4 lte small cells – plug and play or plug and pray

LTE Small Cells – Plug and Play or
Plug and Pray
Cristiano H. Ferraz
Senior Consultant
ferrazch@gmail.com
Skype-id: ferrazch
Phone no.: +55 21 99552 2626

You Only Know For Sure What You Measure
Can you measure
experience as
customers feel it?

Can you prioritize,
optimize and solve
network issues to
enhance you customer’s
experience?
Can you provide
sufficient coverage and
capacity in a proven,
assured way?
© 2013 JDS Uniphase Corporation

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JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION

2

Traffic and coverage issues
Problems, options and considerations

 Mobile networks show an increased bandwidth consumption
(LTE-A)
- Source: NGMN “Guidelines for LTE Backhaul Traffic Estimation”

 Supposing a radio channel or 20 or 28 MHz, a tail cell has
today a downlink peak demand of 135 Mbit/s and a downlink
average demand of 86 Mbit/s during the busy hour
 For up to 4 to 6 cells or two tri-cells (two eNodeBs with 3
sectors each), planning takes into account the peak
demand; for more than that number, planning is based on
average demand
• Therefore, for one or two tri-cells, demand is met by
approximately 150 Mbps
• With 2.5 Gbps, up to 30 tri-cells may be served

 Bandwidth consumption is likely to grow strongly over the
next few years

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3

Small Cell Plug and Play

 It is not only a question of
coverage or of capacity in
the access.
 To be able to plug and
play means to have,
readily available, the
necessary telecom
resources for the preaggregation, the
aggregation and the
backhaul and transport
networks.
 Proper engineering
means not having to pray
that the solution will work
out, but rather knowing it
will.

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4

Residential broadband over GPON + VDSL 2 or LTE?

Old News
from 2011...


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5

Residential broadband over GPON + VDSL 2 or LTE?

Old News
from April
2011...

News from
August
2013
Old news
from
November
2011...


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6

Trends: HetNets / WiFi Offload / DAS / Small Cells
These concepts are a main concern of
all operators that provide mobile
broadband access and support new
apps and streaming services
Femtocells generally use tunneled
traffic in other (wired) broadband
networks

Femtocells
allow access
using licensed
bands

Mobile broadband requires ever more
capacity and coverage: MANY more
basestations, distributed antennas,
small cells, WiFi offload
WiFi Offload / Small Cells /
Femtocells / Distributed
Antenna Systems

WiFi accesses via generic fixed
broadband access networks are
tunnelized to the IP cores of mobile
operators using IMS

Support of seamless intermodal handover


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7

Small Cell Issues

 Small cells (meant not femtocells for domestic use, but
somewhat larger small cells) still represent a tiny fraction of
the investment in cell sites
• They are, however, poised to grow steadily over a longer time
• Small cells are particularly attractive because of their ability to
self-organize (to form SONs, Self-Organizing Networks)

 Small cells are deployed mainly to:
• Optimize in-building coverage
• Cover high data usage areas
• Compensate for non-expandability of the macro network

 However, there are some limitations:
• The number one barrier to deploying small cells is
interference with the macro network
• DAS will remain a fundamental tool for large venues such as
malls, airports, stadiums and the like.

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8

Small Cells And DASs

 Most mobile operators believe that small cells are vital for
the future of mobile networks.
• Examples include outdoor metro cells on utility poles or
building facades.
• Also, indoor picocells improving the coverage in public
transport hubs and such venues.
• Femtocells providing improved indoor mobile network
experience in residences.

 But the solution will also include distributed antenna systems
(DASs) used in public venues like campuses and stadiums
• Fewer DASs, but very large ones (tens to hundreds of
antennas)
• Active DASs improve coverage and capacity
• DASs are mobile network operator-neutral, and may be owned
and operated by the venue’s operator.

 Small cells and DASs will likely coexist (in different sites)..

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9


 The growing bandwidth consumption calls for more capacity
per square foot, both outdoors and indoors.
 The growing dependence on mobile apps also requires
better coverage.
 Two approaches are in line:
• Increased capacity and coverage by adopting smaller cells;
• Increased coverage and capacity by adopting distributed
antenna systems (DAS);
- Active DAS solutions add wireless coverage and capacity to
larger-sized buildings.

 Although some people in the industry perceive DAS and
picocells / femtocells to be competing solutions, they are
actually complementary solutions.


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10


 In the future, with the advent of smart cities and smart
grids, there will be an increased demand for coverage and
bandwidth.
• Mobile networks will be essential to provide communication
capacity to aggregated wireless sensor networks.
• The Internet of Things (IoT, MtoM, IoE or whatever you may
call it), the foundation of the smart future, will rely heavily upon
an extensive coverage of mobile networks.
• Access, aggregation and backhaul networks will have to assure
QoS, low latency, real-time sync, immediately available
capacity and resilience.
• Failures, however short, will stop the automated systems that
rely upon wireless mobile networks for communication.
- Power grids, payment systems, transport systems present needs
that go way beyond simple availability.
We often discuss the move towards smart grids and smart cities,
but are we ready to tackle the telecom problems that will arise?

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11

Main Issues

 Backhaul capacity:
• Choice of microwave or fiber;
• Carrier Ethernet over MPLS / MPLS-TE, Carrier Ethernet over
PBB / PBB-TE.

 Choice of DAS or small cell strategy:
• Large buildings and campuses: DAS;
• Fragmented access: femtocells;
• Spot coverage: small cells, both indoor and outdoor.

 Adoption of HetNet strategy.
 Choice of pre-aggregation technology:
•
•
•
•

Use of BSoD (Business Services over DOCSIS);
Use of GPON / 10GPON / 10GEPON;
Use of metro / carrier Ethernet;
Use of own microwave.

 How to plan for success?

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13

Main Issues

 Recent focus was on business strategies.
• Engineering was left largely to vendors.

 Now, the situation clearly calls for an orchestrated solution.
• The choice of a technology clearly determines the business.
• Master plans for technology are clearly necessary again.
• Piecemeal engineering will not solve the quality of
experience (QoE) issues.
• Cross-vendor strategies are clearly in order.

 You only know what you measure!
• But quality relies on three things:

Operators need to gather
intelligence and take over the
engineering tasks directly

- Tools for collecting data;
- Means for collating, parsing and consolidating data and generating
meaningful reports;
- Methods, criteria and procedures for dealing with the problems
identified;
 The more standardized, the better.

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14

Main Issues

 All this demands real engineering capacity and an
integrated approach.
• Integrated OSS based on inventory (integrated view of the
heterogeneous network systems to identify traffic routing,
bottlenecks, capacity problems, resources wasted).
• Measurement systems that provide real-time, content rich,
relevant information for the context:

 Main steps:

Know thyself and take
heed!

• Refocus on technology problems;
• Plan for coverage and capacity;
• Get to know traffic patterns and growth trends in detail, both
outdoors and indoors;
• Readily identify capacity and coverage issues;
• Get solution palette ready for typical case;

- Create readymade engineering solutions that may immediately be
applied to the problems identified.

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15

Summing up

 A new engineering approach is necessary
• No longer individual musicians improvising themes, but a well
directed orchestra
- Engineering needs to act as the main director of the orchestra,
vendors as the musicians or groups of musicians and the directors
thereof

• Integrated, cross-system engineering
• Very clear plans for solutions for real cases of coverage and
capacity in the access
• Very clear plans for alternatives in the pre-aggregation,
aggregation and backhaul networks
• Systems that measure coverage, capacity, QoE from the
access through the backhaul and to the core
• Powerful engineering analysis to solve issues encountered
• And remember Dr, House: “Everybody lies” – but test results do
not.

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16

Trends for the Backbone

The backbone requires very high capacity…

New technological approaches redefine the use of
fiber and allow much higher capacity to be reached

ASON renders the formerly static physical layer
flexible

ASON / 40 G / 100 G


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18

Trends In The Tail And Pre-aggregation

In the tail

Pre-aggregation
1 Gbit/s in LTE-A
2018

135 Mbit/s in LTE 2013

10 Gbit/s in LTE-A
2018

1,5 Gbit/s in LTE 2013


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19

Mobility and Backhaul

 How to satisfy the current and the future demands?
• GPON
- Current generation (2,5 Gbps down): satisfies the demand until
2015/2016 of 32 eNodeBs
- After 2016-2018, split rate reduction to 1:16
- NGPON (4 λ at 10 Gbps), until 2018-2020, for 32 LTE-A eNodeBs

• Microwave radio
- Today, 250 to 300 Mbit/s over 28-30 MHz channels
- Future generations, much more capacity





Same progress as access radio (MIMO, etc.)
Dual-pol, 1024 QAM, 2048 QAM
New spectra, 32 GHz, 40 GHz, with 50 MHz radio channels
E-Band (60-80 GHz), 56 MHz, 112 MHz channels and Nx250 MHz,
multi-carrier


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20

After Aggregation, Convergence

 New optical technologies for transport networks
• CWDM in the metro network
• DWDM in the C-band (1550 nm) and in the L-band (1625 nm):
- 80 channels in each, with 50 GHz bandwidth
 With 10 Gbps deployed today
 With 100 Gbps being deployed

• 100 Gbps technology
- Dual pol, multistate
- Generally, less expensive if deployed with 4 12.5 GBd carriers, 2
bits per symbol (QPSK), dual-pol, with 2 carriers in each 25 GHz
sub-channel
- Coherent demodulation: makes the signal robust in face of
polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
- Capacity of up to 8 Tbps in the C-band and another 80 Tbps in the
L-band


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21

Carrier Ethernet Over Layer 2 Networks

 Standardized services
• Standards by the MEF
• Implementation agreements (MEF) ensure vendor support
• QoS support (guaranteed bandwidth and delay / delay
variation)
• Wide-area LAN concept (extended LANs)

 Inherent support by layer 2 switches
• PB (Q-in-Q) and PBB (MAC-in-MAC)
• Industry support
• Simple, flat networks at a lower cost


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22

Special Care

 Carefully elaborated projects for the passive optical fiber
network in all environments
• Careful planning of the GPON networks
• Careful planning in the metro and long-haul fiber networks
• All investment will yield dividends over the next 20-30 years!!!
- The new technologies will be able to be served by the same fiber
networks: the technical horizon for the next 10 to 15 years is
already known!

• RoI of access and metro networks within 3-5 years
- After that, all is profit.


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23

Conclusions

 Fiber in the access to small cells with GPON
 Tail and pre-aggregation of mobile networks:
• The same passive optical network supporting GPON today,
NGPON tomorrow
• With microwave radio, current technologies in the tail, new
technologies required for the pre-aggregation for today
• New frequency bands and new radio technologies in the tail
and in the pre-aggregation for tomorrow

 Aggregation with optical networks
• 80 10 Gbps today and 100 Gbps tomorrow over the same
passive fiber network (and possibly the same amplifiers)


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24

In-building RF planning tools for small cells and DAS

 Radio planning tools determine the most effective location,
configuration and parameters for base stations and
antennas
• Planning tools must be deployed by teams of trained engineers
to provide effective service by small cells and DASs.
• The planning tools need to work alongside automated SON
(Self Organising Networks) technology which the small cells
and supporting servers have.

 Deployments of small cells and of DASs must be verified by
means of walk tests and the results must be used by the
engineering team to correct any problems in coverage or
capacity.
 This needs a co-ordinated view across both indoor and
outdoor environments, and this must be dealt with by the
planning tool used.
 Engineering skills must be honed to this new challenge.

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26

Planning Tools

 LTE at 2.6 GHz has a very different coverage footprint from
900 MHz or 1800 MHz or 2100 MHz.
• Indoor penetration is much worse and handover time for LTE is
shorter, which puts strain on the error and sync performance.
• It is required that MIMO (Multiple Input/Multiple Output) be
modelled.
• Traditional interference co-ordination won't work
- eICIC (enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Co-ordination) was
developed to deal with this.

 Due to the existence of many small cells in a given area,
mobility management is very complex.
• Dropped calls during handover may occur if the system design
is flawed.


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27

Roll-out Planning

 Requires surgical placement of small cells
 Requires mastering the interaction between the small cells
and the macro network.
 Small cell site locations based on actual, localized data
traffic demand.
 Geo-locating customer experience is important
• It reveals data hot spots and customer experience “black
holes”.

 Efficient planning leads to a significant improvement in
customer experience and better RoI.
Network testing, data collection procedures,
identification of usage patterns, coverage tests
and a very efficient engineering support team help
ensure that the cells will be placed correctly to
address coverage and capacity issues.

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29

Remote Testing
 Small cells cost very little
• May be deployed in large numbers
• Testing their effectiveness becomes a cost problem.
• It’s expensive to send out a field technician to troubleshoot each cell
when there’s a problem
• Remote testing strategies become a crucial part of small cell
engineering.
• Carriers will have to start increasing the degree of automation for turn
up, ongoing performance monitoring, and network optimization.

 Additionally, Software-Defined Networking, which shifts the brains
of networking to central software systems from hardware, will also
become more prominent.
A Small Cell Assurance solution addresses the
complete range of lifecycle demands starting with
small cell backhaul service activation, performance
assurance, monitoring, and optimization.

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30

Application Testing

 Since testing is becoming more software-based and allows
providers to see much deeper into networks, content-aware
testing is the next logical step.
 New solutions allow providers to see what the customer is
experiencing.
 Understanding of the customer experience ensures
successful service delivery.
 Carriers can know exactly which systems (small or macro
cells) are handling the heaviest load.

Data capture and analysis allows for
troubleshooting the network. It consists of a smart,
high-speed packet capture appliance with real-time
network monitoring & diagnostics.

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31

Ethernet Backhaul

 Use of IP-based Ethernet is increasing for small-cells
backhaul.
 Ethernet can now deliver service quality and can be carried
over many physical media such as fiber, cable, and
microwave.
 Ethernet is scalable to handle traffic, it can also lower
backhaul costs.
 Ethernet allows for rapid activation of each small cell.
 Ethernet increases the need for remote service testing and
performance validation.
A Cloud based approach allows for
embedding data-capture technology
throughout the network, delivering in-line
intelligence to any monitoring,
management or business application.

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32

Installation tests
 With small cells, it’s probably even more important to perform
tests to ensure quality.
 The use of smart instruments to emulate end-user behavior such
as generating voice call, connecting to websites, and uploading
and downloading files will provide instant Pass/Fail indication.
• This allows installers to feel confident that services are being
delivered.

 Effective testing of small cell networks during the installation
phase must reveal radio frequency (RF) measurements for the
current cell and for all of neighbor cells
• The upload/download test shows the throughput.

 Installation test allows operators to verify the service coverage
and capacity during the planning phase.


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33

Network Intelligence

 A tool to obtain Location Intelligence from trace data has the
power to transform the business
 Managing customer generated, geolocated intelligence, an
intellignet engine locates, stores and analyzes data from
billions of mobile connection events.
 Parsing and collating the huge amount of trace information
gives operators a rich source of intelligence to help boost
network performance and enrich user experience.
 This intelligence transforms the effectiveness of network
performance engineering; enables customer-centric selfoptimizing networks; creates true understanding of customer
experience and enables monetization of unique insights.
 Not only the tools to collect and process information are
important; a well trained, insightful team of analysts is
essential in bringing the intelligence to full fruition.

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34

Thank you for your
attention!


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35

JDSU Color Palette
Concept
The extended color scheme for JDSU should balance the vivid primary colors of the logo. The muted and neutral tones
of the primary and secondary palettes will provide sophisticated color backdrops and accent hues that enhance and
complement the primary logo colors.

Primary Color Palette

PMS 160
RGB: 173/66/0

PMS 625
RGB: 75/131/93

PMS 5265
RGB: 40/34/91

PMS 7463
RGB: 2/32/58

PMS 405
RGB: 70/64/45

PMS 5305
RGB: 205/205/221

PMS 1807
RGB: 183/0/5

PMS 7462
RGB: 9/72/145

PMS 402
RGB: 176/166/147

Secondary Color Palette (accent hues)

PMS 7510
RGB: 226/160/54

PMS 623
RGB: 156/201/166

PMS 5285
RGB: 140/132/166


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36

4 lte small cells – plug and play or plug and pray

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