rise of delhi sultanet

1. Lecture-II
Architecture of Sultan in Delhi Region
Ar. Hena Tiwari
Assistant Professor
GCAD,Sonipat

2. 2
Outcome:
Students will be able to understand Delhi Sultanate and its
origin, rule in India and the architectural expansion done by
the sultanate in the country..

3.  Mamluk/Slave
dynasty
 Khalji dynasty
 Tughluq dynasty
 Sayyid dynasty
 Lodi dynasty
TOPICS TO BE COVERED

4. Topic-I
Mamluk/Slave dynasty

5. The Delhi Sultanate was a Delhi-based Muslim kingdom
that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for
320 years (1206–1526).
Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, the
first four of which were of Turkic origin and the last was the
Afghan Lodi.
 The Lodi dynasty was replaced by the Mughal dynasty.
INTRODUCTI
ON

6. The five dynasties were :
 Mamluk dynasty (1206–90);
 Khilji dynasty (1290–1320)
 Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414)
 Sayyid dynasty (1414–51)
 Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).

7. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave of Muhammad Ghori, was the
first sultan of Delhi and his dynasty conquered large areas of
northern India.
Delhi sultanate is also noted for being one of the few states to repel
an attack from the Mongol Empire.
 Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach,
during the Tughlaq dynasty, covering most of Indian subcontinent.
The Delhi Sultanate declined thereafter, with continuing Hindu-
Muslim wars.

8. The Sultanate caused destruction and desecration of ancient
temples of South Asia, as well as led to the emergence of Indo-
Islamic architecture.
The Delhi Sultanate is the era that enthroned one of the few
female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana from 1236 to
1240.
 In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate fell and was replaced by the
Mughal Empire.

9. Chronological Summary
AD 986 Mahmud of Ghazni’s accession to the throne
1030 Death of Mahmud of Ghazni
1175-76 Invasion of Muhammad Gauri
1206 Death of Muhammad Gauri
1206-90 The dynasty of the Slave Kings at Delhi, founded by
Qutab-ud-din Aibak
(Use of materials from old Hindu temples for constr-uction of
mosques. No Islamic architecture as such )

10. 1290-1320 The Khilji Dynasty
(Development of Islamic architecture in India. Use of the true arch).
1320 The Tughlaq Dynasty begins.
(Building activity continues, especially during the later period. But the
structures now are plainer due to economic stringency- virile rather than
elegant ).
1398 Incursions of Timur and the sack of Delhi.
(Cessation of building activity and the bringing of craftsmen from
outside the country ).
1414-51 The Sayyid Dynasty
(Building activity very restricted due to lack of funds following the
Timurid raids ).
1451-1526 The Lodhi period. End of the Delhi Sultanate.

11. Mamluk Dynasty (Slave Dynasty)
Political aspect of the Mamluk Dynasties.
Important Leaders
 Muhammad of Ghor conquered parts of the Indian Sub-Continent
in the late 12th century which later became the territory of the
Mamluk dynasty.
 1206-1210 AD: Qutub-ud-din-aybak, former slave of Muhammad
of Ghor, declared independence of India after the death of
Muhammad of Ghor, and began the Mamluk Dynasty in 1206 AD.
He was not militant and focused on the development of his
current territories rather than spreading to other countries.

12. • 1211-1236 AD: Iltutmish was by
far the most militant Mamluk
sultan, he succeeded in spreading
his territories in all directions.
At the time of his death his eldest
son had been killed and his other
sons were incompetent so he
named his daughter as his
successor.

13.  1236-1240 AD: Raziya Sultana, daughter of Iltutmish, did not
succeed immediately to the throne because the noble did not
want a girl as a leader so they put in place one of Iltutmish’s son
who’s reign only lasted a few months before they had him
assassinated.
 Raziya is famous for being the first female ruler of India.
 She was the first Muslim ruler to have complete control over a
territory.

14. Notable Architecture
• Sultan Ghari
• Tomb of Balban
• Qutub Minar

15. Balban’s Tomb
 Constructed as a tomb for Ghiyas ud din Balban.
 First example of arches being used in Indian architecture.
 It lies within the Mehrauli Archaeological
Park in Delhi, adjacent to which stands
the tomb of his son Khan Shahid and wall
mosque.
 The domes of both the tombs have
collapsed and the structures now are
ruins.

16.  Built as a tomb for Iltutmish’s eldest son
 It is the first Islamic mausoleum to be built in 1231 AD
Sultan Ghari
Location: Malakpur Village, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi

17. Pillars
Crypt
Main
entrance
steps
Courtyard
Sultan Ghari Plan

18. Architecture of Sultan Ghari Tomb
 Constructed in the manner of a fortress which is armed with a
courtyard-like area which is very rare among tomb structures.
 It is based over a raised platform built of rubble masonry work.
 The tomb is octagonal in shape.
 it possesses four corner towers erected over a cave.
 It has a double structure of an underground room for the crypt.
 The grave is octagonal.

19. Its underground chambers are held together by four columns
supported on two pillars.
Lime and concrete have been employed to create the terrace
of the grave chamber.
Beautiful Afghan and Turkish patterns adorn the marble
'mihrab' of the western prayer hall.
Corbel arch construction pattern is witnessed in the tomb.

20. Front entrance of Sultan Garhi
Southend view of Sultan Garhi

21. Qutub Minar
 Worlds tallest brick minaret.
 Started by Aybak and finished by Iltutmish.
 Built in Mehrauli, India.
MATERIALS:
The first three stories are made of sandstone.
The next two of marble and sandstone.
Firoz Shah Tughlaq added marble to the top storey.

22. PLAN OF QUTUB COMPLEX
QUTUB
MINAR
ALAI MINAR
IRON
PILLAR
ALAI
DARWAZA
MOSQUE
ILTUTMISH TOMBSCREEN

23. HISTORY
The Qutub complex was built by Qutub Ud-Din Aybak in Delhi in
1192.
It is located within the citadel of Qila Rai Pithora where Qutb Ud-
Din had also set his administrative quarters and residence.
 It was created with the dismantling and reassembling of the 27
existing Hindu and Jain temples on the site.
THE COMPLEX
Qutub complex consists of a mosque and two minarets
enclosed within a series of cloistered precincts.
 This rectangular complex measures about 235 m (north-
south) by 155 m (east-west) along the exterior.

25. The entrance was via four monumental gates along the north,
east and south walls, of which only the southern gate (Alai
Darwaza) remains.
 The mosque, known as the Qutb Mosque, occupies the
southwest corner of the complex.
Qutb Minar (minaret) stands in the southeastern part of this
enclosure.
 The unfinished Alai Minar (minaret) stands in the
northeastern part of the complex.

26. A tall screen wall with pointed archways runs along the
western edge of the precinct, creating a qibla wall for the prayer
spaces.
At the base, the diameter of the minaret is a little over fourteen
meters and it tapers towards the top, where it is only slightly
under 3 meters wide.
It has a circular stairway made of three-hundred-seventy-nine
steps to reach the top for a spectacular view.
In addition to these elements, the complex also contains
several smaller buildings: the Tomb of Iltutmish, Ala al-Din
Khalji's madrasa, and the Imam Zamin Mosque.

27. QUWWAT-UL-ISLAM
MASJID
To mark victory over Rai Pithora, Qutub-ud-Din Aibak built
the Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid in 1192 which was completed in
1198.
It is the earliest mosque in India, having a rectangular court.
The court is enclosed by cloisters which were erected with
carved columns and other architectural members from the 27
Hindu and Jain temples, which were later demolished.
Brahmanical motifs like the
kalasa and lotus on pillars
The walls and pillars are
having intrinsic Hindu
architectural motifs.
Pillars of the mosque

28. IRON
PILLARThe Iron Pillar dates back to the 4th century BC.
It is a 7 m (23 ft) column in theQutb complex, notable for the
rust-free composition of the metals used in its construction.
It is said to have been
brought to Delhi by the
Tomar king Anangpal,
somewhere in the 11th
century from Udaygiri.
The pillar was cast in its present form not forged.
 Length 7.2m of which 93 cm is underground.
Diameter - 0.41 m.
Garuda idol at top missing.
Inscription on pillar

29. ILTUTMISH TOMB
It is located in the northwest to the Iron Pillar.
It is made of red sand stone, situated northwest
of the minaret.
It is a landmark in Indo-Islamic architecture.
It is believed to have had a dome which was later damaged.
There are 3 entrances on all 3 sides, but the west, which was for
the mihrabs.
 It is a simple square chamber, covered originally by a circular
dome that was carried on a form of squinch arch.
Inside is decorated and elaborated with Quranic verses.
 Marble is used in mehrab and cenotaph.
Interior of illtutmush’s tomb
Exterior of tomb

30. Conclusion
The Delhi Sultanate was a Delhi-based Muslim kingdom that stretched
over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526).
Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate sequentially, the first four of
which were of Turkic origin and the last was the Afghan Lodi.
Delhi sultanate is also noted for being one of the few states to repel an
attack from the Mongol Empire.
The Delhi Sultanate declined thereafter, with continuing Hindu-Muslim
wars.
Raziya is famous for being the first female ruler of India.
Balban tomb is the first example of arches being used in Indian
architecture.

31. Sultan Giri is the first Islamic mausoleum to be built in 1231 AD.
Qutub Minar is the Worlds tallest brick minaret which was started by
Aybak and finished by Iltutmish. It has a circular stairway made of three-
hundred-seventy-nine steps to reach the top for a spectacular view.
Its first three stories are made of sandstone, next two of marble and
sandstone and Firoz Shah Tughlaq added marble to the top storey.
In addition to these elements, the complex also contains several smaller
buildings: the Tomb of Iltutmish, Ala al-Din Khalji's madrasa, and the
Imam Zamin Mosque.

32. “A people without the knowledge of their past
history, origin and culture is like a tree without
roots.”
Marcus Garvey

33. Assignment
1. Describe in detail with appropriate sketches the layout of
Qutub Complex.
2. What would be the reasons that led to the rise of Delhi
Sultanate in northern part of India.