1. K. Suneetha et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (5), 498-501
ISSN:2249-5347
IJSID
International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries An International peer
Review Journal for Science
Research Article Available online through www.ijsidonline.info
EFFECTS OF ENDOSULFAN AND FENVALERATE ON PYRUVATE OF THE FRESHWATER FISH, LABEO
ROHITA (HAMILTON)
Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, AP, India
Dr. K. Suneetha*, A. Suneel kumar and B. Naga Raju
Received: 14-04-2012 ABSTRACT
Freshwater fish Labeo rohita was exposed to two pesticides i.e.,
Accepted: 18-10-2012
endosulfan an organchlorine and fenvalerate a synthetic pyrethroid. The
LC50 values determined for endosulfan and fenvalerate at 24 hrs were
*Corresponding Author
0.6876, 0.4749 µgL-1 respectively. The 1/10th of 24 hrs, LC50 value of both
the pesticides was selected as sublethal concentrations. The fish were
exposed to sublethal concentrations for 24 hrs and 15 days and the
changes in the levels of pyruvate were reported in vital organs such as
brain, gill, kidney, liver and muscle.
Key words: Endosulfan, Fenvalerate, Pyruvate.
Address: INTRODUCTION
Name:
Dr.K.Suneetha
Place:
Department of Biochemistry,
A.N.U, Guntur
E-mail:
suneetha_karyamsetty INTRODUCTION
@ Yahoo.co.in
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2. K. Suneetha et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (5), 498-501
Pollution of aquatic environment by pesticides, bring changes in the metabolic activities and alters physiological state
INTRODUCTION
thereby changing the biochemical constituents of aquatic organisms. It is important to examine the toxic effect of pesticides on
fish, as they constitute an important link in food chain and their contamination by pesticide imbalances the aquatic ecosystem,
Fish also form an important part of human food.
Endosulfan (C9H9Cl6O3S) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide used to control pests in more than 60 countries
around the world in agriculture1. India is one of the major producers of endosulfan. In India alone, the agricultural
consumption of endosulfan was estimated to be 5,200 metric tons in 1994-19952.
Synthetic pyrethriods are another type of pesticides; these are also toxic to aquatic organisms. Pyrethroid insecticides
have been used in agriculture for more than 30 years to control insect pests in a range of crops. Fenvalerate is one of the
pyrethroid insecticide and most widely used in agricultural crops such as cotton, paddy, jowar,maize, soyabean, tomato, lady’s
finger, cauliflower, tobacco and tea. But the use of this insecticide also tend to affect the biology of non-target species along
with pests3,4.
The freshwater fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton) is an edible and commercially valuable fish. Live fish of size 6-7 ±1cm and
MATERIAL AND METHODS
6-8 g weight were brought from a local fish farm and acclimatized at 28 ± 2 0C in the laboratory for one week. The stock
solutions for Endosulfan 35% Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) and Fenvalerate 20% Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) were
prepared in 95% acetone to yield a concentration of 100mg/100ml which were further diluted with distilled water to get a
working solution. The water used for acclimatization and conducting experiments was clear unchlorinated ground water. In
each test ten fish were introduced in toxicant glass chambers with a capacity of ten liters. The data on the mortality rate of fish
was recorded. The dead fish were removed immediately. The toxic tests were conducted to choose the mortality range from
ten percent to ninety percent for 24 hrs in static tests. The concentration that produced fifty percent mortality in test species
noted. LC50 values were calculated by Finney’s Probit analysis5.
Pyruvate level was measured according to Friedemann and Haugen6.
Estimation of Pyruvate
Tissue homogenate (50 mg.ml, w/v) was prepared in 10% TCA. Sodium pyruvate was taken as standard.
The results indicated that the tissues of fish brain, gill, kidney, liver and muscle tested at sublethal concentrations of
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
both endosulfan and fenvalerate for 24h and 15 days, a decrease in pyruvate level were noticed during the exposure periods
(Tables – I-II).
Table –I: Changes in the Pyruvate (µ moles of pyruvate/g wet weight of tissue) in different tissues of Labeo rohita on exposure
to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan and fenvalerate for 24h
Endosulfan Fenvalerate
Brain 6.15 ± 0.02 4.94 ± 0.03 19.67 4.75 22.76
Organs control Sub-Lethal % Change Sub-Lethal % Change
Gill 5.51 ±0.02 4.53 ± 0.02 17.78 4.33 21.41
Kidney 11.01 ± 0.01 8.65 ± 0.01 21.43 8.32 24.43
Liver 14.60 ± 0.002 10.26 ± 0.004 29.72 8.13 44.31
Muscle 12.24 ±0.01 9.28 ± 0.002 24.18 8.38 31.53
Values are the means of five observations: (±) indicates the standard deviation values are significant at P > 0.05
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3. K. Suneetha et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (5), 498-501
16
14
Brain
12
10 Gill
8 Kidney
6
Liver
4
2 Muscle
0
Control S.L.E S.L.F.
Figure –I: Changes in the Pyruvate (µ moles of pyruvate/g wet weight of tissue) in different tissues of Labeo rohita on
exposure to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan and fenvalerate for 24h
Table –II: Changes in the Pyruvate(µ moles of pyruvate/g wet weight of tissue) in different tissues of Labeo rohita on
exposure to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan and fenvalerate for 15 days
Endosulfan Fenvalerate
Brain 4.05± 0.5 3.80 ± 0.005 6.17 3.12 ± 0.01 22.96
Organs control Sub-Lethal % Change Sub- Lethal % Change
Gill 3.03± 0.03 2.85± 0.005 5.94 2.52 ± 0.005 16.83
Kidney 9.23± 0.005 7.84± 0.005 15.05 7.04 ± 0.05 23.72
Liver 10.04± 0.02 8.23± 0.005 18.02 6.26 ± 0.003 37.64
Muscle 9.43± 0.01 7.98± 0.005 15.37 7.03 ± 0.005 25.45
Values are the means of five observations: (±) indicates the standard deviation values are significant at P > 0.05
12
10 Brain
8 Gill
6 Kidney
4 Liver
2 Muscle
0
Control S.L.E S.L.F.
Figure –II: Changes in the Pyruvate (µ moles of pyruvate/g wet weight of tissue) in different tissues of Labeo rohita on
exposure to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan and fenvalerate for 15 days
Pyruvate is the resultant product of glycolysis,which undergoes oxidation and enters Krebs cycle. This is fallowed by
mobilization of reduced co-enzymes to synthesise through electron transport system coupled by oxidative phosphorylation.
Decrease in pyruvate levels were observed in Labeo rohita under Cypermethrin toxicity. Significant decrease in pyruvate
levels were observed under sublethal concentration of freshwater fish Channa punctatus after exposure to 24h and 96h of
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4. K. Suneetha et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (5), 498-501
dimethoate.7Decrement in levels of pyruvate were observed under methanolic extract of Euphorbia royleana latex Channa
punctatus8
The decrease in pyruvate level suggests the possibility of a shift towards anaerobic dependence due to a remarkable
drop in aerobic segment. The decrease in pyruvate could be due to its conversion to lactate, or due to its mobilization to form
amino acids, lipids, triglycerides and glycogen synthesis in addition to its role as a detoxification factor in ammonia toxicity9.
The present work indicates that both endosulfan and fenvalerate caused alterations in the pyruvate levels of fish
CONCLUSION
Labeo rohita, but comparatively fenvalerate treated fish tissues showed more decrement in pyruvate values this may be due to
more pesticidal stress. Due to lipophilc nature of pyrethroids, biological membranes and tissues redily take up pyrethroids.
Pyrethroids are several orders of magnitude more toxic to fish than the other pesticides 10.
1. Vidal, M.L.J., Frias, M.M., Frenich, A.G., Olea-Serrano, F. and Olea, N: Rapid Commun.mass spectrum., 14, 939-946, 2000.
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