History of communication saranti

History of Communication
A project in English by Konstantina
Saranti and Konstantina Papia
Teacher: Ms Dertili
Class:C’5 2017

• The everyday reality of a modern man is completely
identified, one could say, with the widespread use of
telecommunication in the environment he lives, acts
and works. The need for communication and the need
to exchange messages isn’t of course a privilege of
today's advanced technology, since the human
existence throughout its course on planet earth
implemented lots and different communication
methods. Therefore it is easy to conclude that every
historic period is characterized from a specific form of
communication and its scientific and technological
achievements .
• digilib.teiemt.gr/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5747/1/STEF722011.pdf

Communication(1/4)
• 1. ” Communication is the transfer of
information from one person to
another,whether or not it elicits confidence.
But the information transferred must be
understandable to the receiver – G.G. Brown.
• 2. “Communication is the intercourse by
words, letters or messages”- Fred G. Meyer.
• http://communicationtheory.org/category/communication/

Communication(2/4)
• We can now proceed to define communication from what
we have seen above. The exact meaning of the word
communicate is ‘to share’ or ‘to participate’(it is derived
from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share“.) . The
dictionaries say that communication is the transmission of
a message or information by speaking or writing. Another
dictionary declares that communication is giving or
exchanging information, signals, messages by talk or
gestures or writing. Yet another definition says that
communication is social intercourse. Communication is all
this and much more. A good definition should not only give
the precise meaning but also throw light on the scope of
the word / expression.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication

Communiation(3/4)
• Communication is giving, receiving or exchanging
ideas, information, signals or messages through
appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups
to persuade, to seek information, to give
information or to express emotions.
• This broad definition includes body-language,
skills of speaking and writing. It outlines the
objectives of communication. It emphasizes
listening as an important aspect of
communication.

Definition of communication(4/4)
• Lastly another definition says:
• Communication is the process of sending and
receiving messages through verbal and/or
nonverbal means—speech (oral communication),
writing (written communication), signs, signals,
and behavior. More simply, communication is
said to be "the creation and exchange of
meaning."
• Adjectives: communicative and communicational.
• https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-communication-1689877

Types of communication
• Nonverbal communication is sometimes referred
as body language. This type of communication has
many elements, some of which are:
1. Gesture
2. Facial expression
3. Posture
4. Eye contact
5. Touch, etc.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication

Verbal communication
• Verbal communication is the exchange of
information using words both written and
spoken. People can communicate by speech
and writing.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication#Verbal

Visual communication
• Visual communication is communication through
a visual aid. It is primarily presented or expressed
with two dimensional images, it includes:
• signs
• typography
• drawing
• graphic design
• Illustration and etc
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_communication

• The human being from its appearance on earth
until today has the need to communicate in
various ways and means . The need for fast-
immediate <<contact>> lead him to discover and
practice various means of communication from
the time of Ancient Greece to the internet we all
know and use in our era.
• The development of communication as we shall
see below is undeniable and the creativity of the
human being is astonishing.
• https://www.slideshare.net/elenti/ss-12735058

The First Mean Of Communication
• The first means of communication was the
human voice.
• About 40,000 years ago cave paintings were
developed, a type of rock art, dating to the Upper
Paleolithic age. The exact use of the Paleolithic
cave paintings is not known. It is believed that
cave paintings may have been a way of
communicating with others, while others give a
religious or ceremonial purpose to them.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting
• http://www.localhistories.org/communications.html

Petroglyphs
• The next breakthrough in the history of communication came
with the production of petroglyphs, carvings into a rock
surface. It took about 20,000 years for homo sapiens to move
from the first cave paintings to the first petroglyphs, which
are dated around 10,000 B.C.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication#Petroglyphs

Pictograms
• A pictogram is a symbol which illustrates stories, objects,
activities or places. In Pictography ideas are transmitted
through drawing. The difference between petroglyphs is that
petroglyphs are simply showing an event, but pictograms are
telling a story about the event.
• The use of pictograms started around 9000 BC, when tokens
marked with simple pictures began to be used to label basic
farm produce, and become increasingly popular around 6000-
5000 BC.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication#Pictograms

Ideograms
• Pictograms then turned into ideograms, graphical
symbols that represent an idea. Ideograms could
show abstract concepts, in contrast to pictograms
which could represent only something resembling
their form, for example an ideogram of two sticks
can mean not only 'legs' but also a verb 'to walk'.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication#Ideograms

The First “ Alphabet”
• The oldest-known forms of writing were primarily
logographic in nature, based on pictographic and
ideographic elements. Most writing systems can be
broadly divided into three categories: logographic,
syllabic and alphabetic.
• In about 3,200 BC writing was invented in Iraq and
Egypt. It was invented about 1,500 BC in China.
However the only American civilization to invent a true
system of writing were the Mayans.
• The next big step was the invention of the alphabet in
what is now Israel and Lebanon about 1,600 BC.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication#Writing

The Egyptian Hieroglyphs
• Dated about 3500 BC, the proto-cuneiform signs are
basically primitive symbols that convey meaning based on
their pictorial resemblance to a physical object. Similar to
this early form of writing are the ancient Egyptian
Hieroglyphs, which as mentioned date back to around 3200
BC.)
• The history of the alphabet started in ancient Egypt. By
2700 BCE Egyptian writing had a set of some 22 hieroglyphs
to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of
their language, plus a vowel (or no vowel) to be supplied by
the native speaker. These glyphs were used as
pronunciation guides for logograms, to write grammatical
inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign
names.
• http://www.ancient.eu/alphabet/
• https://www.thoughtco.com/early-history-of-communication-4067897

• Mesopotamian language and the one that
developed in ancient Egypt suggests that
some concept of a writing system originated
in the middle east. However, any kind of
connection between Chinese characters and
these early language systems are less likely
since the cultures don’t seem to have had any
contact.

Abjads
• This script eventually developed into the Proto-
Canaanite alphabet, which in turn was refined
into the Phoenician alphabet. It also developed
into the South Arabian alphabet, from which the
Ge'ez alphabet (an abugida) comes from. The
scripts mentioned above are not considered
proper alphabets, as they all lack vowels. These
early vowelless alphabets are called abjads, and
still exist in scripts such as Arabic, Hebrew and
the Syriac alphabet.

The Phoinecian Alphabet
• The Phoenician was the first major phonemic
script. In contrast to two other widely used
writing systems at the time, Cuneiform and
Egyptian hieroglyphs, it contained only about two
dozen distinct letters, making it a script simple
enough for common traders to learn. Another
advantage of Phoenician was that it could be
used to write down many different languages,
since it recorded words phonemically.

The Greek Alphabet
• The script was spread by the Phoenicians, whose
Thalassocracy allowed the script to be spread across
the Mediterranean. In Greece, the script was modified
to add the vowels, giving rise to the first true alphabet.
The Greeks took letters which did not represent
sounds that existed in Greek, and changed them to
represent vowels. This marks the creation of a "true"
alphabet, with both vowels and consonants as symbols
in a single script. In its early years, there were many
variants of the Greek alphabet, a situation which
caused many different alphabets to evolve from it.

The Latin Alphabet
• The Cumae form of the Greek alphabet was carried
over by Greek colonists from Euboea to the Italian
peninsula, where it gave rise to a variety of alphabets
used to inscribe the Italic languages. One of these
became the Latin alphabet, which was spread across
Europe as the Romans expanded their empire. Even
after the fall of the Roman state, the alphabet survived
in intellectual and religious works. It eventually
became used for the languages of Latin origin (the
Romance languages) and then for the rest of the
languages of Europe.

Smoke Signals(1/2)
• In general smoke signals are used to transmit
news, signal danger, or gather people to a
common area. They were able to transmit a
message as far away as 750 kilometers in just
a few hours.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal

Smoke Signals(2/2)
• Native Americans are not the only group of
people who have used smoke signals to
communicate. The Chinese have also used
smoke signals as well as the Boy Scouts of
America. This form of communication is used by
creating puffs of smoke using a fire and a blanket.
The smoke signals must be used in an area
where they will be visible to the receiver and
they are usually transmitted on the top of a hill or
mountain.
• http://www.indians.org/articles/smoke-signals.html

The Meaning Of Smoke Signals
• Although smoke signals do not have a clear
code to decipher the smoke signals, there are
a couple of messages that are common.
Sending only one puff of smoke is usually a
call of attention. Sending two puffs of smoke
in your smoke signals is usually a sign that
everything is okay. In contrast, three puffs of
smoke can be a signal that something is
wrong.
• http://www.indians.org/articles/smoke-signals.html

Messengers
• And as humans neared the end of the B.C. period,
systems of long distance communication started
to become more commonplace. A historical entry
in the book “Globalization and Everyday Life”
states that around 200 to 100 BC: “Human
messengers on foot or horseback were common
in Egypt and China with messenger relay stations
built. Sometimes fire messages were used from
relay station to station instead of humans.”

The String Of Call Posts
• As early as 486 B.C., Xerxes, the emperor of Persia who
ruled from 486-464 B.C, selected men whose voices carried
a long way and whose hearing was good, to man a string of
call posts across his empire, relaying messages from post to
post. Over long distances this was quicker than sending a
runner with the news or the rider. Homer tells us that the
Greek Herald Stentor conveyed his messages at the sack of
Troy with the voice of fifty ordinary men. Sometimes men
also shouted from the top of a tower through a megaphone
made from skins of animals. Though this method was fairly
efficient and remained in use for a long time, there were
some serious disadvantages, for instance when there were
high winds or sand storms.
• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=143196

• Another slightly similar method in use at that
time was to use posts and have runners go from
one post to the next. Each runner would transfer
a message from one post to the next that would
be passed on. The Old Testament contains many
references to this. Messengers were waiting at all
times to relay the King’s messages or orders to
distant lands.

Pigeon Post(1/2)
• Runners often carried pigeons with them, so that if they
were attacked or incapacitated due to some other reason
they would open the cage and let the bird fly to the
destination. The homing pigeon is one the best messengers
used in ancient times. Messages were put in tiny metal
cases and tied to the bird's leg under the wing. When fully
trained these pigeons can fly about 700 miles a day at a
speed of 40-50 miles an hour. There are tales that tell us
that King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba exchanged
notes through the carrier pigeons. Pigeons also informed of
the beginning of the Olympic games in Ancient Greece.

Pigeons(2/2)
• Pigeons were also used to carry news successfully during
the French Revolution of 1848. Interestingly, around this
time they were also used to cut off ships coming to
America through the Atlantic. This helped some newspaper
publications in the East coast to receive news faster from
across the Atlantic and be ahead of their competitors in
terms of news delivery. But there was the problem that the
amount of information conveyed was necessarily limited.
Very often these birds were also sent with horsemen,
chariots or horse driven carts were used because they can
travel faster than runners. These carts were the first mail
cars.

Whistles
• Guanche, the inhabitants of the Canary
Islands, used a special language of whistles to
communicate over long distances. It is said
that these whistles could communicate up to
distances of four kilometers. The Austrian Dr.
Dominique Uelfer, who studied this strange
language in 1940, recorded a vocabulary of
2,909 words!

Communication in Africa
• There are numerous traditional forms of communication in
• Nigeria's old Calabar province. These are the various forms which
• the town crier uses in his different communication roles.
• They can be broadly divided into eleven classes:
• (i) Idiophones
• (ii) Membranophones
• (iii) Aerophone
• (iv) Symbolography
• (v) Signals
• (vi) Signs
• (vii) Objectifies
• (viii) Colour Schemes
• (ix) Music
• (x) Extra-mundane communication
• (xi) Symbolic displays
http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20re

Communication via musical
instruments (Africa)
• Idiophones:
• These are self-sounding instruments which produce
sound without the addition or use of another
medium. The sound or message emanates from the
materials from which the instruments are made and
they could be shaken, scratched, struck, pricked
(pulled) or pressed with the feet.In this group we
have the gong, woodlock, wooden drum, bell and
rattle.
• http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20med

Communication via musical
instruments (Africa)
• Membranophones:
• These are media on which sound is produced through the vibration of
membranes. They include all varieties of skin or leather drum. These
drums are beaten or struck with well-carved sticks. Among the various
Nigerian groups, there are numerous skin drums of various sizes and
shapes. Perhaps the most popular, because it is the most intricate in its
craftsmanship, is the Yoruba talking drum, locally called 'dundun'.
• Aerophones:
• These are media which produce sound as a result
• of the vibration of a column of air. They comprise media of the flute
• family, whistle reed pipes, horns and trumpets.
• http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20rev

• For more information about means of communication in Africa visit:
https://nigerdeltapolitics.wordpress.com/2013/06/20/african-means-of-communication-in-a-contemporary-world
http://pdfproc.lib.msu.edu/?file=/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/africa%20media%20review/vol1no2/jamr001002007.pdf

Remarkable moments
• 1400 BC: Oldest record of writing in China on
bones
• 1270 BC:The first encyclopedia is written in Syria
• 900 BC:the very first postal service - for
government use in China
• 530 BC :The Greeks start the very first library
• 105 BC:Tsai Lun of China invents paper as we
know it
• https://www.slideshare.net/newestprod/history-of-communications-presentation

Means Of Comunication In
Ancient Greece

Phryctoria
• Phryctoria (Greek: φρυκτωρία) was a means of communication used in Ancient Greece.
The system of communication with fire from torches is called fryktories from fryktos the
torch and φρυκτωροί the persons who were responsible to observe and send the
messages. The method used two sets of five torches. When a signal needed to be sent,
the appropriate torches were lit and placed atop towers called phryctoriae (φρυκτωρίες),
and would be visible to the next tower (usually 20 miles away), and then relayed to the
next hill in succession. When Troia fell and the Greeks won, the message was
transferred to the rest of Greece through phryktoriae.
• It was invented by the Greek engineers Cleoxenes and Democletus in the 2nd century
BC. The coding system was as follows:
• α β γ δ ε
ζ η θ ι κ
λ μ ν ξ ο
π ρ σ τ υ
φ χ ψ ω
• When they wanted to send the letter o (omicron), they opened five torches on the right
set and three torches on the left set.
• http://wikivisually.com/wiki/Fryctoria
• http://dide.flo.sch.gr/Links/Optical-Hydraulic-Telegraph.html
• http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Communication.htm
• http://www.adrenaline.gr/en/friktoria

Reference To The Phryctoria In The
Iliad
• Iliad Book 18:
• <<Then the lovely goddess
wrapped his head up in a golden cloud, so from him
a fiery light blazed out. Just like those times when smoke
from a city stretches all the way to heaven,
rising in the distance from an island under siege
by an enemy, where men fight all day long
in Ares' hateful war, struggling for their city—
then at sunset, they light fires one by one,
beacons flaming upwards to attract attention
from those on near-by islands, so their ships will come
to save them from destruction—that's how the light
blazed then from Achilles' head right up to heaven.>>

Stentorophonic Horn
• The stentorophonic horn, also known as a ''tube,'' was an
effective communication device for delivering messages to
thousands of people at once. It was commonly used in war
and an example of this sits today in the Vatican museum.
Alexander the Great and other military leaders would use this
horn to speak to armies or to let other armies know of their
location. The sound could be heard from up to 100 furlongs or
about 12 1/2 miles away. Depending on weather conditions,
the sound quality would vary because air density plays a role
in how it travels.
• http://classroom.synonym.com/communicated-ancient-greece-5916.html
• http://agilecomplexificationinverter.blogspot.gr/2010/12/long-distance-communication-t

Hydraulic telegraph of Aeneas
• Aeneas of Stymphalus (known also as Aeneas Tacticus
(Αινείας ο Τακτικός), c. 350 BC, was a Greek military scientist
and cryptographer from Arcadia. He invented an optical
system for communication similar to a telegraph: the water-
clocks. The water-clocks are an early long-distance-
communication-system. Every communicating party had
exactly the same jar, with a same-size-hole that was closed
and the same amount of water in it. In the jar was a stick
with different messages written on it. Each time they
wanted to send a signal, they raised a torch and the two
stations turned the tap on simultanouesly. The water flew
out in the same rate and when its surface reached the
desired code on the rod, they lowered the torch and turned
the tap off. Then they could read the code of the signal on
the rod.
• http://dide.flo.sch.gr/Links/Optical-Hydraulic-Telegraph.html

Cryptography of Ancient Sparta
One of the oldest cryptography tools was a Spartan scytale. It is a
tool used to perform a transposition cipher, consisting of a
cylinder with a strip of parchment wound around it on which a
message was written. The ancient Spartans and Greeks, in
general, are told to have used this cipher to communicate
during military campaigns.
The idea of the scytale ciphering is as follows. The recipient
uses a rod of the same diameter on which he wraps the
parchment to read the message. It has the advantage of being
fast and not prone to mistakes which is a necessary
characteristic when on the battlefield. If not, it can be easily
broken. Since the strip of parchment hints strongly at the
method, the ciphertext would have to be transferred to
something less suggestive.

Cryptography of Ancient Sparta

• For more inforamtion about the means of
communication in Ancient Greece go to :
• http://www.e-telescope.gr/history/world-history/
• http://www.kairatos.com.gr/afieromata/dyctia.htm

THE A.D. YEARS
COMMUNICATION COMES TO THE
MASSES

Flag Signals
• Flag signals can mean any of various methods
of using flags to send signals. Flags may have
individual significance as signals, or two or
more flags may be used so that their relative
positions relate to symbols. Flag signals
allowed communication at a distance before
the invention of radio and are still used
especially in connection with ships.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_signals

Flaghoist signalling
• The semaphore flag signalling system, designed by the
Chappe brothers in France in the late 18th century was used
to carry despatches between French army units, including
those commanded by Napoleon, and was soon adopted by
other European states. The flags are held, arms extended, in
various positions representing each of the letters of the
alphabet. The pattern resembles a clock face divided into
eight positions: up, down, out, high, low, for each of the left
and right hands (LH and RH) six letters require the hand to
be brought across the body so that both flags are on the
same side.
• https://www.anbg.gov.au/flags/semaphore.html
• http://www.cimt.org.uk/resources/topical/semaphore/semaphore.htm

Flag Communication
• The captains of the Byzantine ships
communicated and warned each other
through colorful flags about danger.

Postal Service
• In the year 14 AD, the Romans established the
first postal service in the western world. While
it’s considered to be the first well-documented
mail delivery system, others in India, China had
already existed for a long time. The first
legitimate postal service likely originated in
ancient Persia around 550 BC. However,
historians feel that in some ways it wasn’t a true
postal service because it was used primarily for
collecting information and later to relay the
king's decisions.

• Meanwhile, in the far east, China was making its own
progress in opening channels for communication
among the masses. With a well-developed writing
system and messenger services, the Chinese would be
the first to invent paper and papermaking when in 105
AD an official named Cai Lung submitted a proposal to
the emperor in which he, according to a biographical
account, suggested using “the bark of trees, remnants
of hemp, rags of cloth, and fishing nets” instead of the
heavier bamboo or costlier silk material.

Wooden Printing Press(1/2)
• Nearly 600 years before Gutenberg, Chinese monks
were setting ink to paper using a method known as
block printing, in which wooden blocks are coated with
ink and pressed to sheets of paper. One of the earliest
surviving books printed in this fashion — an ancient
Buddhist text known as "The Diamond Sutra" — was
created in 868 during the Tang (T'ang) Dynasty (618-
909) in China. The book, which was sealed inside a
cave near the city of Dunhuang, China, for nearly a
thousand years before its discovery in 1900, is now
housed in the British Library in London.
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/printing-press

Wooden Printing Press(2/2)
• A long handle was used to turn a heavy
wooden screw, applying downward pressure
against the paper, which was laid over the
type (printed letters) mounted on a wooden
platen. The wooden press was used for more
than 300 years, with a varying rate of 250
sheets per hour printed on one side.
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/printing-press

The First Moveable Type For Printing
Books
• The Chinese followed that up sometime between 1041 and 1048 with the
invention of the first moveable type for printing paper books.
• The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng was credited with developing the porcelain
device, which was described in Shen Kuo’s book “Dream Pool Essays.” He
wrote:
• “…he took sticky clay and cut in it characters as thin as the edge of a coin.
Each character formed, as it were, a single type. He baked them in the fire
to make them hard. He had previously prepared an iron plate and he had
covered his plate with a mixture of pine resin, wax, and paper ashes.
When he wished to print, he took an iron frame and set it on the iron
plate. In this he placed the types, set close together. When the frame was
full, the whole made one solid block of type. He then placed it near the
fire to warm it. When the paste [at the back] was slightly melted, he took
a smooth board and pressed it over the surface, so that the block of type
became as even as a whetstone.”

Johannes Gutenberg
• The printing press was improved in the Holy Roman
Empire by the German Johannes Gutenberg around
1440, based on existing screw presses. Gutenberg,
a goldsmith by profession, developed a complete
printing system, which perfected the printing process
through all of its stages by adapting existing
technologies to the printing purposes, while at the
same time he made groundbreaking inventions of his
own. His newly devised hand mould made for the first
time possible the precise and rapid creation of
metal movable type in large quantities, which
increased profit for the whole printing enterprise.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press

Gutenberg's Printing Press
• The printing press spread within several decades
to over two hundred cities in a dozen European
countries. By 1500, printing presses in operation
throughout Western Europe had already
produced more than twenty million volumes. In
the 16th century, with presses spreading further,
publications were estimated as much as 150 to
200 million copies.The operation of a printing led
to an entire new branch of media, the press.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press

• In the early 19th century, two developments in
the field of electricity opened the door to the
production of the electrical telegraph. First, in
1800, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta
(1745-1827) invented the battery, which reliably
stored an electric current and allowed the
current to be used in a controlled environment.
Second, in 1820, the Danish physicist Hans
Christian Oersted (1777-1851) demonstrated the
connection between electricity and magnetism
by deflecting a magnetic needle with an electric
current.
• http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph

Postal Service in Europe
• Meanwhile European monarchs set up postal
services to carry their messages. In France
Louis XI founded one in 1477 and in England
Henry VIII created the Royal Mail in 1512. In
1635 to raise money Charles I allowed private
citizens to send messages by Royal Mail, for a
fee.

Postal Service in the 19th
century
• Communication became far more efficient in
the 19th century. In the early 19th century the
recipient of a letter had to pay the postage,
not the sender. Then in 1840 Rowland Hill
invented the Penny Post. From then on the
sender of a letter had to pay the postage.
Cheap mail made it much easier for people to
keep in touch with family members and
friends who lived far away.

Newspaper
• The first newspapers were printed in the 17th
century. The first newspaper in England was
printed in 1641. (However the word
newspaper was not recorded until 1670). The
first successful daily newspaper in Britain was
printed in 1702.

The electric telegraph(1/2)
• While scientists and inventors across the world
experimented with batteries and the principles of
electromagnetism in an attempt to develop a
new kind of communication system, those who
succeeded in inventing the telegraph belonged to
two groups of researchers: Sir William Cooke
(1806-79) and Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-75)
in England, and Samuel Morse, Leonard Gale
(1800-83) and Alfred Vail (1807-59) in the U.S.

The Electric Telegraph(2/2)
• In the 1830s, the British team of Cooke and Wheatstone developed a
telegraph system with five magnetic needles that could be pointed around
a panel of letters and numbers by using an electric current. Their system
was soon being used for railroad signaling in Britain. During this time
period, the Massachusetts-born, Yale-educated Morse (who began his
career as a painter), worked to develop an electric telegraph of his own.
He reportedly had become intrigued with the idea after hearing a
conversation about electromagnetism while sailing from Europe to
America in the early 1830s, and later learned more about the topic from
American physicist Joseph Henry (1797-1878). In collaboration with Gale
and Vail, Morse eventually produced a single-circuit telegraph that worked
by pushing the operator key down to complete the electric circuit of the
battery. This action sent the electric signal across a wire to a receiver at
the other end. All the system needed was a key, a battery, wire and a line
of poles between stations for the wire and a receiver.

Morse Code
• To transmit messages across telegraph wires, in the 1830s Morse
and Vail created what came to be known as Morse code. The code
assigned letters in the alphabet and numbers a set of dots (short
marks) and dashes (long marks) based on the frequency of use;
letters used often (such as “E”) got a simple code, while those used
infrequently (such as “Q”) got a longer and more complex code.
Initially, the code, when transmitted over the telegraph system, was
rendered as marks on a piece of paper that the telegraph operator
would then translate back into English. Rather quickly, however, it
became apparent that the operators were able to hear and
understand the code just by listening to the clicking of the receiver,
so the paper was replaced by a receiver that created more
pronounced beeping sounds.

Braille code
• Braille is a system of reading and writing in your
language without the use of sight and enables
people with blindness and visual problems to
read and write. It was advanced in the late 1800’s
by Louis Braille, but initially it was developed by a
French army captain named Charles Barbier to
allow his officers to read battle commands in the
dark. Braille can be transcribed in English,
Spanish, French, German, Italian, and many more
languages.
• https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/what-is-braille/

Typewriter(1/3)
• The idea of a typewriter dates back to 1714, when
Englishman Henry Mill registered a not so clearly stated
patent for "an artificial machine or method for the
impressing or transcribing of letters singly or progressively
one after another." But the first typewriter that worked
was built by the Italian Pellegrino Turri in 1808 which he
devised for his blind friend Countess Carolina Fantoni da
Fivizzano; There are no pictures of the machine, but there
are specimens of letters written by the Countess, (details of
the machine are found in Michael Adler's 1973 book The
Writing Machine.
• http://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-history.html

Typewriter(2/3)
• Many inventors in Europe and the U.S.
experimented on typewriters in the 19th
century, but successful commercial production
began only with the "writing ball" of Danish
pastor Rasmus Malling -Hansen (1870).

Typewriter(3/3)
• Most powerful was the Sholes & Glidden Type
Writer, which began production in late 1873
and appeared on the American market in
1874.

Radio Technology
• Radio technology: transmission
and detection of communication signals
consisting of electromagnetic waves that
travel through the air in a straight line or by
reflection from the ionosphere or from
a communications satellite.
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/radio-technology

Men involved in the invention of
the radio
• Guglielmo Marconi
• Edwin Armstrong
• Henirich Hertz
• Nikola Tesla
• Ernst Alexanderson
• Reginald Fessenden
• Lee DeForest
• Oliver Heavyside
• Philo T. Farnsworth
• David Sarnoff
• James Clerk Maxwell
• http://www.ittc.ku.edu/~jstiles/622/handouts/History%20of%20Radio.pdf

The Making of Radio(1/3)
• Henirich Hertz—this German physicist was the
first to prove that you could transmit and
receive electric waves wirelessly. Although
Hertz originally thought his work had no
practical use, today it is recognized as the
fundamental building block of radio and every
frequency measurement is named after him
(the Hertz).
• https://transition.fcc.gov/omd/history/radio/documents/short_history.pdf

The Making of The Radio (2/3)
• Ernst Alexanderson, born in Sweden,
developed the first alternator to make
transmission of speech (as opposed to the
dots and dashes of telegraphs) possible. It is
said that he is the holder of 344 patents “he
virtually invented everything in the field of
AM, FM, and TV.”
• https://transition.fcc.gov/omd/history/radio/documents/short_history.pdf

The Making Of The Radio (3/3)
• Reginald Fessende (US) managed to combine
sound and radio carrier waves. His first effort to
transmit this mixed signal failed. However, in
1906, using Alexanderson’s Alternator,
Fessenden made the first longrange transmission
of voice from Brant Rock, MA.
• h
ttps://transition.fcc.gov/omd/history/radio/documen

The History Of Radio(1/3)
• Prior to the 1920s the radio was primarily used to
contact ships that were out at sea. Radio
communications were in the form of Morse code
messages. This was of great importance to sailing
ships especially in times of emergency. With
World War I the importance of the radio reached
its peak and its usefulness increased worldwide.
During the war, the military used it almost
exclusively and it became an important tool in
sending and receiving messages to the armed
forces.
• http://www.techwholesale.com/history-of-the-radio.html

• In the 1920s, following the war, radios began to
increase in popularity amongst civilians. Across the U.S.
and Europe, broadcasting stations such as KDKA in
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and England's British
Broadcasting Company (BBC) began to surface. In 1920
the Westinghouse Company applied for and received a
commercial radio license which allowed for the
creation of KDKA. KDKA would then become the first
radio station officially licensed by the government.
• In Britain, radio broadcasts began in 1922 with the
British Broadcasting Company, or BBC, in London.
• http://www.techwholesale.com/history-of-the-radio.html

• During World War II, the radio once again fulfilled an important role
for both the U.S. and the U.K. With the help of journalists, radio
relayed news of the war to the public. It was also a rallying source
and was used by the government to gain public support. In the U.K.
it became the primary source of information after the shut-down of
television stations. The way in which radio was used also changed
the world after World War II. While it had been a source of
entertainment in the form of serial programs, it began to focus
more on playing the music of the time. The "Top-40" in music
became popular and the target audience went from families to pre-
teens up to adults in their mid-thirties. Music and radio continued to
rise in popularity until they became synonymous with one another.
FM radio stations began to overtake the original AM stations, and
new forms of music, such as rock and roll, began to emerge.

The Telephone
• The first that used the telephone (not the
electric) were the Chinese, approximately
2000 years ago through a system of pipes in
the Chinese wall.

The Telephone
• A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications
device that permits two or more users to conduct
a conversation when they are too far apart to be
heard directly. A telephone converts sound,
typically and most efficiently the human voice,
into electronic signals suitable for transmission
via cables or other transmission media over long
distances, and replays such signals
simultaneously in audible form to its user.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone

The Telephone
• n 1876, Scottish emigrant Alexander Graham
Bell was given a US patent for a device that could
clearly replicate the human voice. This invention
was further developed by many others. The
telephone was the first device in history that
allowed direct communication among people
across large distances. Telephones rapidly
became an essential part of businesses,
governments and households and today are
widely used especially in the form of smart
phones.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone

The Television
• Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in San Francisco on
Sept. 7, 1927. The system was designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a 21-
year-old inventor who had lived in a house without electricity until he was
14. While still in high school, Farnsworth had begun to conceive of a system
that could capture moving images in a form that could be coded onto radio
waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. Boris Rosing
in Russia had conducted some crude experiments in transmitting images 16
years before Farnsworth's first success. Also, a mechanical television
system, which scanned images using a rotating disk with holes arranged in
a spiral pattern, had been demonstrated by John Logie Baird in England
and Charles Francis Jenkins in the United States earlier in the 1920s.
However, Farnsworth's invention, which scanned images with a beam of
electrons, is the direct ancestor of modern television. The first image he
transmitted on it was a simple line. Soon he aimed his primitive camera at
a dollar sign because an investor had asked, "When are we going to see
some dollars in this thing, Farnsworth?“
• https://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History%20of%20Television%20page.htm
• http://www.funtrivia.com/askft/Question12551.html

A Brief Computer History
• The history of computers starts at about 2000 years ago in Babylonia
(Mesopotamia), at the birth of the abacus. Blaise Pascal is accepted to be
the first to build a computer in 1642. It added numbers entered with dials
and was made to help his father, a tax collector.
“The basic principle of his calculator is still used today in water meters and
modern-day odometers. Instead of having a carriage wheel turn the gear,
he made each ten-teeth wheel accessible to be turned directly by a
person's hand (later inventors added keys and a crank), with the result
that when the wheels were turned in the proper sequences, a series of
numbers was entered and a cumulative sum was obtained. The gear train
supplied a mechanical answer equal to the answer that is obtained by
using arithmetic.”
• http://www.seattlecentral.edu/~ymoh/history_of_computer/history_of_compute
r.htm

• A 19th century English mathematics professor name
Charles Babbage was the first to design the Analytical
Engine as the basic framework on which
contemporary computers are based.
• Generally speaking, computers can be classified into
three generations. Each generation lasted for a
certain time providing us with either a new and
improved computer or an improvement to an
already existing computer.

• First generation: 1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer
was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name
the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued until
in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic
Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this
computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used
for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights
dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only
perform single task, and they had no operating system.
• Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used
transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the
first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International
Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in
the computer world. During this generation of computers over 100
computer programming languages were developed, computers had
memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were
in use also were printers for output.

• Third generation: 1963 - present - The invention of integrated
circuit brought us the third generation of computers. With this
invention computers became smaller, more powerful more
reliable and they are able to run many different programs at
the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-
Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal
computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later
Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven
interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.
• As a result of digital development the computer is being used
in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will continue to
advance in more intricate ways.

The Interent
• The Internet has revolutionized communication more than
any other device or tool. The Internet is a global network of
billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the
Internet, it's possible to access almost any information,
communicate with anyone in the world, and do much more.
• You can do all of this by connecting a computer to the
Internet, which is also called going online. When someone
says a computer is online, it's just another way of saying it's
connected to the Internet.
• https://www.gcflearnfree.org/internetbasics/what-is-the-internet/1/
• http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-
history-internet

The Internet
• The Internet as we know it today first started being developed in
the late 1960's in California in the United States.
• In the summer of 1968, the Network Working Group (NWG) held
its first meeting, chaired by Elmer Shapiro, at the Stanford
Research Institute (SRI). Other attendees included Steve Carr,
Steve Crocker, Jeff Rulifson, and Ron Stoughton. In the meeting,
the group discussed solving issues related to getting hosts to
communicate with each other.
• In December 1968, Elmer Shapiro with SRI released a report "A
Study of Computer Network Design Parameters." Based on this
work and earlier work done by Paul Baran, Thomas Marill and
others, Lawrence Roberts and Barry Wessler created the Interface
Message Processor (IMP) specifications. Bolt Beranek and
Newman, Inc. (BBN) was later awarded the contract to design and
build the IMP subnetwork.
• http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch001016.htm

Email and Social Media
• One of the best features of the Internet is direct and instant
communication with anyone in the world. Email is one of the
oldest and most universal ways to communicate and share
information on the Internet, and billions of people use it.
• Social media allow people to connect in a variety of ways and
build communities online.
• https://www.gcflearnfree.org/internetbasics/what-is-the-internet/1/
• http://www.inventorofemail.com/

Remarkable moments
• 37AD:Heliographs - mirrors first used to send messages by
Roman Emperor Tiberius
• 100AD:First bound books
• 1560AD:Camera Obscura invented - primitive image making
• 1793AD:Claude Chappe invents the first long-distance
semaphore telegraph line
• 1814:Joseph Niépce achieves the first photographic image
• 1821AD:Charles Wheatstone reproduces sound in a primitive
sound box - the first speaker
• 1861AD:United States starts the Pony Express for mail delivery
• 1861AD:Coleman Sellers invents the Kinematoscope - a machine
that flashed a series of still photographs onto a screen
• 1877AD:Eadweard Muybridge invents high speed photography -
creating first moving pictures that captured motion
• https://www.slideshare.net/newestprod/history-of-communications-presentation

Remarkable moments
• 1887 AD:Emile Berliner invents the gramophone - a
system of recording which could be used over and over
again
• 1899 AD:Valdemar Poulsen invents the first magnetic
recording device using magnetized steel tape
• 1926 AD:Warner Brothers Studios invents a way to
record sound separately from the film on large disks
and to synchronize the sound and motion picture
tracks upon playback - an improvement on Thomas
Edison's work
• 1934 AD: Joseph Begun invents the first magnetic tape
recorder for recording location audio

The Future Of Communication
• Soon we are likely to see basic cell phones slowly
fade away. As smartphones become more common
and less expensive, more people will adopt them.
The process is gradual. As with most new
technologies, a group of enthusiastic adopters lead
the way. Sometimes, the general population will
follow the early pioneers -- the compact disc is a
good example of such technology. In other cases,
some early adopters end up owning technology that
becomes obsolete without ever finding wide
acceptance -- like LaserDiscs.
• http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/future-of-
communication.htm

Augmented Reality
• Another way we might see communication change in the future is
through augmented reality. In an augmented-reality system, you
view the world through a superimposition of the technological upon
the natural. The classic example of augmented reality is the
restaurant review. You could stand in front of a restaurant and,
through an augmented-reality system, read customer reviews or
view the daily specials without ever walking inside. But the
applications don't have to stop with locations. Augmented-reality
systems might extend to people as well. Imagine looking at a stranger
and seeing that person's name, Facebook and Twitter profile and
other information. Clearly, augmented reality systems will raise
concerns about privacy and safety, but such systems are already in
development.
• http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/future-of-
communication1.htm

The Future Of Communication
•

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