therefore, decomposers (bacteria, fungi) in the soil and on plant roots are VERY important for forest health!
Why do plants need it?
Phosphorous makes stronger roots, better flower blooms and makes plants grow faster with less stress.
Where does phosphorous come from… Nature. Initially, phosphate weathers from rocks.
The small losses in a terrestrial system caused by leaching through the action of rain are balanced in the gains from weathering rocks.
In soil, phosphate is absorbed on clay surfaces and organic matter particles and becomes incorporated (immobilized).
Plants dissolve ionized forms of phosphate.
Herbivores obtain phosphorus by eating plants, and carnivores by eating herbivores.
Herbivores and carnivores excrete phosphorus as a waste product in urine and feces.
Phosphorus is released back to the soil when plants or animal matter decomposes and the cycle repeats.
Why do plants need it?
Necessary for plants to regulate water loss No potassium means increased water loss
How do they get it?
Again… from the soil! Washington Forests tend to be lower in pH, which means less potassium…
The amount of water we get helps to decrease the effects of lower potassium, but plants still need some amount.
This potassium can be gained during decomposition, slow breakdown of rocks and minerals, or from ash left after a forest fire.
Potassium is supplied to plants by soil minerals, organic materials, and fertilizer.
Forest soils range from 4-7 on the pH scale, with most soils being 5.0-6.5.
4 would be considered as very strong acid soil, while 7 would be pH neutral
Needles and leaves decompose and decrease soil pH
Rain is slightly acidic due to combining with CO2 in the atmosphere
Rainfall decreases pH, washing out basic nutrients from the soil.
Water enters via rain or ground water movement.
Water that isn’t absorbed by the tree roots leeches back out into ground water, carrying with it any excess nutrients in the soil.
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and
Potassium from decaying plant and animal material.
Also:
Nitrogen from atmosphere
Phosphorous and Potassium from rocks and minerals
This is an average of the class data for the recent soil tests…..
Notice how the forest soil is acid. Why is this so?
Why is the Potting and Garden Soil neutral?
Notice that the nitrogen is low in all the soils….. Why is this?