11. Thomas Robert Malthus: An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) A rise in living standards causes a rise in the birth rate and/or a fall in the death rate which increases the population which causes living standards and population to fall back down again to the original level Inputs Output Arithmetic rise in population Diminishing returns to production
23. Shared presences among alpha world cities Source: World City Network: A New Metageography?, Beaverstock, Smith and Taylor (2000). Solid lines join city pairs with > 35 firms with offices in both cities. Dotted lines join pairs with between 30 and 35 shared presences.
24. World city links to London Source: World City Network: A New Metageography?, Beaverstock, Smith and Taylor (2000)