so7

1. SMK TTDI JAYA
JALAN SASTERA U2/1, 40150 SHAH ALAM
S07
THE LATEST DEVELOPMENT IN NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATIONS
Prepared by:
Name: Syahzani Arinah binti Shaheran
IC Number: 991109-10-5632
Prepared for:
En. Kamal bin Lahami

2. 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Computer networks and communications a telecommunications network which allows computers
to exchange data. In computer networks, networked computing devices exchange data with each
other along network links (data connections). The connections between nodes are established
using either cable media or wireless media. The best-known computer network is the Internet.
Network computer devices that originate, route and terminate the data are called network nodes.
Nodes can include hosts such as personal computers, phones, servers as well as networking
hardware. Two such devices can be said to be networked together when one device is able to
exchange information with the other device, whether or not they have a direct connection to each
other.
2.0 MOBILE COMPUTING
2.1 DEFINITION
Mobile computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is expected to be
transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile
hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc and infrastructure
networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete
technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals
with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications. Mobile Computing is a
technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless
enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link.

3. 2.2 SPECIFICATIONS, SERVICES AND FREQUENCIES OF MOBILE
COMPUTING
ZTE Obsidian
(http://www.phonearena.com/phones/ZTE-Obsidian_id9566)
Latest released date of ZTE Obsidian is 13th August 2015
Specifications  UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
 HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)
 HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)
 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
 EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment)
 802.11 b/ g/ n Wi-Fi
 Bluetooth 4.0 wireless technology
Services  Browser (HTML, HTML5)
 YouTube (Upload)
 Music player (Playlists, MP3)
 Camera (5 megapixels)
 Camcorder (Video calling)

4.  Front-facing camera (2 megapixels)
 Speakers (Earpiece, Loudspeaker)
 Touchscreen (Capacitive, Multi-touch)
 Display (Physical size: 4.5 inches)
 Battery (Capacity: 1800 mAh)
Frequencies  GSM (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
 UMTS (850, 1700/2100, 1900 MHz)
 Wi-Fi (802.11 b,g,n)
 Bluetooth (4.0 GHz)
 FDD LTE (700 ,1700, 1900, 2100 MHz)
3.0 INTERNET TECHNOLOGY AND SERVICES
3.1 VoIP
VoIP is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and
multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms
commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and
broadband phone service. VoIP systems employ session control and signaling protocols to
control the signaling, set-up, and tear-down of calls. Example of VoIP is teamspeak
(https://www.teamspeak.com)

5. 3.2 BLOG
Blog is a discussion or informational site published on the World Wide Web and consisting of
discrete entries or post typically displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post
appears first). Until 2009, blogs were usually the work of a single individual occasionally of a
small group, and often covered a single subject. More recently "multi-author blogs" (MABs)
have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs
from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups and similar
institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other
"microblogging" systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal new
streams. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. Example
of blog is (http://www.thecluelessgirl.com/)
4.0 TYPES OF NETWORK
4.1 PAN

6. PAN is a computer network used for data transmission among devices such as computers,
telephones and personal digital assistants. PANs can be used for communication among the
personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for connecting to a higher level
network and the Internet (an uplink). The data cable is an example of the above PAN. This is
also a Personal Area Network because that connection is for the users personal use. PAN is used
for personal use only. In another usage, a personal area network (PAN) is a technology that could
enable wearable computer devices to communicate with other nearby computers and exchange
digital information using the electrical conductivity of the human body as a data network. For
example, two people each wearing business card-size transmitters and receivers conceivably
could exchange information by shaking hands. The transference of data through intra-body
contact, such as handshakes, is known as linkup. The human body's natural salinity makes it a
good conductor of electricity.
4.2 VPN
VPN extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet. It enables users to
send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing devices were
directly connected to the private network, and thus are benefiting from the functionality, security
and management policies of the private network. A VPN is created by establishing a virtual
point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections, virtual tunneling protocols,
or traffic encryption. A VPN spanning the Internet is similar to a wide area network (WAN).

7. From a user perspective, the extended network resources are accessed in the same way as
resources available within the private network. Traditional VPNs are characterized by a point-to-
point topology, and they do not tend to support or connect broadcast domains. Therefore,
communication, software, and networking, which are based on OSI layer 2 and broadcast
packets, such as NetBIOS used in Windows networking, may not be fully supported or work
exactly as they would on a local area network (LAN). VPN variants, such as Virtual Private
LAN Service (VPLS), and layer 2 tunneling protocols, are designed to overcome this limitation.
4.3 WLAN
WLAN is a wireless computer network that links two or more devices using a wireless
distribution method (often spread-spectrum or OFDM radio) within a limited area such as a
home, school, computer laboratory, or office building. This gives users the ability to move
around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network, and can provide a
connection to the wider Internet. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards,
marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name. Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to
ease of installation and use, and in commercial complexes offering wireless access to their
customers; often for free. New York City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city
workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access. WLAN hardware initially
cost so much that it was only used as an alternative to cabled LAN in places where cabling was
difficult or impossible.

8. 4.4 WIMAX
WiMAX is a family of wireless communications standards initially designed to provide 30 to 40
megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations.
The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to
promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a
standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an
alternative to cable and DSL". IEEE 802.16m or Wireless MAN-Advanced is a candidate for the
4G, in competition with the LTE Advanced standard. WiMAX supports mobile, nomadic and
fixed wireless applications. A mobile user, in this context, is someone in transit, such as a
commuter on a train. A nomadic user is one that connects on a portable device but does so only
while stationary -- for example, connecting to an office network from a hotel room and then
again from a coffee shop. Fixed wireless typically refers to wireless connectivity among non-
mobile devices in homes or businesses. According to the WiMAX forum, the group's aim is to
promote and certify compatibility and interoperability of devices based on the 802.16
specification, and to develop such devices for the marketplace.

9. 5.0 CONCLUSION
Communication is one of the biggest advantages provided by the computer networks. Different
computer networking technology has improved the way of communications people from the
same or different organization can communicate in the matter of minutes for collaborating the
work activities. In offices and organizations computer networks are serving as the backbone of
the daily communication from top to bottom level of organization. Different types of software
can be installed which are useful for transmitting messages and emails at fast speed.
6.0 REFERENCES
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing
 http://www.phonearena.com/phones/ZTE-Obsidian_id9566
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog

7.0 GROUP MEMBERS
 Syahzani Arinah binti Shaheran
 Nadiyah binti Ahmad Subki
 Khairunnisa binti Kamarulzaman